• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.461-472
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• 2004

Objectives : For the screening of neuroprotective effects of medicinal herbs, the complex system of animal models suffer some disadvantages in controlling critical parameters such as blood pressure and body temperature. Additionally, application of drugs to the appropriate brain area sometimes is difficult, due to poor permeability though the blood brain barrier, and so potential protective effects might be masked. Methods : Organotypic hippocampal slice culture (OHSC) method has the advantages of being relatively easy to prepare and of maintaining the general structure, including tissue integrity and the connections between cells. Drugs can easily be applied and neuronal damage can easily be quantified by using tissues and culture media. This study demonstrates neuroprotective effects of Puerariae radix (葛根, PR), Salviae miltiorrhizae radix (丹蔘, SR), Rhei rhizoma (大黃, RR), and Bupleuri radix (柴胡, BR). These were screenedand compared to MK-801, antagonist of NMDA receptors, by using OHSC of 1 week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. Oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) were conducted in an anaerobic chamber $(85%\;N_2,\;10%\;CO_2\;and\;5%\;H_2)$ in a deoxygenated glucose-free medium for 60 minutes. Water extracts of each herbs were treated to culture media with $5\;{\mu}g/ml$ for 48 hours. Results : Neuronal cell death in the cultures was monitored by densitometric measurements of the cellular uptake of propidium iodide (PI). PI fluorescence images were obtained at 48 hours after the OGD and medicinal herb treatment. Also TUNEL-positive cells in the CAI and DG regions and LDH concentrations in culture media were measured at 48 hours after the OGD. According to measured data, MK-801, PR, SR and BR demonstrated significant neuroprotective effect against excessive neuronal cell death and apoptosis induced by the OGD insult. Especially, PR revealed similar neuroprotective effect to MK-801 and RR demonstrated weak neuroprotective effect. Conclusions : These results suggest that OHSC can be a suitable method for screening of neuroprotective effects of medicinal herbs. (This work was supported by the research program of Dongguk University and Grant 01-PJ9-PG1-01CO03-0003 from Ministry of Health & Welfare.)

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.319-336
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• 2015

Objectives: The object of this study was to evaluate the cognition and motor function recovery effects of Sungshim-san (SSS), a traditional Korean cardio-protective polyherbal formula in the severe rat stroke, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) model. Methods: The experimental animals were divided into 6 groups. SSS aqueous extracts (yield=16.82%; 400, 200 and 100 mg/kg) were administered orally by using Sonde, once daily, for 28 continuous days from 24 hrs post-pMCAO. Donepezil 10 mg/kg, a representative drug for dementia, was used as a reference drug. The body weight changes, infarct/defect sizes, sensorimotor function and cognitive motor behavior were serially monitored. Limb placing and body-swing test for sensorimotor functions were conducted at 1 day before operation (base line), and 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post-pMCAO; and water maze test for the cognitive motor behavior was conducted at 14 and 28 days post-pMCAO, respectively. Results: Focal cerebral cortex infarct and defects due to pMCAO resulted in marked decreases of body weight, disorders of sensorimotor functions and cognitive motor behaviors. However, the pMCAO-related ischemic damages were markedly and dose-dependently inhibited by treatment with SSS 400 and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Donepezil markedly decreased the body weight and gains, as compared with pMCAO control rats; however, SSS 400 and 200 mg/kg favorably ameliorated the pMCAO-induced decreases in body weight and gains. SSS 100 mg/kg treated rats did not show any favorable effects on the pMCAO-related ischemic damages, as compared with pMCAO control rats. Conclusions: The results of the study indicated that oral administration of SSS 400 and 200 mg/kg accelerated cognition and motor function recovery in the rat pMCAO model. The treatment effect was potentially mediated by neuroprotection via the known augmentation of cerebral antioxidant defense system of SSS itself or its individual herbal components. Especially, the overall effects of SSS 200 mg/kg were similar to those of donepezil 10 mg/kg, but less toxic.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.986-992
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• 2009

Type I interferons (IFNs) are critical mediators of the innate immune system to defend viral infection. Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) play critical roles in type I IFN production in response to viral infection. Luteolin is natural polyphenolic compounds that have anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective and anti-carcinogenic effects. However, the mechanism of action and impact of luteolin on innate immunity is still unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of luteolin on the lipopolysacchride (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses. Luteolin inhibited Type I IFNs expression of mRNA and increased interleukin(IL)-10 expression of mRNA. Next, we examined the protective effects of IL-10 using IL-10 neutralizing antibody (IL-10NA). Blockade of IL-10 action didn't cause a significant reduction of Type I IFNs than LPS-induced luteolin pretreatment. Pretreatment of luteolin inhibited the level of IRF-1, and IRF-7 mRNA and the nuclear translocation of IRF-3. Also, luteolin reduced the activation of STAT - 1, 3. Theses results suggest that luteolin inhibits LPS-induced the production of Type I IFNS by both IRFs and STATs not IL-10 and may be a beneficial drug for the treatment of inflammatory disease.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.79-87
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• 1999

