• BMB Reports
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.1-2
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• 2016

Of the numerous events that occur in daily life, we readily remember salient information, but do not retain most less-salient events for a prolonged period. Although some of the episodes contain putatively emotional aspects, the information with lower saliency is rarely stored in neural circuits via an unknown mechanism. We provided substantial evidence indicating that synaptic plasticity in the dorsal ITC of amygdala allows for selective storage of salient emotional experiences, while it deters less-salient experience from entering long-term memory. After activation of D4R or weak fear conditioning, STDP stimulation induces LTD in the LA-ITC synapses. This form of LTD is dependent upon presynaptic D4R, and is likely to result from enhancement of GABA release. Both optogenetic abrogation of LTD and ablation of D4R at the dorsal ITC in vivo lead to heightened and over-generalized fear responses. Finally, we demonstrated that LTD was impaired at the dorsal ITC of PTSD model mice, which suggests that maladaptation of GABAergic signaling and the resultant LTD impairment contribute to the endophenotypes of PTSD. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(1): 1-2]

• 약학회지
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.236-239
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• 2012

The aim of present study was to investigate the possible influence and the related mechanism of Cinnamomum cassia derived-cinnamaldehyde on the inflammation or nociception. Cinnamomum cassia was referred to be treated for common cold or dyspepsia in the traditional medicine. However, there are no reports on the antinociceptive or anti-inflammatory properties of cinnamaldehyde, the primary ingredient of Cinnamomum cassia. We hypothesized that cinnamaldehyde would play a role in the modulation of inflammation or nociception evoked by carrageenan, acetic acid or heat. Male Institute of Cancer Research mice were used and the size of edema, frequency of writhing and latency of abnormal behaviors such as licking, flicking, shaking or jumping were measured and recorded. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects of cinnamaldehyde. The administration of cinnamaldehyde (30 and 100 mg/kg) inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema only at the final phase, suggesting the blockade of synthesis or release of prostaglandins. It also reduced the frequency of the acetic acid-induced writhing reflex in mice. In addition, the administration of cinnamaldehyde prolonged the latency for extraordinary reaction at the hot plate in mice. In conclusion, cinnamaldehyde has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties and is a potential therapeutic for inflammation and nociception.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.90-97
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• 2014

The effects of high pressure and low pressure exhaust gas recirculation (HP/LP EGR) portion on diesel engine combustion and emissions characteristics were investigated in a 2.2 L passenger-car diesel engine. The po3rtion of HP/LP EGR was varied from 0 to 1 while fixing the mass flow rate of fresh air. The intake manifold temperature was lowered with the increasing of the portion of LP EGR, which led to the retardation of heat release by pilot injection. The lowered intake manifold temperature also resulted in low nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions due to decreased in-cylinder temperature and prolonged ignition delay, however, the carbon monoxide (CO) emission showed opposite trend to NOx emissions. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was decreased as the portion of LP EGR increased due to lowered exhaust manifold pressure by wider open of turbocharger vane. Consequently, the trade-off relationship between NOx and BSFC could be improved by increasing the LP EGR portion.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.34-49
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• 2019

Conventional transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (c-TACE) is a widely used first-line palliative treatment for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite the effectiveness of c-TACE, to date, technique and procedure scheduling has not yet been standardized. Drug-eluting microspheres (DEMs) were therefore introduced to ensure more sustained and tumor-selective drug delivery for permanent embolization. These DEMs can load various drugs and release them in a sustained manner over a prolonged period. This approach ensures the delivery of high concentrations of chemotherapeutic agents to tumors, without increasing systemic concentrations, and promote tumor ischemia and necrosis. This review summarizes the recent advances in the use of DEM-TACE to treat HCC.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.110-116
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• 2017

