• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.3-27
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• 2022

Climate change is a man-made disaster that has become a major global concern today. With increasingly visible symptoms of climate change in recent years, it has become evident that climate action can no longer be dismissed as a mere matter of choice, but as a matter of survival for the human being. To address the impending climate change crisis in a collaborative and sustainable manner, the international community has been taking various measures including Kyoto protocol and the Paris Agreement. With respect to the private investor's project investment in line with international agreements on climate change, recently we have seen multiple legal judgments which clearly indicate the subject of judicial responsibility for investment in climate change related projects. However, in order to hold judicial responsibility occurring during the implementation of climate change related projects, a causal relationship between the responsible entities and clear responsibility must be demonstrated, and applicable institutional arrangements need to be arranged. It may be the right time for global community to consider shifting not only to human ethical obligations but also legal obligations. In this regard, concerned governments should consider legislating arbitration laws, regulations, and institutional arrangements in more specific and applicable manner.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1612-1612
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• 2001

The production of grain for export and domestic use is one of Australia's most important agricultural industries, and the NIR technique has been used extensively over many years for the routine monitoring of grain quality, particularly moisture and protein content. Because most Australian grain is intended for human food production, the determinants of grain quality for livestock feed, apart from protein, have been largely ignored. However the increasing use of grain for feeding to pigs, poultry, beef cattle and dairy cows has led to an important national research project entitled “Premium Grains for Livestock”. Two of the objectives of this project are to determine the compositional and functional characteristics of grains which influence their nutritional quality for the various classes of livestock, and to adopt rapid and objective analytical tests for these quality criteria. NIR has been used in this project firstly to identify a set of grain samples from a large population of breeders' lines which showed a wide spectral variation, and hence a potentially wide variation in nutritional value. The selected samples were not only subjected to an extensive array of chemical, physical and in vitro analyses, but also were grown out to produce sufficient quantities of grain to feed to animals in vivo studies. Additional grains were also strategically selected from farms in order to include the effect of weather damage, such as rain, drought and frost. In this study to date, NIR calibrations have been derived or attempted, on both ground and whole grains, for in vivo dry matter digestibility (DMD), pepsin-cellulase dry matter disappearance, protein, fat, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, starch, in sacco DMD and in vitro assays to simulate starch digestion in the lumen and small intestine. Results so far indicate high calibration accuracy for chemical components (SECV 0.3 to 2.6%) and very promising statistics for in vivo DMD (SECV 1.8, $R^2$ 0.93, SD 7.0, range 61.9 to 92.3, n=60). There appears to be some potential for NIR to estimate some in vitro properties, depending upon the accuracy of reference methods and appropriate sample populations. Current work is in progress to extend the range of grains with in vivo DMD values (a very laborious and expensive process) and to increase the robustness of the various NIR calibrations, with the aim of implementing uniform testing procedures for nutritional value of grains throughout Australia.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.87-104
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• 1987

앙골라분지 심해시추연구(DSDP) 정점 530에서의 중기 백악기층은 유기탄소의 함량이 풍부한 흑색셰일과 유기탄소의 함량이 빈약한 적색 및 녹색의 점토암이 주 기적으로 교호한다. 이들 흑색셰일층의 퇴적환경을 밝히기 위하여 이들 중에 함유 된 불용성퇴적 유기물(Kerogen)의 종류 및 그 분포에 관하여 분석하였다. 앙골라분 지 백악기 흑색셰 일층에 함유된 유기물의 종류는 대부분 무정형유기물(Amorphous Organic Matter)로서, 이들의 주된 기원은 부유성 해양 조류. 즉 화석화되지 않은 해양 부유성 쌍편모충류로 추정되었다. 이들 부유성 조류는 환경의 변화에 따라 주 기적으로 다량 번식하여 앙골라 심해저로 공급됨으로써 , 백악기 당시 용존산소의 농도가 현재보다 훨씬 낮고 폐쇄된 환경의 앙골라 심해저에 환원환경을 주기적으로 야기시켜 유기물의 집적을 용이하게 함으로써 흑색셰일층이 형성되었음이 추측된 다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.282-291
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• 2022

