• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.200-206
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of intraruminal infusion of propionate on ruminal fermentation characteristics and blood hormones and metabolites in Hanwoo (Korean cattle) steers. Four Hanwoo steers (average body wt. 270 kg, 13 month of age) equipped with rumen cannula were infused into rumens with 0.0 M (Water, C), 0.5 M (37 g/L, T1), 1.0 M (74 g/L, T2) and 1.5 M (111 g/L, T3) of propionate for 1 hour per day and allotted by $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. On the 5th day of infusion, samples of rumen and blood were collected at 0, 60, 120, 180, and 300 min after intraruminal infusion of propionate. The concentrations of serum glucose and plasma glucagon were not affected (p>0.05) by intraruminal infusion of propionate. The serum insulin concentration at 60 min after infusion was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T3 than in C, while the concentration of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) at 60 and 180 min after infusion was significantly (p<0.05) lower in the propionate treatments than in C. Hence, intraruminal infusion of propionate stimulates the secretion of insulin, and decreases serum NEFA concentration rather than the change of serum glucose concentration.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.3627-3631
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• 2014

In this study we examined two ester-containing cross-links, hex-2-enyl acetate and hex-2-enyl propionate, as new cross-linking systems for helix stabilization of short peptides. We demonstrated that these hexenyl ester cross-links can be readily installed via a ruthenium-mediated ring-closing metathesis reaction of L-aspartic acid 4-allyl ester or L-glutamic acid 5-allyl ester at position i and (S)-2-(4'-pentenyl)alanine at position i+4 using second generation Hoveyda-Grubbs catalyst at $60^{\circ}C$. Between these two cross-links, we found that the hex-2-enyl propionate significantly stabilizes the ${\alpha}$-helical conformations of short model peptides. The helix-stabilizing effects of the hex-2-enyl propionate tether appear to be as powerful as Verdine's i,i+4 all-hydrocarbon stapling system, which is one of the most widely used and the most potent helix-stabilizing cross-linking systems. Furthermore, the hex-2-enyl propionate bridge is reasonably robust against non-enzymatic hydrolytic cleavage at a physiological pH. While extended studies for probing its chemical scopes and biological applications are needed, we believe that this new helix-stabilizing system could serve as a useful chemical tool for understanding protein folding and designing conformationally-constrained peptide drugs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.225-234
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• 2006

Characteristics of electricity production from major fermentation products (acetate, propionate and butyrate) were evaluated in a microbial fuel cell (MFC). For each substrate, batch and continuous experiments were performed. The batch test result indicated that coulombic efficiency depended on the resistance connected in MFC circuit. With acetate, coulombic efficiency were 87% at $20{\Omega}$, but decreaced to 45% at$220{\Omega}$. In continuous tests, maximum power densities obtained was 220 Q with acetate. The maximum power densities of butyrate, acetate and propionate were 6.8, 6.1, and $5.2mW/m^2$, respectively. Propionate and butyrate were converted into acetate producing high currents. $H_2$ produced during butyrate and propionate probably used to produce electricity. In conclusion, butyrate conversion into acetate was faster than that of propionate with higher electricity production. If the production of propionate is inhibited during fermentation, anaerobically fermented liguor may be effectively applied for MFC.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.69-72
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• 1993

Effects of topical application with 1, 5 and 10 ${\mu}$g/ml testosterone on the precocooning and post cocooning traits of the polyvoltine. Pure Mysore breed of silkworm were studied. Each concentration was treated independently at 36th to III, IV and V instar larvae(Treatment-1), at 48th to IV and V instar larvae(Treatment-2_ and at 72th to V instar larvae(Treatment-3). The repeated application with each concentration of testosterone propionate in treatment, and 2 larvae or single application in treatment 3 variously affected the precocooning and post cocooning traits. Repeated applications of all doses of testosterone propionate(Treatment-1) and single application of 1 & 5 ${\mu}$g of the chemical(Treatment-3) increase the fecundity and decrease the percentage of cocooning and moth emergence.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.149-152
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• 2001

Effect of topical application with 10, 20 and 30 ${\mu}g$/ml testosterone propionate and estradiol -17${\beta}$ on the fourth and fifth instar bivoltine NB18 silkworm larvae Bombyx mori, on the glycogen and protein contents of the Fat body and trehalose and protein contents of the haemolymph has been studied. Glycogen content of the fat body was significantly decreased in both testosterone propionate and estradiol -17${\beta}$ treatment groups except in the group treated with 30 ${\mu}g$ testosterone propionate where the increase was not significant when compared with those of carrier controls. The increase/decrease in haemolymph trehalose content did not show any significant difference in all the treated groups. Protein content of the fat body significantly increased in 10 and 20 mg testosterone propionate and estradiol -l7${\beta}$ treated groups but in 30 mg treated groups the increase was not significant when compared with those of carrier controls. There was no significant change in the haemolymph protein content in all the testosterone propionate and estradiol -17${\beta}$ treated groups except in group treated with 10 ${\mu}g$ estradiol -17${\beta}$ where it showed a significant decrease when compared with that of carrier control.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 1996

