• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.660-665
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the effects of increasing levels of metabolizable protein (MP) on lactation performance and nitrogen (N) efficiencies in lactating dairy cows. Methods: Nine multiparous cows in mid lactation [$113{\pm}25$ days in milk] received three treatments in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design with a period length of 21 days. The treatments were three diets, designed to provide similar energy and increasing supply of MP (g/d) (2,371 [low], 2,561 [medium], and 2,711 [high] with corresponding crude protein levels [%]) 15.2, 18.4, and 20.9, respectively. Results: Increasing MP supplies did not modify dry matter intake, however, it increased milk protein, fat, and lactose yield linearly. Similarly, fat corrected milk increased linearly (9.3%) due to an increase in both milk yield (5.2%) and milk fat content (7.8%). No effects were observed on milk protein and lactose contents across the treatments. Milk nitrogen efficiency (MNE) decreased from 0.26 to 0.20; whereas, the metabolic efficiency of MP decreased from 0.70 to 0.60 in low to high MP supplies, respectively. The concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) increased linearly in response to increasing MP supplies. Conclusion: Increasing MP supplies resulted in increased milk protein yield; however, a higher BUN and low MNE indicated an efficient utilization of dietary protein at low MP supplies.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권8호
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• pp.1387-1397
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• 2024

Objective: The objective of the current study was to find out the independent and interactive effects of prilled fat supplementation with protein on the production performance of early lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes. Methods: Sixteen early lactating buffaloes (36.75±5.79 d in milk; mean±standard error) received 4 treatments in 4×4 Latin-square design according to 2×2 factorial arrangements. The dietary treatments were: i) low protein low fat, ii) low protein high fat, iii) high protein low fat, and iv) high protein high fat. The dietary treatments contained 2 protein (8.7% and 11.7% crude protein) and fat levels (2.6% and 4.6% ether extract) on a dry matter basis. Results: The yields of milk and fat increased with increasing protein and fat independently (p≤0.05). Energy-, protein-, and fat-corrected milk yields also increased with increasing protein and fat independently (p≤0.05). Increasing dietary protein increased the protein yield by 3.75% and lactose yield by 3.15% and increasing dietary fat supplies increased the fat contents by 3.93% (p≤0.05). Milk yield and fat-corrected milk to dry matter intake ratios were increased at high protein and high fat levels (p≤0.05). Milk nitrogen efficiency was unaffected by dietary fat (p>0.10), whereas it decreased with increasing protein supplies (p≤0.05). Plasma urea nitrogen and cholesterol were increased by increasing protein and fat levels, respectively (p≤0.05). The values of predicted methane production reduced with increasing dietary protein and fat. Conclusion: It is concluded that prilled fat and protein supplies increased milk and fat yield along with increased ratios of milk yield and fat-corrected milk yields to dry matter intake. However, no interaction was observed between prilled fat and protein supplementation for production parameters, body weight, body condition score and blood metabolites. Predicted methane production decreased with increasing protein and fat levels.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.243-252
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• 2001

Milk constituents and somatic cell count (SCC) were analysed for 4,059 milk samples from 178 dairy farms from April to December in 1999. Correlations among each milk constituents, milk urea (MU) concentration and SCC in association with lactation stage, milk yield and parity, and balancing status of nutrients' supplies were analysed, and the results are summarized as follows; Averages of milk fat percent, total solids percent and milk yield were $3.72{\pm}0.91%$, $12.50{\pm}1.31%$ and $23.80{\pm}8.54kg$, respectively, whereas those were significantly lower during the summer season. In contrast, average of MU concentration was $0.0361{\pm}0.0006%$ which was significantly higher during the summer season. With milk yield, concentrations of fat, protein and SCC in milk decreased but concentrations of lactose and urea in milk and body condition score (BCS) were not altered. Concentrations of fat, protein, lactose, total solids, SNF, and urea in milk were significantly affected by stage of lactation ($P{\leq}0.0001$) but SCC was not changed. Parity of dairy cows had a significant effect on concentrations of fat ($P{\leq}0.02$), lactose ($P{\leq}0.0001$), total solids ($P{\leq}0.002$), and SNF ($P{\leq}0.0001$) in milk and milk yield ($P{\leq}0.0005$) but did not change concentrations of urea and protein in milk. Somatic cell count had significant positive correlationship with percentages of fat, protein and total solids ($P{\leq}0.0001$), respectively, but had negative correlationship with percentages of urea and lactose in milk and milk yield ($P{\leq}0.0001$). Milk urea concentration was negatively correlated with concentrations of protein, fat, total solids, and SNF in milk and milk yield ($P{\leq}0.0001$) and, according to regression analysis using milk urea concentration and SCC, following equation was obtained; $Y(MU)=3.688{\times}10^{-2}-4.04{\times}10^{-7}{\times}X(SCC{\times}1,000)(r^2=0.0038$, $P{\leq}0.0001$). We studied balance between protein and energy supplies to dairy cows in each farm based upon milk urea and protein concentrations, and results showed that 137 of total 178 farms fed cows unbalanced amounts of dietary protein and energy.