감마오리자놀의 산화안정성을 증진시키기 위해 천연 다당류인 펙틴과 칼슘이온의 이온결합을 이용한 펙틴 겔 미세캡슐과 나노캡슐을 제조하였다. 캡슐의 입자특성은 펙틴, 염화칼슘, 감마오리자놀 농도와 경화시간 변화에 영향을 받았으며, 포집 효율과 방출 조절 측면에서 가장 효과적이었던 펙틴 2%, 염화칼슘 4%, 경화시간 60분에서 제조한 미세캡슐과 펙틴 0.05%, 염화칼슘 4%, 감마오리자놀 5%에서 제조한 나노캡슐을 선정하였다. 입자 크기에 따른 두 캡슐 제형에 대한 비교분석 결과, 감마오리자놀 포집 효율은 입자 크기 증가로 인한 내부 포집공간 증가로 미세캡슐에서 더 높게 나타났으며, 이는 유효량 섭취의 효율측면에서 경구투여에 적합한 것으로 판단되었다. 감마오리자놀 함유 펙틴 캡슐 모두가 산성에서 방출이 억제되고 중성으로 갈수록 방출이 촉진되어 체내 소화환경에서 효과적인 전달체의 특성을 보였으며, 미세캡슐에 비해 나노캡슐의 방출 조절이 더 효과적으로 나타나 감마오리자놀의 장기 저장과 활성유지에 더 적합한 것으로 판단되었다. FTC법을 통한 지질산화 저해능 평가에서는 저장 5일 이후 유리 감마오리자놀의 산화방지 활성이 감소한 데 반해 감마오리자놀 함유 미세와 나노캡슐은 지속적인 지방산화 억제활성을 지속적으로 유지하였다. 본 연구를 통해 미세와 나노캡슐화는 감마오리자놀의 안정성 및 지질산화 활성 증대에 효과적이며, 제형 특성에 따라 다양한 용도로 활용 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.262-270
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• 2004

에탄올이 지속적으로 뇌 신경세포에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 흰쥐의 신경세포로부터 유래 된 B103 neuroblastoma cell을 사용하여 세포독성이 나타나지 않는 에탄을 농도(0, 50, 100, 200 mM)에서의 1, 2, 8, 18, 24시간 경과에 따라 유도되는 PKC $\alpha$, ${\gamma}$, $\varepsilon$, ζ isozyme들의 양을 세포질 분획과 세포막 분획으로 나누어 Western blot으로 각각 분석하였다. 100 mM의 에탄올 농도에서 분석된 PKC isozyme들 중 PKC-$\varepsilon$는 18시간대의 세포질에서 그리고 PKC-$\varepsilon$은 8∼18시간대의 세포막분획에서 각각 현저한 유도현상을 보였다 PKC-$\alpha$는 200 mM의 에탄을 첨가 후 18시간과 24시간에 세포질과 세포막 분획에서 모두 대조군의 150%까지 현저한 증가를 나타낸 반면 PKC-ζ는 100, 200 mM 에탄올농도에서 배양(18, 24시간 동안)한 세포의 세포막분획에서만 유도되었다. 그리고 50, 100, 200 mM의 에탄올 농도에서 24시간동안 배양한 세포질 분획에서 PKC-${\gamma}$는 농도 의존적으로 감소하여 200 mM의 에탄올 농도에서는 대조군의 47%까지 현저한 감소를 나타내었으며, 세포내에 세포독성을 나타내지 않는 농도 특히 100∼200mM농도범위의 에탄올을 첨가하여 24시간 동안 지속적으로 배양할 때 PKC-${\gamma}$ 및 $\varepsilon$이 관련된 신호전달체계가 억제됨을 보였다. 이는 에탄올이 PKC isozyme들의 상호간 조절을 통해 신호전달계 또는 신경전달 물질들의 변화에 영향을 줄 수 있음을 시사하며 에탄올의 중추신경계에 미치는 지속적 영향으로 나타나는 행동장애 및 뇌 기능의 손상 또는 보호과정 에 PKC-isozyme들이 관여할 수 있음을 시사한다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.7-13
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• 1996

