• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.3619-3622
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• 2016

Background: Triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are high grade aggressive tumors generally with a poor prognosis, not responding to hormonal and anti Her2 Neu therapy. Expression of the antiapoptotic B cell lymphoma 2 gene (Bcl-2) is associated with low grade, slowly proliferating hormone receptor positive tumors with improved survival. Anti Bcl2 agents can be used as alternative targeted therapy in triple negative cancers. Materials and Methods: The objective of this study was to determine the immunohistochemical expression of Bcl2 in triple negative breast cancers and any correlation with clinicopathological variables in Northern Pakistan. Results: All 52 patients were females, aged between 28 and 80 years(average $48.0{\pm}12.1$). 28 cases (53.8%) were positive for Bcl2, this being associated with low grade invasive ductal carcinomas, lymph node metastasis and lymphovascular invasion. Conclusions: Bcl-2 may be an important prognostic factor and its expression might be used for targeted therapy using Anti Bcl2 drugs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권14호
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• pp.5593-5596
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• 2014

Background: The objective of this study was to determine a diagnostic classification scheme using a decision tree based model. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted as a retrospective case-control study in Imam Khomeini hospital in Tehran during 2001 to 2009. Data, including demographic and clinical-pathological characteristics, were uniformly collected from 624 females, 312 of them were referred with positive diagnosis of breast cancer (cases) and 312 healthy women (controls). The decision tree was implemented to develop a diagnostic classification scheme using CART 6.0 Software. The AUC (area under curve), was measured as the overall performance of diagnostic classification of the decision tree. Results: Five variables as main risk factors of breast cancer and six subgroups as high risk were identified. The results indicated that increasing age, low age at menarche, single and divorced statues, irregular menarche pattern and family history of breast cancer are the important diagnostic factors in Iranian breast cancer patients. The sensitivity and specificity of the analysis were 66% and 86.9% respectively. The high AUC (0.82) also showed an excellent classification and diagnostic performance of the model. Conclusions: Decision tree based model appears to be suitable for identifying risk factors and high or low risk subgroups. It can also assists clinicians in making a decision, since it can identify underlying prognostic relationships and understanding the model is very explicit.

• 대한기관식도과학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.151-158
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• 1995

Anaplastic carcinoma of thyroid gland account for no more than 10% of thyroid cancer, but it shows extremely poor prognosis. The purpose of this study is to review the outcome of patients with anaplastic carcinoma over the span of 5 years and to determine the patterns of clinical presentation, age, sex and other possible prognostic variables. We analyzed 30 cases of anaplastic carcinoma retrospectively from 1991 to 1995. There were 14 men and 16 women. There age ranged 33 to 75 years with a mean of 61.0 years. Sixteen patients presented with transformationqr of well differentiated carcinoma to anaplastic carcinoma, 1 with rapid in-crease in the size of long standing goiter, 8 with rapidly growing neck mass and 4 with meta static disease. Twenty-eight patients(93.3%) showed cervical lymphnode metastasis at presentation and twenty three patients(76.6%) showed laryngotracheal invasion. Nine patients (30.3%) showed distant metastasis. Treatment modalities included surgical resection, external irradiation, radioactive iodine and systemic chemotherapy. At decision making of treatment plan, we considered completeness of initial surgery, uptake rate of whole body radioactive io-dine scan, locoregional progression and distant metastasis. The median survival was 6.8 months and three cases survived beyond 12 months.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.254-277
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• 2019

Inflammation can be a causative factor for carcinogenesis or can result from a consequence of cancer progression. Moreover, cancer therapeutic interventions can also induce an inflammatory response. Various inflammatory parameters are used to assess the inflammatory status during cancer treatment. It is important to select the most optimal biomarker among these parameters. Additionally, suitable biomarkers must be examined if there are no known parameters. We briefly reviewed the published literature for the use of inflammatory parameters in the treatment of patients with cancer. Most studies on inflammation evaluated the correlation between host characteristics, effect of interventions, and clinical outcomes. Additionally, the levels of C-reactive protein, albumin, lymphocytes, and platelets were the most commonly used laboratory parameters, either independently or in combination with other laboratory parameters and clinical characteristics. Furthermore, the immune parameters are classically examined using flow cytometry, immunohistochemical staining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. However, gene expression profiling can aid in assessing the overall peri-interventional immune status. The checklists of guidelines, such as STAndards for Reporting of Diagnostic accuracy and REporting recommendations for tumor MARKer prognostic studies should be considered when designing studies to investigate the inflammatory parameters. Finally, the data should be interpreted after adjusting for clinically important variables, such as age and cancer stage.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.181-189
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• 1996