• BMB Reports
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• 제51권11호
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• pp.547-548
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• 2018

Phloem network integrates cellular energy status into post-embryonic growth, and development by tight regulation of carbon allocation. Phloem development involves complicated coordination of cell fate determination, cell division, and terminal differentiation into sieve elements (SEs), functional conduit. All of these processes must be tightly coordinated, for optimization of systemic connection between source supplies and sink demands throughout plant life cycle, that has substantial impact on crop productivity. Despite its pivotal role, surprisingly, regulatory mechanisms underlying phloem development have just begun to be explored, and we recently identified a novel translational regulatory network involving RNA G-quadruplex and a zinc-finger protein, JULGI, for phloem development. From this perspective, we further discuss the role of RNA G-quadruplex on post-transcriptional control of phloem regulators, as a potential interface integrating spatial information for asymmetric cell division, and phloem development.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.102-107
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• 1988

Production of calcium lactate very useful for medical supplies of Ca-therapy was obtained by lactic acid fermentation of lactobacillus sporogenes, a spore forming lactic acid bacterium. Corn steep liquor 1%, soybean enzyme hydrolysate 3%, yeast extract powder 2% can substitute for yeast extract and peptone as nutrient sort traces in fermentation medium using 10% glucose concentration. In the calcium lactate production medium containing yeast extract powder 2%, glucose 18%, CaCO3 12%, the lactic acid fermentation was carried out at 45$^{\circ}C$ for 4days with continuous agitation of 100 rpm. As results, fermentation yield was 97.5%. The five steps such as protein coagulation, decolorizing evaporating, crystallizing, and drying were carried out to harvest calcium lactate from 10l of supernatant of fermented medium to be removed cell and CaCO3. As results, 2065.0g of white crystal calcium lactate dihyrate was recovered and a yield of 84.9% was obtained.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.12.1-12.7
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• 2014

This study investigated changes in gene expression by dietary fat source, i.e., beef tallow, soybean oil, olive oil, and coconut oil (each 3% in feed), in both male and female growing-finishing pigs. Real-time PCR was conducted on seven genes (insulin receptor; INSR, insulin receptor substrate; IRS, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate; PIP3, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1; PDK1, protein kinase B; Akt, forkhead box protein O1; FOXO1 and cGMP-inhibited 3', 5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase; PDE3) located upstream of the insulin signaling pathway in the longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) of pigs. The INSR, IRS, PIP3, and PDE3 genes showed significantly differential expression in barrow pigs. Expression of the PIP3 and FOXO1 genes was significantly different among the four dietary groups in gilt pigs. In particular, the PIP3 gene showed the opposite expression pattern between barrow and gilt pigs. These results show that dietary fat source affected patterns of gene expression according to animal gender. Further, the results indicate that the type of dietary fat affects insulin signaling-related gene expression in the LM of pigs. These results can be applied to livestock production by promoting the use of discriminatory feed supplies.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.55-61
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• 1972