Background: The Arctic permafrost stores enormous amount of carbon (C), about one third of global C stocks. However, drastically increasing temperature in the Arctic makes the stable frozen C stock vulnerable to microbial decomposition. The released carbon dioxide from permafrost can cause accelerating C feedback to the atmosphere. Soil organic matter (SOM) composition would be the basic information to project the trajectory of C under rapidly changing climate. However, not many studies on SOM characterization have been done compared to quantification of SOM stocks. Thus, the purpose of our study is to determine soil properties and molecular compositions of SOM in four different Arctic regions. We collected soils in different soil layers from 1) Cambridge Bay, Canada, 2) Council, Alaska, USA, 3) Svalbard, Norway, and 4) Zackenberg, Greenland. The basic soil properties were measured, and the molecular composition of SOM was analyzed through pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (py-GC/MS). Results: The Oi layer of soil in Council, Alaska showed the lowest soil pH and the highest electrical conductivity (EC) and SOM content. All soils in each site showed increasing pH and decreasing SOC and EC values with soil depth. Since the Council site was moist acidic tundra compared to other three dry tundra sites, soil properties were distinct from the others: high SOM and EC, and low pH. Through the py-GC/MS analysis, a total of 117 pyrolysis products were detected from 32 soil samples of four different Arctic soils. The first two-axis of the PCA explained 38% of sample variation. While short- and mid-hydrocarbons were associated with mineral layers, lignins and polysaccharides were linked to organic layers of Alaska and Cambridge Bay soil. Conclusions: We conclude that the py-GC/MS results separated soil samples mainly based on the origin of SOM (plants- or microbially-derived). This molecular characteristics of SOM can play a role of controlling SOM degradation to warming. Thus, it should be further investigated how the SOM molecular characteristics have impacts on SOM dynamics through additional laboratory incubation studies and microbial decomposition measurements in the field.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.281-285
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• 1996

On farm demonstration of urea treatment (5 kg urea dissolved in 60 litre water/100kg) of straw was performed at 6 different sites and treated straw was stored by three different methods i.e., plastic covered, mud plastered and existing farmers technique (mud plastered on the top and open from sides) to determine the best storage method in field. Untreated and treated samples were taken after 5 week storage period and subjected to crude protein, crude fibre and cell wall constituents analysis. In situ dry matter digestibility of straw was measured by nylon bag technique in buffalo bulls. Crude protein content increased by 100 to 153 percent in treated straw stored by different methods. Maximum increase in crude protein of treated straw was noticed in mud plastered method. Urea treatment of straw resulted in significant decrease in crude fibre contents in all the storage methods. Treatment of straw enhanced the in situ digestibility by 25-49 percent and maximum digestibility (53%) was found in mud plastered storage method. It was concluded that the mud plastered storage method for urea treated straw was found to be the best at farm level.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.127-132
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• 1996

Effects on feed intake, liveweight gain and economic benefits of supplementing lambs with urea molasses blocks, were studied. Forty eight crossbred lambs were divided into 6 groups and assigned randomly to grazing on native pasture (CONT) or along with supplements of Commercial ration (COM) and urea molasses blocks (UMBs) containing two levels of cement and calcium oxide as a binding agent. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant (p<0.01) differences in dry matter (DMI, g/day), crude protein (CPI, g/day) and metabolizable energy (MEI, MJ/day) intakes. Differences in liveweight gain (LWG, g/day), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and net economic benefit of supplementation were also highly variable. The intake of DM, CP and ME varied from 974 to 1002, 66-70 and 7.6-8.4 in lambs supplemented with UMBs, significantly (p<0.01) greater than 848, 52.5 and 5.6 in lambs supplemented with COM or FCR and net economic benefits (54.3; 57.8; 17.1 and 1.96; 2.4) in lambs supplemented with COM and UMB-2, were CONT or supplemented with UMB-1, UMB-3 and UMB-4 respectively. Factors responsible for differences in feed intake, liveweight gain and economic benefits, are discussed.

• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.97-114
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• 2007

IT outsourcing providers has been expanded from a single functional system to the entire IT service to gain sustainable competitiveness. This new trend of IT outsourcing need outsourcing management capability based on a firm's core capacity. Hiring external IT service providers to manage part or all of its information-related services helps a firm focus on its core business and provides better services to its clients, thus obtaining sustainable competitive advantage. This research investigates the major factors that determine the level of a particular firm's success at IT outsourcing. Based on process innovation and core-competency theories, we identify three significant components of a firm's IT outsourcing management method (ITOMM): level of core-competency-based management, maturity of outsourced tasks, and maturity of outsourcing management. Comprehensive data collection was conducted through an outsourcing association. The survey data were analyzed using a structural analysis method. Maturity of outsourced tasks and maturity of outsourcing management were found to affect project performance directly, while level of core-competency-based management only indirectly impacted project performance through its positive impact on the other two ITOMM components.

