• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.147-154
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• 2014

Purpose: Gender differences in paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are frequently reported as a secondary outcome and the results are divergent. To assess gender differences by analysing data collected within the Swiss IBD cohort study database since 2008, related to children with IBD, using the Montreal classification for a systematic approach. Methods: Data on gender, age, anthropometrics, disease location at diagnosis, disease behaviour, and therapy of 196 patients, 105 with Crohn's disease (CD) and 91 with ulcerative or indeterminate colitis (UC/IC) were retrieved and analysed. Results: The crude gender ratio (male : female) of patients with CD diagnosed at <10 years of age was 2.57, the adjusted ratio was 2.42, and in patients with UC/IC it was 0.68 and 0.64 respectively. The non-adjusted gender ratio of patients diagnosed at ${\geq}10$ years was 1.58 for CD and 0.88 for UC/IC. Boys with UC/IC diagnosed <10 years of age had a longer diagnostic delay, and in girls diagnosed with UC/IC >10 years a more important use of azathioprine was observed. No other gender difference was found after analysis of age, disease location and behaviour at diagnosis, duration of disease, familial occurrence of IBD, prevalence of extra-intestinal manifestations, complications, and requirement for surgery. Conclusion: CD in children <10 years affects predominantly boys with a sex ratio of 2.57; the impact of sex-hormones on the development of CD in pre-pubertal male patients should be investigated.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.399-411
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• 2022

Objective: The objective of this randomized clinical trial was to study the skeletal and dental effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) along with a miniscrew-assisted expander (Hyrax) after six months of retention. Methods: After sequence generation, concealed allocation, and implementation, 24 female patients were randomly divided (1:1) into two-groups: bone-borne rapid palatal expansion (BBE) without LLLT (n = 12) and BBE with LLLT (n = 12). Eligibility criteria included female patients aged 10-13 years old with bilateral posterior crossbites. Intraoral and extraoral photographs, cone-beam computed tomography images, and digital study models were obtained before expansion and six months after retention. The 7 mm Hyrax appliance was anchored to four palatal mini-screws, which were activated twice daily for 15 days, then locked and kept in place as a retainer. LLLT was performed in the laser group during expansion and retention, according to the guidelines provided. Results: The records of 24 patients were analyzed. According to the post-retention measurements, both groups showed a significant increase in nasal and maxillary widths and total facial height. In the laser group, the Sella-Nasion-Point A and Point A-Nasion-Point B angles and the interpremolar apical distance were significantly increased. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, the results suggest that the parameters and protocol of LLLT do not clinically affect the efficiency of BBE in prepubertal and pubertal patients.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.4 s.69
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• pp.581-589
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• 1998

In order to correct a maxillofacial-skeletal disharmony successfully and achieve a favorable facial profile, orthodontic treatment must begin at pubertal growth spurt. Therefore predicting the pubertal growth pattern and evaluating the growth potential is very important. For an orthodontist, estimating skeletal maturity in relation to one's personal growth spurt is essential and it must be considered into the treatment. The objective of this study was to find out whether there was a difference in menacheal age among different malocclusion groups and to evaluate the skeletal maturity at menarche. The subjects were 64 Class I malocclusion patients, 51 Class II patients and 38 Class III patients. Skeletal maturity was estimated from handwrist radiographs of these patients. Handwrist radiographs were taken between 3 months before and after the menarche. The results were as follows. 1. The mean chronologic age of menarche was $12.50{\pm}1.01$ years. 2. For the Class I malocclusion group the mean age of menarche was $12.36{\pm}1.04$ years, for Class II $12.81{\pm}1.03$ years and for Class III $12.32{\pm}0.82$ years. According to these results Class II malocclusion patients started mensturation later than Class I and Class III malocclusion patients. 3. No difference was found considering the skeletal maturity at menarche among the malocclusion groups. 4. The skeletal maturity index at menarche was SMI 7 for $45.10\%$, SMI 8 for $27.25\%$, SMI 9 for $10.46\%$, SMI 6 for $7.84\%$, SMI 10 for $7.84\%$ and SMI 5 for $1.31\%$ patients. 5. Statistically there was a significant correlation between skeletal maturity estimated by handwrist radiographs and menacheal age(p<0.05, r=0.25430).