목적 : 다형성 교모세포증 환자의 생존율에 영향을 미치는 예후인자와 치료성적을 분석하여 생존율을 향상시킬 수 있는 치료방법을 모색하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1973년 1월부터 1993년 12월까지 연세의료원에서 치료를 시행받은 다형성 교모세포증 환자 121명을 대상으로 하여 이들의 생존율에 영향을 미치는 예후인자와 치료성적을 주된 증상의 발현 기간, 연령, 전신수행도 등의 임상특성과 수술적 절제 정도, 방사선치료여부 등의 치료와 관련된 요인으로 분류하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 전체 환자의 정중 생존 기간은 13개월이었고 2년 전체 생존율은 $20.8\%$였다. 단일변량분석에서 의미있는 예후인자로는 주된 증상의 발현 기간, 연령, 전신수행도, 방사선치료여부, 수술적 절제 정도 등이었으며 이들 예후인자에 따른 2년 전체 생존율은 각각 주된 증상의 발현기간이 3개월을 초과한 경우에는 $47.2\%$(p=0.0082), 연령이 50세 미만인 경우에는 $32.9\%$(p=0.0003), 전신수행도가 80이상인 경우에는 $36.9\%$(p=0.0422), 방사선치료를 시행한 경우에는 $22.9\%$(p=0.0030), 완전절제나 부분절제가 시행된 경우에는 $23.3\%$(p<0.000)이었고 다변량분석에서는 전신수행도를 제외한(p=0.8823) 주된 증상의 발현 기간, 연령, 방사선치료여부, 수술적 절제 정도 등이 의미있는 예후인자였다. 항암화학요법의 병용여부에 따른 2년 전체 생존을은 각각 $22.3\%$와 $19.4\%$이었다(p=0.6028). 주된 증상의 발현 기간이 3개월 이하인 경우와 연령이 50세 이상인 경우, 뇌정위적 생검만 시행된 경우를 위험인자로 보았을 때 위험인자가 없었던 환자군의 정중 생존 기간과 2년 전체 생존율은 각각 29개월과 $53.9\%$이었고 3개의 위험인자를 모두 가지고 있는 환자군의 정중 생존 기간과 2년 전체 생존율은 각각 4개월과 $0\%$이었다. 원발병소에서의 국소치료실패양상이 $86.4\%$(51/59)로 치료실패양상의 대부분을 차지하였다. 결론 : 주된 증상의 발현 기간, 연령, 방사선치료여부, 수술적 절제 정도 등이 생존율에 영향을 미치는 통계적으로 유의한 예후인자이었고 현재까지의 저조한 치료성적을 향상시키기 위해서는 국소제어율을 향상시키는 방안에 대한 연구가 진행되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.89-94
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• 2011

Purpose: A few studies have assessed the factors affecting the prognoses for major trauma patients and those improving the circumstances when dealing with the trauma system. In that light, we analyzed factors, such as pre-hospital factors, the time to admission, the length of stay in the emergency department (ED) and emergency operation, influencing the outcomes for trauma patients. Methods: The patients who visited our emergency department from April 1, 2009, to February 29, 2011, due to major trauma were enrolled in the study. The inclusion criterion was a revised trauma score (RTS) < 7 or injury severity score (ISS) ${\geq}$ 16. We used reviews of medical records, to analyze each step of emergency medical care with respect to patients' sex, age, visit time and visit date. Continuous variables were described as a median with an interquartile range, and we compared the variables between the survival and the mortality groups by using the Mann-Whitney U test. Fisher's exact test was used for nominal variables. Using the variables that showed statistical significance in univariate comparisons, we performed a logistic regression analysis, and we tested the model's adequacy by the using the Hosmer-Lemeshow method. Results: A total of 261 patients with major trauma satisfied either the RTS score criterion or the ISS score criterion. Excluding 12 patients with missing data, 249 patients were included in this study. The overall mortality rate was 16.9%. Time to ED arrival, time to admission, time of ED stay, RTS, ISS, and visit date being a holiday showed statistically significant differences between the survival and the mortality groups in the univariate analysis. RTS, ISS, length of ED stay, and visit date being a holiday showed statistical significance in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: The mortality rate did not show a significant relationship with the time to ED arrival, use of 119, on time to admission. Rather, it elicited a quite significant correlation with the trauma scoring system (RTS and ISS), the time of ED stay, and the visit date being a holiday.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.215-218
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• 2012