To know the stress response and antioxidative effect of sulfur containing compounds, we observed the expression of the stress protein (heat shock protein; inducible protein) from mouse tissues and evaluated the protective effects to hydroxyl radical in mouse brain cell culture. Cysteine, methionine or sodium sulfide was fed by oral administration of 1 ml/per 6hr/three times with 1 mM, 2mM or 3mM to mouse, respectively. After that, the stress proteins were extracted from mouse tissues and analyzed the features of expression. The stress proteins by sulfur containing compounds were showed different aspects in the kinds and concentrations of their compounds, and in the tissues of mouse. In the liver, the stress proteins were appeared at different time on the concentration of sulfur containing compounds and had less than 20 KDa as small molecules. In general, the molecular weights of stress protein in liver, the stress proteins were appeared at different time on the concentration of sulfur containing compounds and had less than 20 KDa as small molecules. In general, the molecular weights of stress protein in the spleen were evaluated from 32KDa to 50KDA, and the induced times were relatively late at high concentration of cysteine, early at low concentration of methionine or sodium sulfide. The stress proteins in mouse muscle were detected mostly between 24hr after treatment of sulfur containing compounds. Their molecular weights were 15~24KDa. In the antioxidative effects of sulfur containing compounds to hydroxyl radical, cell viabilities were measured by 63.2% at 10 $\mu\textrm{M}$, 65.5% at 50 $\mu\textrm{M}$, 68.6% at 100 $\mu\textrm{M}$, 78.3% at 150 $\mu\textrm{M}$, or 83.0% at 200 $\mu\textrm{M}$ of cysteine, respectively. At addition of methionine, the cell viabilities were assessed as 58.1% at 10 $\mu\textrm{M}$, 62.8% at 50 $\mu\textrm{M}$, 75.7% at 100 $\mu\textrm{M}$, 78.6% at 150 $\mu\textrm{M}$, and 79.2% at 200 $\mu\textrm{M}$ after 4hrs exposure with 20mU/ml glucose oxidase (GO) system, while the numbers of live cells to hydroxyl radicals in treatment of sodium sulfide were showed 48.6% at 10 $\mu\textrm{M}$, 54.8% at 100 $\mu\textrm{M}$, 51.8% at 150 $\mu\textrm{M}$, and 51.6% at 200 $\mu\textrm{M}$ in the neuronal cells. In the inhibitory effects on the proliferation of tumor cells, percentages of dead cells of the CT-26 or HeLa cell were generally less than 30% even 48hr after addition of sulfur containing compounds. Conclusively, the results of these experiments indicate that stress protein by sulfur containing compounds can be used as physiological indicator for animal nutrition and for environment, and also that cysteine and methionine can play critical roles as an antioxidant.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.1271-1277
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• 2008

We investigated to determine the inhibitory effects of solvent extracts from dried onion on growth of cancer cell lines (HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma and HT-29 human colon cancer cells) and $H_{2}O_{2}$-induced oxidative stress. Two different drying methods, low temperature vacuum dryer and freeze dryer, were employed to dry onion. Inhibitory effects of acetone with methylene chloride (A+M) and methanol (MeOH) extracts from onion by two drying methods on the growth of HT-1080 and HT-29 cancer cells increased in a dose dependent manner (p<0.05) and the higher inhibitory effect was shown in onion extracts dried by low temperature vacuum dryer. The treatments of hexane, 85% aq. methanol, butanol and water fractions significantly inhibited the growth of both cancer cells (p<0.05) and onion fractions dried by freeze dryer showed a higher inhibitory effect compared with those dried by low temperature vacuum dryer. In order to determine a protective effect on H2O2-induced oxidative stress, DCHF-DA (dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate) assay was conducted. All fractions including crude extracts of dried onion appeared to significantly reduce the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) (p<0.05). Higher antioxidant effect was observed in onions dried by the low temperature vacuum dryer method. These results indicate that the low temperature vacuum dryer is useful to dry and produce onion powder.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.638-648
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• 2020

Currently, the method of user-follwoing in intelligent cooperative robots usually based in vision system and using Lidar is common and have excellent performance. But in the closed space of Corona 19, which spread worldwide in 2020, robots for cooperation with medical staff were insignificant. This is because Medical staff are all wearing protective clothing to prevent virus infection, which is not easy to apply with existing research techniques. Therefore, in order to solve these problems in this paper, the ultrasonic sensor is separated from the transmitting and receiving parts, and based on this, this paper propose that estimating the user's position and can actively follow and cooperate with people. However, the ultrasonic sensors were partially applied by improving the Median filter in order to reduce the error caused by the short circuit in communication between hard reflection and the number of light reflections, and the operation technology was improved by applying the curvature trajectory for smooth operation in a small area. Median filter reduced the error of degree and distance by 70%, vehicle running stability was verified through the training course such as 'S' and '8' in the result.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.293-300
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• 2009

