• 수산경영론집
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.59-70
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• 2013

The purpose of this paper is to integrate various models of price formation and let the data choose the most proper model. After the data choose the proper model, one can analyze the price formation process and demand structures for fishery resources under the restriction of Korean fisheries regulations. This study suggests the integrated model including quasi-linear price formation model, Translog price formation model, AIDS price formation model and Lewbel price formation model as level variables. It also suggests another integrated model including AIDS price formation model, Rotterdam price formation model, Latinen-Theil price formation model and Neves price formation model as difference variables. The empirical results show that the AIDS price formation model is the most preferred in both level and difference variables of fishery resources. The estimated parameters show that all sample species have (-) sign of price flexibilities, thus following the law of demand. The scale flexibilities of all species are estimated as (-) sign, thus being adapted to the theory. The contribution and results are summarized as follows. First, the integrated model of fishery market demand has been developed and the data can choose the proper model without arbitrary choice of the researcher. Second, the fishery market demand structure could be analyzed in a way different from the ordinary demand analysis, which is based upon price flexibility and scale flexibility. Third, the integrated model for fishery resources can be used easily when catching restrictions are imposed by policies.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2003년도 Proceedings of ACRS 2003 ISRS
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• pp.1115-1117
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• 2003

The information about transactions of real estate has tended to be not open. Therefore, it has been difficult for individuals to judge the proper price of each real estate. In the course of time several studies have been conducted on proposing criterions for judging the proper price of real estates. As to office buildings and apartments, it is proved techniques required for making criterions have been achieved to a certain extent. Therefore, this research aims to make methods that propose to consumers reliable criteria for judging the proper price of detached houses. The methods are based on hedonic price method and micro-level spatial elements peculiar to detached houses are considered.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.133-143
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• 2021

In government procurement programs, cost estimation and analysis support funding decisions and are the basis for other major decisions, too. Such estimating and analyzing the cost of the weapon systems are crucial in execution of the defense budget. However, existing cost estimations and analyses have focused on domestic R&D projects, thus those are not valid in application to foreign weapon acquisitions. This study aims at foreign weapon systems that are acquired from Direct Commercial Sales. Because the data for price estimation of a foreign weapon is usually not available, we suggest a price estimation model based on performance factors of the weapon. In this study, the proper price of the weapon system is estimated using the parametric cost estimating model. Using the data of helicopter-launched anti-tank guided missiles worldwide, we analyze the effect of each performance factor on the weapon system price by regression analysis, and use step-wise and ridge regression analysis to remove multi-collinearity. This study hopefully contributes to more reasonable decision making on proper price of weapons.

• 한국국방경영분석학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.10-27
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• 2001

This paper deals with the application of PRICE model in estimating the proper acquisition cost for weapon budgeting phase. The PRICE(Parametric Review of Information for Costing and Evaluation) Hardware model is a computerized method for deriving cost estimates of electronic and mechanical hardware assemblies and systems. The model can be used in obtaining not only initial cost estimates in conceptual phase, but also detailed cost estimates in budgeting phase depending on available historical and empirical data. We analyzed first step cost estimate parameters and derived cost equations using PRICe output dta. Using weight and complexity, We can find cost variation. Sensitivity analysis shows that cost increases exponentially as complexity increases exponentially as complexity increases. We estimated KAAV\`s (Korea Amphibious Assault Vehicle) production cost using the PRICE model and compare with engineering cost estimates which is based on actual production data submitted by the production company. The result shows that tow estimates are close within $\pm2%$ differences.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.115-130
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• 2009

대학교급식은 큰 물가 상승에도 늘 그에 못 미치는 가격 상승이 이루어졌다. 따라서 학교급식의 질적인 하락과 학생들이 학교급식에 대한 신뢰도의 저하는 학교급식의 발전 차원에서 혁신적인 이미지 갱신을 필요로 하며, 학생들이 허용할 수 있는 범위 내에서의 적절한 가격 상승이 요구되어 진다. 따라서 본 연구는 대학교급식의 가격 상승 허용 평가에 관한 연구로 대학급식을 이용하는 학생들의 이용 행태와 이용 식당, 대학급식의 가격대, 대학급식의 경영 형태에 따라 가격 상승 허용율에 영향을 미치는지에 관해 분석하고, 이에 따른 대학급식의 가격수용성에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 학생들은 가격의 상승에 대한 민감한 반응을 보이고 있었으며, 학교급식의 가격 상승에 대하여 반대하는 이유는 가격에 비하여 학교급식의 질적인 향상이 이루어지지 않기 때문이 라고 응답하였다. 학교급식의 질은 외부 식당에 비해 학교급식의 가격대의 만족도를 평가한 결과, 학교급식의 질이 낮게 평가되었다. 그러나 학교급식의 가격 수준이 높을수록 외부 식당의 가격에 비해 학교급식이 싸지 않다라고 응답하는 응답자가 많은 것은 학교급식과 외부 식당과의 가격 비교에서 별다른 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 교차분석을 실시한 결과, 대학생들의 이용 행태에 따른 이용 식당과 가격 상승 허용율 간에는 유의적이 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었고, 대학급식 가격대와 가격 상승 허용율 간에는 유의적인 차이가 없음을 알 수 있었으며, 대학급식의 적절한 경영 형태와 가격 상승 허용율 간에 유의적인 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 외부 식당과 대학 식당을 비교하여 가격 적정과 식당의 질에 대해 평가하였다는 것을 한계점이라 할 수 있다. 그러나 대학생들이 학생 식당을 이용하는 가장 큰 이유 중 두 번째로 중요한 요인이 가격요인이었다는 점에서 앞으로 대학급식의 발전에 기초자료가 될 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.49-59
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• 2007