Objective: Traumatic epidural hematomas (EDHs) in children are a relatively unusual occurrence. The cause and outcome vary depending on period and reg ion of study. The aims of this analysis were to review the cause and outcome of pediatric EDHs nowadays and to discuss outcome-related variables in a large consecutive series of surgically treated EDH in children. Methods: This is a retrospective review of 29 patients with surgically treated EDHs between Jan 2000 and February 2010. Patients' medical records, computed tomographic (Cl) scans, and, if performed, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were reviewed to define variables associated with outcome. Variables included in the analysis were age, associated severe intracranial injury, abnormal pupillary response, hematoma thickness, severity of head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score), parenchymal brain injury, and diffuse axonal injury. Results: The mean (SO) age of the patients was 109 months (0-185 months). Most of the injuries with EDHs occurred in traffic accident (14 cases, 48.2%) and followed by slip down in 6 cases and falls in 6 cases. There were one birth injury and one unknown cause. EDHs in traffic accidents occurred in pedestrians hit by a motor vehicle, 9 cases; motorbike and car accidents, 5 cases and bicycle accidents, 1 case. The locations of hematoma were almost same in both sides (left side in 15 cases). Temporal lobe is the most common site of hematomas (13 cases, 44%). The mean size of the EDHs was 18 mm (range, 5-40 mm). Heterogeneous hematomas in CT scans were 20 cases (67%). Two patients were referred with unilateral or bilateral dilated pupil(s). There was enlargement of EDH in 5 patients (17%). All of them were heterogeneous hematomas in CT scans. Except for 4 patients, all EDHs were associated with skull fracture(s) (87%). There was no case of patient with major organ injury. CT or MRI revealed brain contusion in 5 patients, and diffuse axonal injury in one patient The mortality was zero, and the outcomes were excellent in 26 and good in 2 patients. None of the tested variables were found to have a prognostic relevance. Conclusion: Regardless of the EDH size, the clinical status of the patients, the abnormal pupillary findings, or the cause of injury, the outcome and prognosis of the patients with EDH were excellent.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.599-605
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• 2005

목 적 : 본 연구에서는 소아 ARDS의 원인, 임상양상 및 경과를 조사하였고, 급성 호흡곤란 증후군의 예후 인자로서 적용되는 지표들의 유용성을 평가하고자 하였으며, 여러 치료법을 적용한 후의 임상적 효과를 관찰하였다. 방 법 : 2002년 10월부터 2004년 6월까지 20개월 동안 서울아산병원 소아중환자실에서 ARDS로 진단받은 24명의 환자를 대상으로 의무 기록을 후향적으로 분석하였다. 결 과 : 대상 기간 동안 소아중환자실 입원 환아 중 ARDS의 유병률은 3.7%였고, 사망률은 37.5%로 소아중환자실내 전체 사망 원인의 14.8%를 차지하였다. 폐렴과 패혈증이 중요한 발생 원인이었고, 폐내원인에 비해 폐외원인의 경우 사망률이 더 높았다. 치료에 있어 고빈도 환기요법, 폐포모집술, 저용량 스테로이드 투여 후 P/F 비와 산소화지수 등의 지표에서 호전을 보였으며, 특히 생존 환아군에서 더 큰 호전을 보였다. 치료 초기에 환아의 예후를 예측할 수 있는 지표로는 ARDS 진단 2일째의 P/F 비와 폐포-동맥간 산소분압차, 산소화지수가 통계학적으로 유의하였다. 결 론 : 저자들이 경험한 소아 ARDS의 사망률은 37.5%였으며, 치료에 있어 고빈도 환기요법, 폐포모집술 및 후기 저용량 스테로이드의 투여가 효과적인 것으로 생각된다. 또한 ARDS 진단 2일째의 P/F 비와 폐포-동맥간 산소분압차, 산소화지수의 호전 정도가 환아의 예후를 예측하는데 유용하리라 여겨진다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.2465-2472
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• 2014