In this study, we investigated the antioxidative activity and inhibitory effects on elastase and tyrosinase of Persicaria hydropiper L. extracts. The free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activities ($FSC_{50}$) of ethyl acetate fractions of Persicaria hydropiper L. was $5.23\;{\mu}g/mL$. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) of some Persicaria hydropiper L. extracts on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}$-EDTA/$H_2O_2$ system were investigated using the luminol - dependent chemiluminescence assay. The ROS scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) of ethyl acetate fractions of Persicaria hydropiper L. was $0.40\;{\mu}g/mL$. The protective effects of extract / fractions of Persicaria hydropiper L. on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The Persicaria hydropiper L. extracts suppressed photohemolysis in a concentration dependent manner ($1\;{\sim}\;10\;{\mu}g/mL$). Inhibitory effects ($IC_{50}$) on tyrosinase of aglycone fraction of Persicaria hydropiper L. extracts was $8.90\;{\mu}g/mL$. Inhibitory effects ($IC_{50}$) on elastase of aglycone fraction of Persicaria hydropiper L. extracts was $2.37\;{\mu}g/mL$. These results indicate that extract / fractions of Persicaria hydropiper L. can function as antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by anti-oxidative activity and protect cellular membranes against ROS. Persicaria hydropiper L. extract / fractions could be used as a new cosmeceutical for whitening and anti-wrinkle products.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.431-438
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• 2002

This study was performed to investigate the effects of green tea or antioxidant vitamins on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme system in various regions of rat brain aged 9 and 12 months. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were raised on the experimental diets; 3% green tea powder diet, antioxidant vitamins diet containing the $\beta$-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E in the level same as in the 3% green tea powder diet, and control diet far 3 weeks. We measured concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxide (GSH-Px) in various brain regions such as cortex, cerebellum, striatum, and hippocampus. Green tea powder or antioxidant vitamin supplementation decreased MDA concentrations in the striatum and the hippocampus, and increased SOB activities in the striatum, and GSH-Px activities in the cortex. There was no significant difference in the observed antioxidative effects between the green tea powder and antioxidant vitamin supplementation. A significant difference between 9 month- and 12 month-old rats was found in MDA concentrations and GSH-Px activities in all brain regions. These results suggest that green tea powder can have protective effects on various regions of rat brain and that these effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes are different by age. In inhibiting lipid peroxidation, there was no difference between green tea powder and antioxidant vitamins.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.913-920
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• 2003

Soybean sauce fermented with soybean and wheat, has been a major condiment of Korean diets from centuries ago. Melanoidin, a brown pigment generally found in various food systems, is a final product produced in amino-carbonyl reaction during soybean sauce processing. Antioxidative activities of soybean sauce and melanoidin were investigated in vitro system using linoleic acid emulsion. Soybean sauce and glucose-lysine model melanoidin showed the stronger antioxidative effect than control by ferric thiocyanate and conjugated diene assays. In addition, DPPH radical scavenging effect of soybean sauce was higher than melanoidin, which was ascribed to soluble peptide and low molecular protein existing in soybean sauce. To ascertain antioxidative effect of dietary soybean sauce and melanoidin in vivo, the male Wister rats were fed 10% soybean sauce or 10% glucose-lysine model melanoidin with corn oil or fish oil for 5 weeks. Fatty acid compositions in liver and plasma were influenced by oil source. Therefore, EPA and DHA contents of fish oil group were higher than those of corn oil group. When the inhibitory effect of soybean sauce and melanoidin on lipid peroxidation using TBARS methods was measured, fish oil group (FC) showed higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content than corn oil group (CC). However, supplementation of soybean sauce and melanoidin to fish oil group attenuated MDA formation. In the levels of phosphatidyl choline hydroperoxide (PCOOH) in liver and plasma by CL (chemiluminescence)-HPLC method, PCOOH in FC group was significantly higher than that of CC group both in liver and plasma. Supplementation of soybean sauce to fish oil groups significantly inhibited the formation of PCOOH in plasma and liver, while melanoidin suppressed hepatic PCOOH formation. Based on these results, it can be suggested that soybean sauce possesses stronger antioxidative potential than melanoidin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.805-811
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of water extract from Crassostrea gigas (CGW) against ethanol-induced hepatic toxicity in rats. Seventy-two male Wistar rats (6-week-old) were divided into six groups of 12 animals each: control group (1 mL saline/d), ethanol-treated group, positive control group (ethanol+Hovenia dulcis Thunb extract), CGWL group (ethanol+low dosage of CGW), CGWM group (ethanol+medium dosage of CGW), and CGWH group (ethanol+high dosage of CGW). All groups except the control group received ethanol (40% ethanol 5 g/kg) orally. CGW administration with ethanol resulted in prevention of ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity by increasing levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and ${\gamma}-glutamyltransferase$. CGW supplementation significantly reduced formation of malonaldehyde and inhibited reduction of hepatic glutathione and peroxidase levels, as compared with the ethanol-administration group. Further, CGW suppressed expression of CYP2E1, which was elevated by ethanol administration. Consequently, our results indicate that Crassostrea gigas may exert hepatoprotective effects against alcohol-induced hepatocyte injury by intensifying the anti-oxidative defense system.