• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.41.1-41.16
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• 2022

The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 has chemotactic and modulatory activities in various immune cells, including dendritic cells. Because of its characteristics, LL-37 can be considered an adjuvant for vaccine development. In this study, we confirmed the possible adjuvant activity of LL-37 in mucosal vaccine development against Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) by means of intranasal immunization in C57BL/6 and human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hDPP4)-transgenic (hDPP4-Tg) mice. Intranasal immunization using the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of MERS-CoV spike protein (S-RBD) recombined with LL-37 (S-RBD-LL-37) induced an efficient mucosal IgA and systemic IgG response with virus-neutralizing activity, compared with S-RBD. Ag-specific CTL stimulation was also efficiently induced in the lungs of mice that had been intranasally immunized with S-RBD-LL-37, compared with S-RBD. Importantly, intranasal immunization of hDPP4-Tg mice with S-RBD-LL-37 led to reduced immune cell infiltration into the lungs after infection with MERS-CoV. Finally, intranasal immunization of hDPP4-Tg mice with S-RBD-LL-37 led to enhanced protective efficacy, with increased survival and reduced body weight loss after challenge infection with MERS-CoV. Collectively, these results suggest that S-RBD-LL-37 is an effective intranasal vaccine candidate molecule against MERS-CoV infection.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to analyse both actual conditions and health problems of farmers in using peshcrde and to develop protective methods. This study research was carried out by means of questionnaires with members of 100 families randomly selected from 279 families residing within the managing territory of primary health post. The results are as follows: Based on 10 kinds of safety instructions, it was shown that 76% complied with more than 6 isntractrons, and less than 4 instructions were 24%, of which 25% carefully read their handling instructions, 58% did sometimes, and 17% never read such instructions. Not complying with those safety instructions, the most frequent experience was physical symptoms, of which headache accounted for 80.9%, dizziness for 73.5%, dermatitis for 64.7%, and vomiting for 41.2%. Their experiences of pesticide poisoning indicated 68.0%, of which the aged level accounted for 88.9% which was relatively high. A spraying time of peshcide was less than 2 hours accounted for 64.0%, and more than 2 hours for 36%. It was also shown that the number of farmers, who experienced poisoning after spraying such chemicals, accounted for 77.8%. The hate of poisoning experiences were 92.0% in group not wearing a protective equipment, were 62.5% in group wearing a complete set of protective equipment.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.1959-1970
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• 2013

Attempts were made in this paper to compare the practice of protective actions for information of patients' medical treatment between hospital administrators who do not make direct contact with patients and occupational therapists who usually do. The comparison between jobs in charge showed that occupational therapists did not practice much protective actions for information of patients' medical treatment ($3.52{\pm}.809$) compared to hospital administrators ($3.92{\pm}.724$), even though the former had received regular education about protection, management and supervision of patients' medical information more often ($3.17{\pm}1.129$) than the latter ($3.16{\pm}1.037$). In spite of the fact that occupational therapists were exposed frequently to the danger of revealing medical information in the process of their job performance through talks and communications with patients, they displayed relatively little concern for and awareness of keeping information of medical treatment from being leaked by them. It is thus suggested to promote awareness of medical staff to protect medical information by means of flexible educational system for each occupational group, periodical monitoring, continuing public relation, training and quality control for protection of medical information, as well as routine self-examination of such practice.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.115-124
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• 1994

The corroded surface of cold rolled steel sheet in the process of rinsing after alkali-cleaning was examined by means of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS). In addition, the surface-treated cold rolled steel with 0.05wt% $Na_5P_3O_{10}$ solution for the purpose of preventing the corrosion was examined by means of XPS and the results were compared with those for the non-treated cold rolled steel. It was found that the corroded surface consists of $Fe_2O_3$, FeO and $Fe(OH)_3$ and the thickness of the oxide layer is about $1500{\AA}$. On the other hand, in the case of surface-treated cold rolled steel, the phosphate layer of $60{\AA}$ thickness was found to act as a protective film over the relatively thin Fe oxide layer.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.34 no.1 s.132
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• pp.45-54
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• 2003

We have conducted to characterize the physico-chemical change and pharmacological transformation of traditional herbal medicines by means of processing. Processed Gardeniae Fructus was prepared by heating of fruit of Gardenia jasminoides(GF) for $30{\sim}50\;minute$ in the roster designed for herb processing. The contents of drying loss, water extract, diluted ethanol extract, ether extract and geniposide in non-processed GF and processed GF were examined. The contents of drying loss, water extract and geniposide in processed GF showed a decrease as compared with those of non-processed GF, however the contents of dilute ethanol and ether extract showed a increase as compared with those of non-processed GF. The rate of decrease/increase of those index were in proportion to heating time. And, biological activities of methanol extract of non-processed GF and processed GF were investigated. DPPH scavenging effects and inhibitory effect of xanthine oxidate and hemolysis of processed GF exhibited more effective than those of non-processed GF in vitro. Accelerating effect of large intestinal transport and purgative action of non- processed GF were discriminated by processing of GF. Methanol extracts of non-pro- cessed GF and processed GF showed the protective effects against the hepatotoxicity induced by ${\alpha}-naphthylisothiocyanate$ in rats. These results suggested that the transformation of biological activities of GF by means of processing may be due to the physico-chemical change of the constituents in GF by heating.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.2029-2035
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• 2013