Background: The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) published a new staging system ($7^{th}$ edition) in 2009. In our study, we evaluated the survival results and prognostic factors among T4 local advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC) patients in a large heterogeneous group, in accordance with this new system. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the files of 122 T4 N0-3 M0 LA-NSCLC patients, identified according to the new staging system, treated at two centers between November 2003 and June 2012. Variables correlating with univariate survival at p<0.20 were later included in multivariate Cox regression analysis. Here, selection of relevant predictors of survival was carried out in accordance with the likelihood ratio formula with p<0.05 regarded as significant. Results: The median age was 60 and the median follow-up period was 17.4 months. Median overall survival (OS) was 18.3 months, the 1 year overall survival (OS) rate was 72%, and the 5 year OS rate was 28%. Statistically significant predictors of survival were (p<0.20) ECOG-PS (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status), age, T4 factor subgroup, stage and primary treatment in OS univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis for OS ECOG-PS (p=0.001), diagnostic stage (p=0.021), and primary treatment (p=0.004) were significant. In the group receiving non-curative treatment, the median OS was 11.0 months, while it was 19.0 months in the definitive RT group and 26.6 months in the curative treatment group. There was a significant difference between the non-curative group and the groups which had definitive RT and curative operations (respectively p<0.001 and p=0.001) in terms of OS, but not between the groups which had definitive RT and curative operations. The median event free survival (EFS) rate was 9.9 months, with rates of 46% and 19% at 3 and 5 years, respectively. On univariate analysis of EFS rate with ECOG-PS, weight loss and staging, statistical significance was found only for thorax computerized tomography (CT)+18F-fluorodeoxy-glucose positron emission tomography-CT (PET-CT) use, stage and primary treatment (p<0.20). In multivariate analysis with EFS, only the primary treatment was statistically significant (p=0.001). In the group receiving non-curative treatment, the median EFS was 10.5 months while in the curative operation group it was 14.7 months. When all the primary treatment groups were taken into consideration, grade III/IV side effect swas observed in 57 patients (46.6%). Esophagitis was most prominent among those that received definitive radiotherapy. Conclusions: Independent prognostic factors among these 122 heterogeneous LA-NSCLC T4 N0-3 M0 patients were age at diagnosis, ECOG-PS, stage and primary treatment, the last also being a significant prognostic indicator of EFS. Our findings point to the importance of appropriate staging and a multidisciplinary approach with modern imaging methods in this patient group. In those with T4 lesions, treatment selection and the effective use of curative potential should be the most important goal of clinical care.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.207-216
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• 2015

Purpose: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has been introduced for small-sized single and oligo-metastases in the brain. The aim of this study is to assess treatment outcome, efficacy, and prognostic variables associated with survival and intracranial recurrence. Materials and Methods: This study retrospectively reviewed 123 targets in 64 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with SRS between January 2006 and December 2012. Treatment responses were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging. Overall survival (OS) and intracranial progression-free survival (IPFS) were determined. Results: The median follow-up was 13.9 months. The median OS and IPFS were 14.1 and 8.9 months, respectively. Fifty-seven patients died during the follow-up period. The 5-year local control rate was achieved in 85% of 108 evaluated targets. The 1- and 2-year OS rates were 55% and 28%, respectively. On univariate analysis, primary disease control (p < 0.001), the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (0-1 vs. 2; p = 0.002), recursive partitioning analysis class (1 vs. 2; p = 0.001), and age (<65 vs. ${\geq}65$ years; p = 0.036) were significant predictive factors for OS. Primary disease control (p = 0.041) and ECOG status (p = 0.017) were the significant prognostic factors for IPFS. Four patients experienced radiation necrosis. Conclusion: SRS is a safe and effective local treatment for brain metastases in patients with NSCLC. Uncontrolled primary lung disease and ECOG status were significant predictors of OS and intracranial failure. SRS might be a tailored treatment option along with careful follow-up of the intracranial and primary lung disease status.