• 경영과학
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.107-116
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• 2013

Climate changes and environmental pollution recently became a matter of global interest. Korean government established low carbon green growth act in the light of international environment regulation and started demonstration certificate project for GMS (Green Management System). We aim to explore audit data resulted from demonstration companies that pursued the GMS certificate. The demonstration companies are consisted of 11 companies that a certification body L gave the certificate. The audit data results were formed by minor nonconformities detected in the field evaluation based on GMS standards, KS I 7001/2 : 2011. We found out significant differences for minor nonconformities between types of industry and between major clauses of Part 1 and Part 2 in GMS standards. We make an effort to figure out the implication of causes of the significant differences. These results are expected to contribute to understand GMS operation situations and are utilized as a reference for energy management, social responsibility, and green gas reduction.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2008

토양 유기물 관리는 골프장 그린 관리 중 핵심적인 요소이다. 골프장 그린의 유기물에 대한 지속적인 관리를 연구하는 중요한 프로젝트의 일환으로서, 우리는 동일한 근권부 조성과 관리 하에서 유지되고 있는 서로 다른 조성 시기의 그린들에서 토양 유기물의 상태를 비교하였다. 그리고 그 토양 미생물 활성, 잔디 분얼경수, 용적밀도, 수분함량, pH, EC, 그리고 총질소를 측정하였다. 토심 0${\sim}$5cm에서 토양 유기물 집적은 그린들 간에 유의차를 보이지 않았다. 토심 5cm 이하에서 SOM은 그린들 간에 강한 유의차를 보였고, 경과 연수와 정(+)의 상관을 가졌고 토심과 음(-)의 상관을 가졌다. 토심 5${\sim}$25cm 단층부에서는 시간 경과와 토섬에 따른 SOM의 집적을 예측하기 위해서 회귀 분석한 결과에서 그린의 경과 연수가 증가함에 따라서 유기물 함량이 0.061% year$^{-1}$로 증가하고， 토심이 깊어질수록 유기물 함량이 0.079% cm$^{-1}$로 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 경과 연도와 토심에 따른 토양 미생물 활성이 탈수소효소 검정을 이용하여 측정되었다. 결과는 모든 그린들에서 토심에 따라서 급격한 감소를 보였다. 토심 5cm 이하에서 토양 미생물 활성은 그린툴 간에 유의차가 없음을 보였다. 집적된 토심 5cm 이하의 SOM은 장기적으로 분해에 대하여 강한 저항성을 가지는 것으로 보인다. 그린 조성 후 5년부터 용적밀도는 유의성 있는 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 수분함량, Ee, 그리고 총질소는 SOM과 유의성 있는 상관을 가지고 있었다. pH는 시간이 경과하며 낮아졌는데, 이것은 SOM 집적에 영향을 미칠 것이다. 유기물 집적은 pH 저하, 미생물 활성 감소 토양 유기물의 분해 저항성 증가 등에 주요하게 영향을 받았지만, 수분 함량, EC, 총질소에 의한 영향은 분명하지 않았다.

• 서비스연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.45-58
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• 2021

요구공학은 대형화 및 분산화 되고 있는 정보시스템의 개발환경 속에서 시간적·공간적 제약 없이 정확하고 명확한 요구사항을 추출, 분석, 명세, 관리, 실증검증 등의 다양한 프로세스와 활동들로 진행한다고 볼 수 있다. 따라서, 프로젝트의 성공을 위해 이해관계자들 간의 협력과 체계적인 요구공학이 무엇보다 중요하다. 요구사항을 잘 개발하고 지속적인 평가 및 관리를 하는 것이 프로젝트관리에 있어서 성공하는 지름길이라 할 수 있으며, 정보시스템 감리 수행에서도 요구사항과 관련하여 매우 중요한 사항으로 인식되고 있다. 정보시스템 감리 수행과 감리 대상이 되는 사업 수행시 요구공학 측면의 개선이 필요하다. 이에 본 연구는 현행 감리 수행시 감리점검해설서와 감리점검가이드를 참조하여 대상 사업에 적합한 점검항목을 도출하고 감리 점검사항인 점검항목의 도출 근거가 되는 사업유형별 점검가이드 내용 중 요구공학적 측면에서 관련 점검항목들에 해당하는 프로젝트관리 및 품질보증 사업유형에 대한 감리시점/감리영역별로 점검항목들을 도출하였다. 도출된 점거항목에 대해 전문가의 설문 조사를 통해 적합성을 검증하였다.