The impact of phosphorous (P)-doping on the electrochemical performance and surface chemistry of soft carbon is investigated by means of galvanostatic cycling and ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). P-doping plays an important role in storing more Li ions and discernibly improves reversible capacity. However, the discharge capacity retention of P-doped soft carbon electrodes deteriorated at $60^{\circ}C$ compared to non-doped soft carbon. This poor capacity retention could be improved by vinylene carbonate (VC) participating in forming a protective interfacial chemistry on soft carbon. In addition, the effect of P-doping on exothermic thermal reactions of lithiated soft carbon with electrolyte solution is discussed on the basis of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.335-342
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• 2015

Laboratory facilities for biology are designed as biosafety level 1, biosafety level 2, biosafety level 3, and biosafety level 4. Biosafety level designations are based on a composite of the design features, construction, containment facilities, equipment, practice and operation procedures required for working with agents from the various risk groups. Generally, biosafety level 3 means the facility that is appropriate for the experiments using pathogens which can cause serious diseases by aerosol transmission. The biosafety level assigned for the specific work to be done is driven by professional judgement based on a risk assessment, rather than by automatic assignment according to the particular risk group designation of the pathogenic agents to be used. In this paper, we introduced the biosafety level 3 facility operated in ADD(Agency for defense development). It contains the overview of facility, microbiological experiment, animal experiment, decontamination and waste disposal. Biosafety level 3 laboratory in ADD has served the vital role in the research of biological agents and antidote development.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.4 no.6
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• pp.85-96
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• 1996

Most protection systems such as seat belts and airbags are not effective means for side structure. There has been significant effort in the automobile industries in seeking other protective methods, such as stiffer structure and padding on the door inner panel. Therefore, a car-to-car side impact model has been developed using ATB occupant simulation program and validated for test data of the vehicle. Compared to the existing side impact models, the developed model has a more detailed vehicle side structure representation for the more realistic impact response of the door. This model include impact bar which effectively increases the side structure stiffness without reduction of space between the occupant and the door and padding for absorbing impact energy. The established model is applied to a 4-door vehicle. The parameter study indicated that a stiffer impact bar would reduce both the acceleration-based criteria, such as thoracic trauma index: TTI(d), and deformation-based criteria, such as viscous criterion(VC). Padding on the door inner panel would reduce TTI(d) while VC gives the opposite indication in a specified thickness range. For a 4-door vehicle, the stiffness enhancement of B-pillar is more beneficial than that of A-pillar for occupant injury severity indices.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.124-130
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• 2001

Ginkgo biliba has been used for bronchitis and asthma in oriental countries and its leaf extract(GBE) contains 24% ginkgoflavone glycoside and 6% terpenoid. Flavonoids and terpenoids are known to have various antioxidant effects such as scavenging of free radicals and chelation of transtional metals. Antioxidant effect of GBE against 1,2,4-benzenetriol(BT), one of toxic metabolites of benzene, was demonstrated throughbsister chromatid exchange(SCE) analysis, single cell gel electrophoresis(SCGE) analysis, DNA cleavage assay and lipid peroxidation production analysis. The means of SCE frequencies at 10, 25 and 50$\mu$M concentration of BT were 7.72, 8.02, 9.22 respectively. In addition of GBE with concentration of 50, 200 and 500$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, SCE frequencies were decreased significantly.(p<0.05) According to SCGE analysis, BT induced DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner at concentration of 10 and 50 $\mu$m and the DNA damage induced by BT was significantly protected by GBE(p<0.001). No genotoxicity was observed by GBE treatment alone on DNA cleavage. The effect of BT on lipid peroxidation product, Malondiadehyde(MDA), was increased with concentration of BT(10 and 50 $\mu$M) and reduction in MDA was noted when GBE was added. From above results it is suggested that GBE could protect the cell and DNA from pro-oxidant effect by reactive oxigen species induced by BT.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.73-83
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate defects in Zelkova serrata trees using an ultrasonic tomograph (PICUS) and suggest a management plan to maintain it as a natural and cultural resource. In previous study, health information of 16 protected trees were obtained by surveying the following categories; tree appearance, crown, bark, root exposure, water and nutrition, deterioration, pest, vitality, ground status, and pollutant. The average score of health was 16.5 in 16 trees, which means that general monitor is needed for management. In this study, the evaluation result of tree's inside defects using an ultrasonic tomograph showed that 43.8% of decay rate has been found in 16 trees. In fact, some trees look to be good even though they actually have a defects causing broken by natural disaster such as strong wind. Therefore, it is urgent to put some support to the trees and come up with a protective plan. The results of this study would be useful as basic data in developing a guideline for the efficient conservation and management of big and old trees.