• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.20-32
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• 2022

Purpose - This paper intends to make theoretical analysis and empirical test on the factors influencing China's export to South Korea, and draw conclusions about China's export efficiency and trade potential. Based on the conclusions, the reasons for China's trade deficit with South Korea are found, and a solution is put forward for solving the problem of China's trade deficit with South Korea. Design/methodology - Based on the data of 2004-2017 years in China, this paper uses the stochastic frontier gravity model to analyze the influencing factors of China's export to South Korea, as well as the export efficiency of each province and the export potential that can be explored. Findings - First, in terms of the factors affecting China's export trade to South Korea, the GDP of the provinces and cities in China, the FDI of South Korea to the provinces and cities in China, the GDP of South Korea, the population and education level of provinces and cities in China can significantly promote the export scale of Chinese provinces and cities to South Korea. The distance between Chinese provincial capitals and the South Korean capital significantly hinders Chinese exports to South Korea; Second, in terms of export trade efficiency, the trade exchange rate of the economically developed cities along the eastern coast of China and several provinces that are close to South Korea is higher than that of the cities in the central and western regions; Third, economic globalization makes trade more convenient, the average export trade efficiency of China's exports to South Korea showed an upward trend. However, under the influence of the 2008 global financial crisis, the export trade efficiency declined from 2008 to 2009, indicating that the impact of the financial crisis on the trade efficiency cannot be ignored. Originality/value - This paper finds out the influencing factors of China's export to South Korea, analyzes the export efficiency of different provinces and cities, excavates the export potential, and puts forward some suggestions for the balanced development of China and South Korea trade in the next step.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.114-125
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• 2023

PURPOSE. The aim of the study was to evaluate the optical properties of new generation (3Y-TZP) monolithic zirconia (MZ) with different abutment types and resin cement shades. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A1/LT MZ specimens were prepared (10 × 12 × 1 mm, N = 30) and divided into 3 groups according to cement shades as transparent (Tr), yellow (Y) and opaque (O). Abutment specimens were obtained from 4 different materials including zirconia (Group Z), hybrid (Group H), titanium (Group T) and anodized yellow titanium (Group AT). MZ and abutment specimens were then cemented. L^*, a^*, and b^* parameters were obtained from MZ, MZ + abutment, and MZ + abutment + cement. ∆E₀₀₁^* (between MZ and MZ + abutment), ∆E₀₀₂^* (between MZ and MZ + abutment + cement) and ∆E₀₀₃^* (between MZ + abutment and MZ + abutment + cement) values were calculated. Statistical analyses included 2-way ANOVA, Bonferroni, and Paired Sample t-Tests (P < .05). RESULTS. Abutment types and resin cements had significant effect on L^*, a^*, b^*, ∆E₀₀₁^*, ∆E₀₀₂^*, and ∆E₀₀₃^* values (P < .001). Without cementation, whereas zirconia abutment resulted in the least discoloration (∆E₀₀₁^* = 0.68), titanium abutment caused the most discoloration (∆E₀₀₁^* = 4.99). The least ∆E₀₀₂^* = 0.68 value was seen using zirconia abutment after cementation with yellow shaded cement. Opaque shaded cement caused the most color change (∆E₀₀₃^* = 5.24). Cement application increased the L^* values in all groups. CONCLUSION. The least color change with/without cement was observed in crown configurations created with zirconia abutments. Zirconia and hybrid abutments produced significantly lower ∆E₀₀₂^* and ∆E₀₀₃^* values in combination with yellow shaded cement. The usage of opaque shaded cement in titanium/anodized titanium groups may enable the clinically unacceptable ∆E₀₀^* value to reach the acceptable level.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.289-304
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• 2024

Purpose - Focusing on the FGI research method, the current status and issues of barrier-free tourism in Gangwon State were identified, and specific activation plans were derived Design/methodology/approach - This study conducted in-depth interviews with 20 experts related to the tourism industry. The issues, current status, and activation plan of barrier-free tourism in Gangwon State recognized by experts in tourism policy, tourism administration, tourism management, and tourism service industry were derived. Findings - First, the tendency of businesses to be promoted based on the non-disabled by not recognizing the weak as the main tourism demand group, second, confusion caused by the unification of terms related to barrier-free tourism, third, lack of finding tourism constraints subdivided according to the type and degree of disability, fourth, tourism information and evaluation indicators provided by prioritizing the convenience of suppliers rather than consumers, and fifth, the nature of the project focused on improving access to physical infrastructure. Subsequently, the results of the analysis of the plan to revitalize the barrier-free tourism industry in Gangwon State were as follows. First, education and programs to improve disability awareness appropriate to local conditions were activated, second, related information was unified and project sustainability was improved by creating a control tower for the barrier-free tourism industry at the provincial level, third, to overcome the employment crisis based on finding locally tailored jobs related to tourism care professionals, and fourth, to continuously secure quantitative and qualitative data and establish utilization plans. Research implications or Originality - First, it presents theoretical implications for related fields by providing issues and activation measures related to barrier-free tourism from the perspective of experts who are still lacking in research in academia. The practical implications are that based on the opinions of experts working in the tourism field, more specific issues of the barrier-free tourism industry in the province were presented, and policy and practical solutions were presented accordingly, suggesting realistic alternatives that can be carried out in the actual field.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.167-179
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• 2024