The conventional glutaraldehyde (GA) fixation method of tissue valves is considered to be responsible for accelerated valve degeneration. The release of toxic GA from the valve tissue is believed to limit endothelial cell (EC) ingrowth. Removal of toxic GA by reaction with L-glutamic acid and storage in a Paraben solution may offer good EC growth. To investigate the conditions for endothelialization of tissue valves, the growth properties of ECs on the conventionally and alternatively treated pericardial tissue were compared. Conventional preparation included zero-pressure fixation for 72 hours in phosphated-buffered saline (PBS) solution containing 0.5% GA at 4$^{\circ}C$ and storage into PBS containing 0.2% GA(group I). Alternatively treated pericardial tissues were divided into three postfixation treatment groups : (1) storage in PBS solution containing Paraben(group II), (2) treatment with PBS containing 8$^{\circ}C$ L-glutamic acid(PH 7.35) and storage in PBS solution containing Paraben (g oup III), (3) treatment with L-glutamic acid dissolved in distilled water (PH 3.5) (group IV). Pericardial tissue were transferred into the 24-well plate after storage for 4 weeks. ECs were harvested enzymatically from the bovine pulmonary artery and grown to confluence on culture flask surfaces. Detached ECs by trypsin were incubated into the each well of the 24-well plate including test pericardial tissues. Cells were detached by trypsin, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 days after incubation and counted on the hemacytometer. Cell viability test was performed by frypan-blue exclusion method. Acute cell death in the group I were found even after prolonged washing. The group II showed prolonged cell survival compared with the group I. Both group III and group IV showed better cell growth than group II. There was no statistically significant difference between group III and group IV method in terms of EC growth. This results suggest that treatment by L-glutamic ac id and storage in a Paraben solution be a promising approach for improvement of durability of GA-treated tissue valves.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제39권8호
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• pp.470-477
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 유기물 및 영양염류로 오염된 해양퇴적물 정화를 위한 석회석, 모래, 제올라이트 피복 공법의 적용성을 평가하였다. 수조 실험을 위한 퇴적물 및 해수 시료는 평택항에서 채취하였으며, 채취된 시료 위에 석회석, 모래, 제올라이트를 1 cm 또는 3 cm 두께로 피복하였다. 63일 동안 수층의 수소이온 농도(pH), 전기전도도(EC), 용존 산소(DO), 화학적 산소 요구량(COD), 총질소(TN), 총인(TP)을 측정하였다. 평택항 퇴적물을 분석한 결과 유기물과 총질소 오염이 높게 나타났다. 미피복 수조에서는 실험 시작 후 10일 이내에 DO가 고갈되었지만, 제올라이트 3 cm 피복을 제외하고 모든 피복 조건에서는 실험 기간 동안 용존 산소는 2 mg/L 이상 유지되었다. COD의 용출 차단 효율은 제올라이트 1 cm > 석회석 1 cm > 석회석 3 cm > 모래 3 cm ${\cong}$ 제올라이트 3 cm ${\cong}$ 모래 1 cm 순으로 나타났다. 질소의 용출 차단에는 제올라이트 피복이 효과적이었다. T-P는 미피복 및 피복 수조 모두에서 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구 결과 제올라이트는 유기물 및 질소 농도가 높은 오염퇴적물 정화를 위한 피복 소재로서 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.158-161
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• 1999

We determined threshold environmental factros to initiate infection of pepper plants by Botrytis cinerea, a fungal pathogen of pepper gray mold, in two greenhouse conditions. A new efficient spore-trapping method was developed to estimate population density of airborne conidia in the greenhouses, and spore release was measured using a Kerssies' selective medium. At a given day, spores were released greater during daytime (mostly from 7:30 am to 10:30 am and at 4:30 pm) than nighttime. Diurnal and nocturnal temperatures in the greenhouse-1 were about $25^{\circ}$ and $17^{\circ}$,and relative humidity was 100% for prolonged 24 h due to rain on December 17, 1997. Population density of air-borne conidia was 3.0$\times$103 conidia/ $0.5\textrm{m}^3$ after two days, and the initial infection occurred in ten days. During the same period of time in the greenhouse-2, diurnal temperature was about $25^{\circ}$ and nocturnal temperature was below $15^{\circ}$, and population density of air-borne conidia was 104 conidia/ $0.5\textrm{m}^3$. Under these conditions, the initial infection started in three days. This indicates that the early infection occurs under which diurnal temperature is approximately $25^{\circ}$, nocturnal temperature is maintained below $15^{\circ}$, and population density of air-borne conidia is 104 conidia/ $0.5\textrm{m}^3$ at saturated relative humidity condition.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find out the characteristics of service (landfill) costs (hereinafter, the "landfill costs") applied to the dissolution promotion committee and analyze the characteristics of landfill costs at the time where the dissolution of promotion body is increasing with the authority of the head of local government regarding the territory difficult with the continuous promotion by delaying or suspending the project for a prolonged period or suspending the project through the dissolution of the project body by the promotion committee and cooperative union since the flawless promotion of the maintenance project. Method: After revising the law in February 2012, the survey and analysis is made for the status of applying landfill costs and maintenance project scale of the dissolution promotion committee not confirmed in details around a total of 20 regions, including, 9 regions of redevelopment projects completed with the advance review, 7 regions of re-construction projects and 4 regions of urban environment maintenance projects from the total of 59 regions, Result: The influence on the landfill costs is shown to be greatest in the service expenses and management and supervision on this field has significance for the maintenance project perceived as private project, rather than public project, that the public management is neglected with insufficient presentation of operation criteria and so forth that it displays the tendency to lead to the discrete operation of the project body. In order to enhance the transparency of operating costs for the projects that are led by private capital, it is required to strengthen the role of public sector through enthusiastic intervention by the public sector in standardization of operation criteria, presentation of guideline and so forth.