The purposes of this study were to determine the price elasticities of foodcourt-styled university foodservice, and to identify the attributes that affect these price elasticities. Questionnaires were distributed to 700 students at the K University in Masan, from September 21-27, 2006. 478 questionnaires were ultimately included in the final analysis(response rate: 68.3%). For statistical analysis, SPSS(12.0) was used to conduct the descriptive analysis, t-test, and ANOVA. The results of this study were as follows. The average meal price for in-campus foodservice was \ 2,196 and the average meal price for an off-campus restaurant was \3,044. The university students recognized that the proper price for in-campus foodservice and an off-campus restaurant were, respectively, \2,127 and \ 2,884. The price elasticities for foodcourt-styled university foodservice were 4.20(Kko-Bul-Kko-Bul), 3.83(Il-Poom-Hyang), and 4.10(Ne-Mo-Baek_Ban). The factors that affected price elasticity included the frequency of visiting foodservice, foodservice satisfaction, price satisfaction, and customer's responses to increased meal prices. The recommended price strategy for foodcourt-styled university foodservice was to lower meal price, which would attract more students and increase the sales volume. Simultaneously, foodservice managers should attempt to improve and increase customer satisfaction and the customer's perceived value for meal price. Overall, price elasticity may prove helpful in predicting the customer's behaviors on price changes, and may provide useful basic data for foodservice managers when establishing price strategy.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.587-593
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• 1999

The purpose of this study were to : (a) analyzed price elasticity of university students in foodservice operations and (b)provide insight for price decision-making. Questionnaires were composed of price elasticity, the utilization and opinions of students on university foodservice operations, and demographic information regarding respondents. The questionnaires were distributed to 600 university students of 6 universities located in Seoul. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SAS package for descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: The average price for lunch was ￦1,663 for campus food, and ￦2,965 for off-campus restaurants. The frequency of utilizing the university cafeteria was fairly high. Students felt that the proper price for lunch was ￦1,446, presenting a lower price than the actual average price for lunch. The price elasticity was investigated in relation to the change in utilization rate when these was a price increase. The price elasticity was 2.03, with significant differences between sex, age, and major. The groups utilizing the university cafeteria frequently, taking longer time to go to off-campus or that were satisfied with the university cafeteria, had a lower price elasticity than those that did not. The results of this study suggest that predicting the price elasticity of the target market would assist the pricing policy, and the fact that the same students have different price elasticity by place and atmosphere can be used in marketing strategies.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.721-733
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• 2011

We consider the state price densities that are implicit in financial asset prices. In the pricing of an option, the state price density is proportional to the second derivative of the option pricing function and this relationship together with no arbitrage principle imposes restrictions on the pricing function such as monotonicity and convexity. Since the state price density is a proper density function and most of the shape constraints are caused by this, we propose to estimate the state price density directly by specifying candidate densities in a flexible nonparametric way and applying methods of regularization under extra constraints. The problem is easy to solve and the resulting state price density estimates satisfy all the restrictions required by economic theory.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제51권
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• pp.133-158
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to analyze one of CIETEC(China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission) Award on the dispute arising from Cotton Sale Contact which deals with damages and reduction of the price. Especially this case focused on the effect of reduction of the price to damages. The purpose of damages is to place the aggrieved party in as good a position as if the other party had properly performed the contract. So court costs and attorney's fee should be regarded as the loss, because these are caused by consequence of the breach which is recoverable. With the same reason, overpaid taxes should also regard as the loss. It is not impossible, however, to claim both damages and reduction of the price for same loss at the same time. It means buyer could not claim damages for the same loss, once he already claimed reduction of the price. So Korean companies should consider which remedy is proper to himself under the circumstances. He should choose reduction of the price when market price is down. In case of rising market price, he should consider follows: first, it is better to choose damages based on current price(Art.76), if upswing of non-conformity price is higher then upswing of market price. Second, it is better to choose general rule for measuring damages(Art.74), if upswing of market price is higher then upswing of non-conformity price.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.945-953
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• 2007

In this paper, we propose a smoothing and thus noise-reducing method of data sequences for stock price prediction with hidden Markov models, HMMs. The suggested method just uses simple moving average. A proper average size is obtained from forecasting experiments with stock prices of bank sector of Korean Exchange. Forecasting method with HMM and moving average smoothing is compared with a conventional method.