Superprecipitation of actomyosin has been considered to be an in vitro model of the muscle contraction. The superprecipitation and ATPase activity (which supplies the energy for contraction) are influenced by several factors which are the large amount of changes in ionic strength, Mg and ATP concentrations. But those behaviors are found to be promptly influenced by the change in a small range of calcium concentration which can be controlled by the cellular function of muscle physiologically only in the presence of the modullatory proteins, tropomyosin and troponin. In order to elucidate the precise roles of calcium in the muscle contraction and relaxation, the effects of calcium on the actin- myosin interaction was observed in the presence of tropomyosin and troponin using the superprecipitation system. The results are summarized as follows: 1. EGTA (glycol ether diaminetetraacetic acid)prolonged the initiation of the superprecipitation of natural actomyosin. 2. Superprecipitation curve was declined by adding EGTA at the time when tile curve reached the half- maximum. The degree of declining was proportional to the amount of EGTA added. Especially, upon adding 0.25 mM EGTA the curve was lowered to the level before the protein superprecipitated. But addition of EGTA did not affect the curve after attaining the maximum. 3. Superprecipitation of Perry myosin B was not affected by EGTA added both before and during the course of the reaction. 4. Tropomyosin did not change the response of Perry myosin B to EGTA added at any time of the reaction. 5. Troponin also did not change the response of Perry myosin B to EGTA. 6. Both tropomyosin and troponin together rendered the Perry myosin B to obtain the same response as natural actomyosin to EGTA. 7. It was concluded that actin-myosin interaction was influenced by the minute change of calcium concentration only in the presence of both tropomyosin and troponin. We could reproduce the contraction and relaxation of the muscle in vitro under the presence of ATP by changing the calcium concentration.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.858-864
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• 2014

Recently, many researches have shown that even photosynthetic light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes can have quantum coherence in their excitonic energy transfer at cryogenic and physiological temperatures. Because the protein supplies such noisy environment around pigments that conventional wisdom expects very short lived quantum coherence, elucidating the mechanism and searching for an applicability of the coherence have become an interesting topic in both experiment and theory. We have previously studied the quantum coherence of a phycocyanin 645 complex in a marine algae harvesting light system, using Poisson mapping bracket equation (PBME). PBME is one of the applicable methods for solving quantum-classical Liouville equation, for following the dynamics of such pigment-protein complexes. However, it may suffer from many defects mostly from mapping quantum degrees of freedom into classical ones. To make improvements against such defects, benchmarking targets with more accurately described dynamics is highly needed. Here, we fall back to reduced hierarchical equation of motion (HEOM), for such a purpose. Even though HEOM is known to applicable only to simplified system that is coupled to a set of harmonic oscillators, it can provide ultimate accuracy within the regime of quantum-classical description, thus providing perfect benchmark targets for certain systems. We compare the evolution of the density matrix of pigment excited states by HEOM against the PBME results at physiological temperature, and observe more sophisticated changes of density matrix elements from HEOM. In PBME, the population of states with intermediate energies display only monotonically increasing behaviors. Most importantly, PBME suffers a serious issue of wrong population in the long time limit, likely generated by the zero-point energy leaking problem. Future prospects for developments are briefly discussed as a concluding remark.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.51-58
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• 1991

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary and nutritional status supplied by group feeding for blue color and white color in Seoul and Kyunggi area. The results are summarized as follows : 1. Blue color and white color of the average food supply per person per day was 1370.0g. Blue color of the total fool supply was consisted of 35.1% grain, 44.1% vegetables. White color of the total fool supply was consisted of 31.8% grain, 44.0% vegetable. The amount of milk product, fruit and fat supply were very small. 2. Blue color and white color of the ratio of main dish and side dish supplied was 69 : 31, 60.0 : 39.7. 3. Main dish all is rice. Side dish ard kinds of soupes and Jigeai Johngol in the two groups. In the kind of side dish white color much more than blue color. Dessert are scarcely supplied in the two groups. 4. The mean daily supplies of energy and 9 nutrients were above the level of the R.D.A. Blue color and white color of the mean daily amount of energy supply was 2653.0㎉ 3022.6㎉. Blue color and white color of the ratio of carbohydrate, protein, and fat supplied was 68.4%, 18.6%, 13.1%, and 62.1%, 20.9%, 17.0%. 5. Blue color and white color of the average feeding cost amounts to 460won, 812won per meal. 6. Blue color; There were high correlations in supply amoung energy, protein, fat. Carbohydrate, calcium, iron, riboflavin, niacin. White color; There were high correlation in supply amoung energy, protein, carbohydrate, calcium, iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vit-C.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.267-283
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• 2003