Forest fire is one of the major disasters occurring in Nepal causing huge loss to the ecosystem, people and economy. They are mainly caused due to different anthropogenic activities. In Nepal, the forest fires occur during the dry season mainly from March to May. Nepal has roughly 29.5 percent forest area that are prone to forest fires and it is estimated that about 375 thousand hectares of forest were burned over one and half decade from 2000-2014. The forest fire risk is higher in the Terai and Siwalik regions than in any other region. To prevent and mitigate the forests fire incidences, the Government of Nepal has formulated and executed different policy instruments. In this regard, this paper aims to review the implementation of policies, strategies, Acts and regulations related to forest fire management at different levels of governance. Although federal and provincial governments' different policy instruments have considered forest fire and its management, these are not effectively implemented. It is not prioritized in terms of resource allocation, institutional capacity building, disaster preparedness and early warning. In addition, there are unclear and overlapping roles and responsibilities among three tiers of governments to effectively implement the policy provisions. Considering the consequences of the forest fire, governments at different levels need to devise an effective mechanism involving all stakeholders for implementing preventive and curative activities, strengthen institutions and build the capacity of human resources, and increase the level of resource allocation to implement the provisions of various legal and policy instruments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2001

This study examines the effects of removal of the sediment protection weir at Taehwa river mouth on hydraulic and around river environment considering the fact that the effects of the sediment protection weir which is installed to protect water level drop of Ulsan harbor caused by sediments according to flood in Taehwa river, Dong-chun, and so forth may add water quality contamination by flow stagnance in normal and drought period and accumulation of pollutants. The result is as follows. First, it is estimated from the examination of variation characteristics water depth and level for Taehwa river before and after removal of the sediment protection weir that about 0.01m of water depth down according to removal of the sediment protection weir occurs when low flow runs between the sediment protection weir which is located about 2.3km away from the estuary and Samho-gyo which is about 9.0km away from the sediment protection weir, and about 0.01~0.56m(directly upstream point of the sediment protection weir 0.56m, Myongchon-gyo 0.14m, Ulsan-gyo 0.03m, and Taehwa-gyo 0.02m) downs when design flood flows between the sediment protection weir and the upstream of Taehwa-gyo which is 10km away from the sediment protection weir. Therefore, it is thought that variation of hydraulic characteristics of water depth down and so on according to removal of the sediment protection weir is slight because water depth variation is only about 1cm between directly upstream point of the sediment protection weir and Samho-gyo. Next, it is estimated from the examination of variation characteristics of flow velocity for Taehwa river before and after removal of the sediment protection weir that about 0.0lm/s of flow velocity increase occurs between the directly upstream point of the sediment protection weir which is about 2.4km away from the estuary and the directly upstream point of Samho-gyo when low flow runs, and about 0.01~0.44m/s increases between the sediment protection weir and Samho-gyo when design flood flows. Therefore, riverbed erosion by the increased flow velocity is concerned but it is thought that the concern about riverbed erosion is not great because the mean velocity is about 0.07~1.36m/s when low flow runs, and about 1.02~2.41m/s when design flood flows for the sector which experiences the flow velocity variation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.16
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• pp.6825-6830
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• 2015

Opisthorchis viverrini is remains a public health problem in Thailand, particularly in the northeast and north regions which have the highest incidences of chonalgiocarcinoma (CCA). O. viverrini causes the disease opithorchiasis, and its has been classified as a group 1 biological carcinogen. Humans, dogs, and cats become infected with O. viverrini by ingesting raw or undercooked fish containing infective metacercariae. The first human cases of O. viverrini infection were reported in Thailand 100 years ago, and it's still a problem at the community level. Based on data for the year 2009, more than 6 million people were infected with O. viverrini. Associated medical care and loss of wages in Thailand costs about $120 million annually. This review highlights the current status of O. viverrini infection in communities of Thailand through active surveillance for the five years period from 2010 and 2015. A total of 17 community-based surveys were conducted, most in the northeast region. Some 7 surveys demonstrated a high prevalence over 20%, and the highest was 45.7%. Most commonly infection was found in age group of 35 years and older, males, and agricultural workers. Although, the national prevalence may be decreasing but the results show that the O. viverrini infection is still high in communities of the northeast region. Therefore, the focus in populations living in northeast Thailand should be screening of infection and changing their eating behavior.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.839-869
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• 2013