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.245-259
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• 2007

Improvements in jaw relationship through clockwise rotation of the mandible may be desirable in some Class III patients with short low facial height. The aim of this study was to examine the treatment effect of face mask for Class III malocclusion patients according to their low facial morphology. Methods: Class III patients in their pubertal growth period were divided into two groups (Group 1, high LFH; Group 2, low LFH) according to lower facial height (LFH) by Ricketts (norm, 47). treatment changes between groups after face mask treatment was compared not only for hard tissue but also for soft tissue. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups for the skeletal and soft tissues of the maxilla. There were no significant differences between the two groups for the skeletal posterior movement of the mandible, but posterior movement of the mandibular soft tissues in group 2 was larger than group 1. There were no significant differences between the two groups for the vertical hard tissue proportion changes of the mandible, but the vertical soft tissue proportion changes of the mandible in group 2 was larger than group 1. There was a significant correlation between the sagittal hard tissue and soft tissue changes of the maxilla and mandible, but there was no significant difference in the vertical changes. Conclusion: The clockwise rotation of the mandible occurred from use of the face mask, and posterior movement of soft tissues of the mandible was higher in Cl III patients with low LFH than with high LFH.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.149-156
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• 2001

After the fact that obsessive-compulsive symptoms or tic symptoms are common in Sydenham's chorea which is a sequale of rheumatic fever produced by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus was reported, the association between group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus and a subgroup of obsessivecompulsive disorder(OCD) or tic disorder has been attentioned. This subgroup shared a unique clinical course, characterized by an abrupt onset of symptoms and/or dramatic exacerbations. And this subgroup was distinguished by pre-pubertal onset of symptoms, neurological abnormalities(choreiform movements and a unique pattern of motoric hyperactivity), as well as by relapsing and remitting symptom course. Acronym PANDAS(pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection) was used to denote a subgroup of OCD or tic disorder patients with these clinical characteristics. Then, there was a report suggesting that PANDAS category include some of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) and were two case reports of anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder with characteristics of PANDAS. This case is a patient who developed normally until age of 7, but after pharyngeal inflammation with high fever, he showed disturbance of cognition, social relationship, and language and communication, as well as tic symtoms and abnormal movement on face, hand, and foot. We report this case with review of literatures, because we think that this case belongs to the PANDAS category. Based on this observation, we suggest that PANDAS category include some of childhood disintegrative disorder as well as OCD, tic disorder, and ADHD.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.11
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• pp.1091-1096
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• 2007

Purpose : The of common carotid artery intima media thickness (IMT) is an acknowledged noninvasive marker for early atherosclerotic changes. We investigate whether common carotid IMT is different between obese and normal-weight children and also evaluate the relationships IMT with cardiovascular risk factors. Methods : We collected the clinical data (age, sex, pubertal stage, body mass index) and measured blood pressure, glucose, insulin, lipid profiles and adiponectin in 49 obese children (mean age, 12 years) and 24 nonobese children as controls. The control group was composed of 24 nonobese children of the same age, sex and pubertal stage. We measured the carotid IMT of all subjects by B-mode ultrasound with a 7.5-MHz linear transducer and analyzed. Results : Obese children demonstrated a significantly thicker intima media (mean, 0.34 mm, peak, 0.42 mm) compared to the control group (mean, 0.31 mm, peak, 0.38 mm, P<0.01). IMT was significantly correlated to the BMI (r=0.431, P<0.01), age (r=0.317, P<0.01), total cholesterol (r=0.377, P< 0.01), triglyceride (r=0.253, P<0.05) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r=0.289, P<0.05). Serum adiponectin was significantly lower in obese children than in controls (11.2 ng/mL vs. 14.7 ng/mL, P<0.05) and negatively related with IMT (r=-0.267, P<0.05). Conclusion : Obesity is associated with increased carotid artery IMT in children. Our results suggest vascular changes in obesity seem to occur already in childhood and vascular ultrasonography may helpful for screening cardiovascular complications in obese children.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.55 no.10
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• pp.388-392
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• 2012

Purpose: Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers within LIN28B have been reported to be related to the timing of pubertal growth. However, no study has investigated the frequency of genetic markers in girls with precocious puberty (PP) or early puberty (EP). This study aimed to determine the frequency of putative genetic markers in girls with PP or EP. Methods: Genomic DNAs were obtained from 77 and 109 girls that fulfilled the criteria for PP and EP, respectively. The controls in this study were 144 healthy volunteers between 20 and 30 years of age. The haplotypes were reconstructed using 11 SNPs of LIN28B, and haplotype association analysis was performed. The haplotype frequencies were compared. Differences in the clinical and laboratory parameters were analyzed according to the haplotype dosage. Results: Eleven SNPs in LIN28B were all located in a block that was in linkage disequilibrium. The haplotype could be reconstructed using 2 representative SNPs, rs4946651 and rs369065. The AC haplotype was less frequently observed in the PP group than in the controls (0.069 vs. 0.144, P=0.010). The trend that girls with non-AC haplotypes tended to have earlier puberty onset (P=0.037) was illustrated even in the EP+PP patient group by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that non-AC haplotypes of LIN28B had a significant association with PP in girls.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.168-176
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• 2009