The 7F0→5D0excitation spectra of Eu(Ⅲ) complexed with polyfunctional monocarboxylic acid(glycolic acid, glycine and thioglycolic acid) containing a terminal O, N and S neutral donors and propionic acid were investigated using Eu(Ⅲ) luminescence spectroscopy. In the excitation spectra of Eu(Ⅲ)-propionate system, the stepwise appearance of the peaks was observed at 579.0, 579.2 and 579.5 nm with increasing in the ligand-to-metal ratio, which correspond to the formation of Eu(propionate)2+, Eu(propionate)2+ and Eu(propionate)3 species. Three maximum peaks were also obtained for Eu(Ⅲ)-glycolate, Eu(Ⅲ)-glycinate and Eu(Ⅲ)-thioglycolate systems and were found to be quite similar to those of Eu(Ⅲ)-propionate system. The q values (number of coordinated water molecules of Eu(Ⅲ) ion) obtained from the luminescence decay constants of Eu(Ⅲ)-glycolate and Eu(Ⅲ)-thioglycolate were 7.0 and 7.1, and compare well with 7.3 for Eu(Ⅲ)-propionate: Each ligand units replace around two coordinated water molecules. These results show that the polyfunctional monocarboxylates behaves like the propionate for Eu(Ⅲ) ion coordination.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.55-60
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• 1968

Chlorination of aromatic derivatives under UV light and ${\gamma}$-ray irradiation was studied. Ethyl ${\alpha} ,{\beta} -dichloro-{\beta}$-phenyl propionate gave the p-chlorophenyl derivatives when chlorination was done under UV light. The same type of the product was obtained in the reaction where the mole ratio of the ester and chlorine was 1 to 2 and the chlorination was done under ${\gamma}$-ray irradiation. When the mole ratio of the ester and chlorine was 1 to 8, the chlorination reaction under ${\gamma}$-ray irradiation gave a poly-chlorinated derivatives which was identified as a side chain chlorinated p-chlorophenyl derivatives. Ethyl ${\alpha} ,{\beta} -dichloro-{\beta}$-(p-chlorophenyl) propionate gave the same type of the side chain chlorinated p-chloro derivatives by the chlorination under ${\gamma}$-ray irradiation, whereas ethyl ${\alpha} ,{\beta} -dichloro-{\beta}$-(o-chlorophenyl) derivatives gave o,p-dichlorophenyl derivatives. The identifications of the products were based on a radio thin layer chromatography and activation analysis of chlorine contents of product. The chlorination reaction was discussed in regards to the effect of phenyl substituents to the formation of reaction product and the procedures were described.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.47-58
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• 1974

This study was made to investigate whether there would be any direct relationship between testis and adrenal gland. After the iadministration of testosterone propionate to the hypophysectomized male rats, weight of adrenal glands, each zona rates in adrenal gland and histological changes measured from the 1st day to 56th day of the experimental period. The results obtained were as follows; 1. For the weight changes of thyriod gland, it showed a similar changes between the hypophysectomized and the testosterone propionate treated-hypophysectomized group. However, the weight of adrenal glands for the treatment groups were decreased as the time passed as compared to the control group, and the difference were highly significance at the 7th day and there on. 2. For the zona rates in adrenal gland the changes were similar between the hypophysectomized and the testosterone propionate treated-hypophysectomized group. Zona fasciculata and reticularis were decreased rapidly as time passed as compared to the control group, and the difference were significant at the 7th day and highly significant at the 14th day and there on. Adrenal medulla tended to increase, showing a significance with P<0.05 at 7th day, and P<0.01 at 14th day and there on. Zona glomerulosa showed no differences among the groups. 3. Histological changes for the testosterone propionate treated-hypophysectomized group were similar to the hypophysectomized group. Of adrenal gland, zona fasciculata and reticular is were degenerated and lost their function as time passed after treatment, and zona glomerulosa and adrenal medulla were observed not bo changed. 4. Since there were re no differences in weight changes of adrenal glands, the zonarates in adrenal gland and histological changes between the hypophysectomized and testosterone propionate treated-hypophysectomized group, it would appear that there were no direct relationship between the testis and the adrenal gland, but the involvement of hypophysis might be necessary for the control mechanism.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2009

Betamethasone propionate, an anti-inflammatory glucocorticosteroid, was detected in cosmetics with no indication on the label of this compound as an ingredient. The product was formulated as a topical spray or shampoo and labeled to contain zinc pyrithione as the active ingredient. A thin-layer chromatographic analysis was carried out on silica gel plates to provide a first indication about the presence of a compound with steroid structure and reactivity; then high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation allowed the identification of the corticosteroid agent and its quantification. To identify the corticosteroid agent from these commercial samples we collected the fractions suspected to have ketol steroids by prep HPLC and identified the compound as betamethasone propionate by NMR and MS spectrometry. Then we synthesized the standard for the betamethasone 17-propionate and 21-propionate and quantitate the corticosteroids from the sample by HPLC with that standards. By this method we identified the corticosteroid compounds from some commercial cosmetics such as zinc pyrithione sprays. The finding of betamethasone propionate in the products was shown by comparison to an authenticated standard of betamethasone propionate by retention time on reverse-phase HPLC. Two of the tested products contained betamethasone propionate at the levels of 0.005 ${\sim}$ 0.02% and the others were free of betamethasone propionate.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.186-191
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• 2000

The recovery of three ethyl esters (aroma model compounds; ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate. ethyl butyrate) from aqueous solutions was studied for vapor permeation with surface-modified hydrophobic alumina membrane, Although the driving force of ethyl butyrate is the highest, the ethyl butyrate concentration in permeate is lower than those of propionate and acetate. Since the solubility of aroma compounds for water is very low, phase separation occurred in permeate, and we could obtain pure ethyl esters. The experimental results showed that the porous hydrophobic alumina membrane had high selectivity and permeation flux on the ester-model compounds.