Since opening the domestic food markets after late 1980s, Korean agro-food sector has been changed a lot, including commercialization of livestock and horticulture sectors. The large-scale periodic transactions appeared in food retail market in 1990's demand further commercialization of farm sectors. It require comprehensive on-farm knowledges including production, food processing, marketing, and management for agricultural sector. As the result, The Farming Systems Research & Extension concept has been introduced in 1992 as a form of The Regional Specialization Experiment Station. The Science and Technology Committee for Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, and Foods are established in 2009. However, we still find gaps between on-farm knowledge demands and supply, requiring further refining of R&D systems. It also asks to differentiate applied research from basic disciplinary research, better linkages between research and extension on farm, and comprehensive knowledge transfer systems. This study recommends for proper role allocation and cooperative structures for regional research and extension institutions to reduce overlaps among them. It further asks government to support regional research and extension systems including human resource and infrastructure building, to strengthen commodity based on-farm research and extension, and to separate budget allocation for regional research and extension. Provincial administration of the county level extension offices should also be considered for better linkage between research and extension at regional level.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.30-34
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• 1984

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the dry matter weight of soybean plant, fertilization efficiency, and the changes of p uptake with different p application levels in cultivated and uncultivated soils controlling the soil moisture content to 2 levels. 1. The effect of irrigation was higher in cultivated soil than in uncultivated soil, and was higher in larger amount of p application than in small amount of p. 2. Efficiency of phosphate fertilization for soybean growth was higher in cultivated soil compared with uncultivated soil, and increased by irrigation to optimum soil moisture content for crop growth. 3. Adjustment of soil moisture content to optimum level for soybean growth increased the concentration of phosphate in plant and decreased the content of phosphate in soil. Therefore, it was obvious that soybean plant absorbed the high amount of p in the optimum soil moisture level and in large amount of p application.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.243-253
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the foodservice management practices in child-care centers in order to provide basic information for the development of a model of a centralized food service information center. This approach was achieved using a variety of qualitative and quantitative information including general foodservice management practices and plate waste. A self-completed questionnaire survey of 651 child-care centers in Korea was undertaken and detailed information was carefully collected at 6 representative child-care centers. The results of the empirical survey were as follows: 1. Child-care centers categorized by location were in large cities (59.9%), medium cities (27.6%) and in provincial areas (12.5). 2. Private sector of child-care centers was 46.4% of the total followed by National/public (44.2%) and licensed home day-care programs (9.4%). 3. Total average number of children in child-care centers was $63.3{\pm}43.1$ with a very significant difference (p<0.001) in types of child-care centers. 4. The average space of kitchen and dining room was $5.0{\pm}3.8\;and\;10.8{\pm}11.0$ pyung ($1pyung=3.3058\;cm^2$). 5. The average cost of interim snack in morning and afternoon in child-care centers were $345.9{\pm}459.3$ won and $359.3{\pm}226.6$ won respectively. The average cost of lunch was $644.0{\pm}481.1$ won. There was a significant difference (p<0.001) by types of child-care centers with a highest cost of 863.9 won in licensed home day-care programs. 6. Only a limited number of dietitian were employed, therefore most of food service management practice was not conducted by professional personnel. 7. The result of nutritional analysis of the food revealed that the level of energy and nutrients contained in the food was below the recommeded level (RDA/3).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.254-259
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• 1998

This study was focused on finding out the potential problems associated with organic farming system. The effect of composted animal manures subsequent inoculation of microbes on growth and yield of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 'Minicarol') were examined to develop a proper organic farming practice. Plant heights were greater in composted manure treatment than in conventional practice, whereas widths of leaves were higher in conventional field. Chlorophyll contents between various amount of composted manure application were gradually decreased and showed no significant differences after 45 days of planting. The yield in the treatment applied 12 ton of composted animal manure per 10a as pre-planting fertilizer and following microbial inoculation were only 50-60% compared to that of conventional farming. However, yield increased up to 80% when additional composts were applied to the treatment received 6 ton of composted animal manure per 10a in the middle of cultivation. Microbial inoculation followed by composted manure application induced rapid decrease of nitrogen content in soil. However, the density of microorganisms was significantly increased. Tomatoes produced through organic farming were clear in color, Further, soluble solid and acid content were increased. The highest level of acid and solids were observed in the treatment applied 12 ton of digested swine manure per 10a. Although nitrogen content including ammonium and nitrate rapidly increased after application of composts, these were significantly reduced approximately 4-5 weeks after planting. The level of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium showed gradual decrease compared to nitrogen.