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate how airway changes influence facial growth during puberty in Korean children. Methods: Thirty-six patients aged 9 to 11 (mean age: 10.7 years) were selected. Cephalograms and hand-wrist x-rays were taken at pre-treatment (T1) and post-treatment (T2). The sample was divided into narrow (5.2 - 8.6 mm, AW-Narrow), medium (8.9 - 11.5 mm, AW-Medium), and wide (11.7 - 16.0 mm, AW-Wide) groups according to the airway width at T1. Cephalometric measurements at T1, T2 and growth from T1 to T2 were compared between groups. Results: The degree of increase in airway size in each group was 4.55 mm, 3.84 mm and 1.94 mm in the AW-Narrow, AW-Medium, and AW-Wide groups, respectively. Moreover, the differences were statistically significant. The significant smallest posterior facial height was found in the AW-Narrow group at T1. For the growth values from T1 to T2, the AW-Narrow group showed significantly larger values of PFH/AFH, facial axis, ANS (T1 - T2), and Gn (T1 - T2) than the AW-Medium group. Conclusions: The compensational changes in the airway width and facial growth were found in the narrow group. Surgical approach of the airway to prevent unfavorable facial growth in these years of age should be carried out, but with careful deliberation because these problems may be improved naturally.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.1 s.72
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• pp.23-35
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• 1999

Lateral cephalograms or 251 males md 286 females were taken and pubertal growth pattern or cranial base, maxillary and mandible of 7 to 17 years old Korean children was evaluated. 10 landmarks and 16 analytical measurements were evaluated. Analytical measurement and annual difference for each age group was calculated and tested for statistical significance. Analytical measurements were classified into three groups which were cranial base, maxillary and mandibular measurements and also classified into make and female measurements. Following results were achieved. 1. The circumpuberal growth spurt was earlier in Korean females than in males. 2. Cranial base, maxilla and mandible showed circumpuberal growth. The cranial base showed a relatively smaller amount of growth than the facial complex. 3. Middle and posterior cranial base length showed a floater increase than anterior cranial base length and circumpuberal growth spurt was also more definite. 4. the forward and downward growth or maxilla results from maxillary growht itself and transposition or the maxilla due to circumsutural growth aroud the maxilla. Ar-ANS and Ar-Pr which represent maxillary position relative to the cranial base showed more growth than ANS-PNS which represents maxillary bone growth. 5. mandible showed more vertical growth than horizontal growth but without significance. 6. Alveolar gwoth of maxilla and mandible show maximum growth rate of the time of permanent teeth eruption following loss of deciduous teeth . After this period alveolar growth shows a decreasing tendency.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.121-130
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• 2017

4-Nonylphenol (NP) is a surfactant that is a well-known and widespread estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). Although it has been known that the affinity of NP to ERs is low, it has been suggested that low-dose NP has toxicity. In the present study, the endocrine disrupting effects on reproduction, and the weight of gonads, epididymis, and uterus were evaluated with the chronic lower-dose NP exposing. This study was designed by following the OECD test guideline 443 and subjected to a complete necropsy. In male, NP had an effect on the weight of the testis and epididymis in both $F_0$ and $F_1$. In females, NP decreased the weight of ovary and uterus in $F_0$ but not in pre-pubertal $F_1$ pubs. Fertility of male and female in $F_0$ or $F_1$ was no related with NP administration. The number of caudal-epididymal sperm by body weight (BW) was not different between groups in both $F_0$ and $F_1$. Besides, the difference of the sperm number between generations was not detected. The number of ovulated oocytes was similar between groups in $F_0$, but significantly decreased in NP 50 group of $F_1$. The litter size and sex ratios of offspring in $F_1$ and $F_2$ were not different. The accumulated mating rate and gestation period were not affected by the NP administration. Those results shows that chronic lower-dose NP administration has an effect of endocrine disruptor on the weight of gonads and epididymis of $F_0$ and $F_1$ but not in reproduction. Based on the results, it is suggested that chronic lower-dose NP exposing causes endocrine disruption in the weight of gonad and epididymis but not in the reproductive ability of next generations.