1920~30년대 일제 하 개성 소년형무소를 비롯한 조선내 형무소의 주식공급량과 대만 신죽 소년형무소 및 프랑스 후레누 감화원, 독일 모아비트 구치소간의 영양조사 자료를 통해 당시 세계공황과 일본의 식량난 속에서 수형인의 식생활 실태를 재검토한 결과를 다음과 같다. 1. 1920년대 조선내 형무소의 주식공급상태 1) 식사가 12등급으로 나누어 제공되었으며 급여열량의 차이로 볼 때 활동정도에 따라 구분하였을 것이다. 목포형무소 1등급이 6045.0 ㎉, 마산형무소 12등급이 1855.8 ㎉로 각 형무소의 잡곡사용비유과 식이등급에 따라 열량공급량의 차이가 큰 것을 알 수 있다. 2) 단백질, 지방, 탄수화물의 평균 열량비가 20.0 : 20.2 : 59.8로 단백질의 공급량이 의외로 높은데 이것은 주식 중 콩의 비율이 높기 때문이다. 개성형무소를 제외하고 주식 중 콩의 사용비율은 20~60%이다. 주식에서의 단백질의 양이 높다하더라도 모두 식물성단백질이지만 다른 곡물에 부족한 lysine에 대한 보충작용의 효과가 컸을 것으로 기대된다. 3) 콩을 공급하지 않은 개성소년형무소는 단백질과 지방의 열량비가 각각 8.3%, 8.1%로 낮고 탄수화물의 공급량이 높아 성장기 소년 수형인에게는 부적절하다고 사료된다. 2. 각 형무소의 영양공급량의 종합적 비교 대만 프랑스, 독일 형무소와 본 논문의 전보로 수행된 (Kim CH 2003) 조선 경성형무소의 영양상황을 종합적으로 파악하기 위하여 중등활동을 하는 수형인에게 공급된 영양량으로 비교하면 다음과 같다. 1) 경성형무소 중등활동 수형인에게 공급된 열량은 1일 3966.5 ㎉, 단백질, 지방, 탄수화물의 열량비는 18.9 : 16.6 : 64.5로 단백질은 약간 높고 지방은 약간 낮으나 3대 영양소의 균형정도는 양호하다고 볼 수 있으며 오히려 총열량이 너무 높은 것으로 사료된다. 2) 대만 신죽 소년형무소에서는 주식은 쌀과 고구마를 7:3으로 혼합하여 6등급으로 구분하여 공급하였으며 부식은 1주일 cycle menu로 작성되었다. 열량섭취량은 1등급에서 2862.9 ㎉, 6등급에서 1388.9 ㎉로 성장기 소년 수형인에게는 충분한 공급이라고 할 수 없다. 단백질과 지방의 열량 섭취량도 적으나 돼지고기, 돼지기름, 잡어, 유부등의 음식을 제공하므로 동물성 단백질과 지방이 어느 정도 공급되었을 것이다. 3) 프랑스 후레누 감화원과 독일 모아비트 구치소는 1일 총열량섭취량이 각각 2771.3 ㎉, 2678.7 ㎉로 당시 열량권장 기준으로 간주되었던 3000 ㎉, 현재 중등활동 성인열량권장량인 2500 ㎉ 어느 쪽으로 비교해도 적정량이 공급되었다고 할 수 있으며, PFC 비율은 후레누 감화원에서 16.2 : 12.0 : 71.8로 지방이 부족하고, 모아비트 구치소에서는 12.4 : 14.3 : 73.3으로 단백질과 지방이 약간 부족하다고 볼 수 있다. 4) 법무부 급식관리위원회의 수용자 급식기준과 각 형무소의 보통활동 수형자를 위해 공급하는 영양량을 종합적으로 비교해보면 총열량 공급량은 조선 경성형무소(Kim CH 2003)에서는 3966.5 ㎉로 급식기준열량의 159.9%로 공급량이 높았으며, 대만 신죽 형무소에서는 소년 수형자임에도 89.6%만을 공급하고 있었다. 프랑스와 독일은 각각 110.9%, 107.1%로 급식기준을 조금 넘는 적정열량에서 가까운 양을 공급하였다고 할 수 있다. 일제하의 조선, 세계공황 이후 식량이 극도로 부족한 상황에서 대만, 유럽의 프랑스와 독일 모두 단체로 수용되어 있는 수형인들에게 적정영양량을 찾기 위해 노력하였다는 것을 알 수 있다. 다만 조사된 것이 계획에 불과한 것이 아니었는지 의문시된다.