• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.287-294
• /
• 1995

This study demonstrates the influence of environmental conditions, other than iron, on pyoverdin production by fluorescent Pseudomosonas. In slightly acidic pH conditions(pH 6), cell yield was reduced while the siderophore production per cell yield was increased. The optimum temperatures for the siderophore production and cell yield was $19^{\circ}C$ and $28^{\circ}C$ for 7NSK2 and $12^{\circ}C$ and $19^{\circ}C$ for ANP15. The carbon and nitrogen balance showed that at low C : N ratio of the growth medium (higher nitrogen concentration), both cell yield and siderophore production was reduced. Use of different carbon sources revealed that citrate as a carbon source facilitated iron uptake and resulted in a significant reduction in siderophore production. However, at the late exponential phase, the iron content in the cell biomass was not significantly different from those grown in glucose or succinate. From these results it can be suggested that the environmental factors other than iron may also influence siderophore production by fluorescent pseudomonas.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
• /
• 2022.10a
• /
• pp.167-167
• /
• 2022

Seed production of italian ryegrass has a problem of lodging during ripening and a decrease in quality due to difficulty in drying seeds during harvest. Therefore, in order to produce high-quality Italian ryegrass in paddy fields, it was carried out to reduce the density and solve the lodging problem through transplanting. In this experiment, Lolium multiflorum cv. Kowinearly was transplanted in autumn from a paddy field in Sindong-ri, Gwansan-eup, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanam-do. var. Kowinearly was made into a bed at 90 g/box and stacked in boxes. It was transplanted on October 27th after 2 days of germination at 30℃ and 15 days of seedling and greening. When transplanting, they were transplanted at intervals of 30×14cm. The existing cultivation method, drill seedling, was sowed at a level of 50 kg/ha, and both transplanting and drilling were carried out at a nitrogen fertilization rate of 45 kg/ha. The number of ears during transplant cultivation was 1,016/m² and the drilling tended to be higher at 2,278/m², but this was probably due to the difference in seeding amount. The seed number of an ear tended to be 56% higher in transplantation, which had a significant impact on yield. The seed yield was 2,096 ka/ha in transplantation, which was 21% higher than that of drilling. When looking at the relationship with weed occurrence, there were areas where all the weeds, such as amul foxtail, occurred due to the low density. Even in the same transplanting area, the seed yield was about 1,000kg/ha less in the area where the weeds were abundant. It seems that weed management is important in paddy cultivation. Therefore, it seems necessary to develop an exclusive herbicide for Italian ryegrass cultivation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.523-531
• /
• 2008

Buffalo are a major source of milk production, contributing 12.1% in the World and 38.0% in Asia. The buffaloes are kept under peri-urban farming systems to produce milk for urban populations. Breeding is delayed in these herds to get more economic benefit because farmers believe that the pregnancy decreases milk production. The lactation milk value has been studied in this paper as an economic indicator. Complete milk yield records of 3,304 buffaloes was collected from a group of state farms. Economic traits including lactation yield, lactation length, calving interval (CI), dry period and milk yield per day of calving interval (MYPDCI) were derived from the data. The animals were grouped according to parity number (1-3), service period (G1 to G4, conceiving during <150, 150-200, 200-300 and >300 days post calving) and yield levels (HMY>2,500; MMY 2,001-2,500; and LMY 1,500-2,000 liters/ lactation). To study the effect of pregnancy on milk composition a research trial was conducted at a medium size private dairy farm, using forty lactating buffaloes of three yield levels and four service period groups, as described already. Milk was sampled on alternate weeks and analyzed for fat and protein contents (%). For quantifying the value of milk produced during a lactation period, the value corrected milk (VCM) was determined and converted to lactation milk value (LMV). Group means were compared for varicous parameters. Highest milk yield ($2,836.50{\pm}15.68$ liters/lactation) was recorded in the HMY animals of G4 group while lowest milk yield of $1,657.04{\pm}8.34$ liters/lactation was found in LMY of G1. Lactation was significantly increased with the extending of service period. The shortest dry period was recorded in HMY, parity 1, G1 animals and the longest in parity 2, MMY, G4.The CI was shortest in HMY, parity 1, and G1 animals and longest in LMY, parity 3, G4 buffaloes. The HMY, parity 2, G1 buffaloes showed the highest MYPDCI and the lowest value was recorded ($6.53{\pm}0.17$ vs. $2.76{\pm}0.04$ liter/day) for LMY, parity 1, G4 buffaloes. The VCM decreased with the delayed conception. This decreasing trend was higher in respect of the total yield but decrease in the VCM was smaller due to the increasing levels of fat and protein in the milk. The gap between the various production classes was reduced based on the VCM as compared with the yield per day of CI. LMV showed a consistent decline with extending service period in all three production groups. The study suggests that CI increased with delayed conception, showing a consistent trend in the low, moderate and high yielding buffaloes. There was a coherent declining pattern of milk yield with delaying conception, associated with prolonged CI. An animal conceiving at a later stage of lactation showed a decline in financial returns of 24 to 27% compared with those conceiving earlier.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.64 no.2
• /
• pp.262-273
• /
• 2022

Under the four-cut system, low-lignin alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) may extend harvesting intervals improving harvest management flexibility and producing forage products with higher nutritive values. The objective of this study was to compare forage yield and nutritive values of low-lignin and conventional alfalfa varieties when applied to six different harvest schedules in the first (2016) and second (2017) production years. There were 12 treatments of two alfalfa varieties as whole plots and six harvest schedules as subplots. Across harvest schedules, there were four cuttings in two production years. Three harvest intervals including "Standard" (high quality, HQ), "Standard+5-day" (medium quality, MQ), and "Standard+10-day" (high yield, HY) were chosen for the first cutting, and 30-day (HQ) and 35-day (HY) for the second cuttings. The third and fourth cuttings in 2016 were timed near final harvest date and in 2017 occurred at 35-day (MQ) and 40-day (HY). Variety by harvest schedule interaction was not significant, but the whole plot and sub-plot effects were significant. Hi-Gest 360 was consistently higher in nutritive value and with a similar yield as Gunner. Harvest schedules did not consistently differ in forage yield and nutritive values. HS-1 ("Standard" + 35-day + Medium Quality + High Yield) with shorter first two cutting intervals provided lower acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), higher relative feed value (RFV), and similar forage yield compared to other schedules. HS-1 had the highest economic incomes when considering RFV and yield among the six different harvest schedules.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.48 no.1
• /
• pp.115-122
• /
• 2006

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of tillage system and fertilizer type on the forage yield, quality, and production cost of winter rye. This experiment was a 2×2 factorial arrangement for two tillage system (Tillage and No-tillage) and two fertilizer type (Chemical and Manure compost). There was no difference in dry matter (DM) content, TDN (total digestible nutrients) yield, and CP (crude protein) yield of rye, but the DM yield was significantly higher for rye in tillage compared to the no-tillage system. The use of chemical fertilizer type also showed significant increase in DM, TDN and CP yields compared to the use of manure compost as fertilizer. The CP content for rye was significantly higher in no-tillage compared to tillage system, but the type of fertilizer used has no significant effect. No significant effects were observed for NDF (neutral detergent fiber), ADF (acid detergent fiber), and TDN in tillage system and fertilizer type of rye. The total cost to prepare 1 ha is lower in no-tillage compared to tillage, but production cost in rye per kg of fresh, DM and TDN were almost the same as tillage system because of lower forage production. The total cost to prepare 1 ha with the use of chemical fertilizer was higher than using manure compost as fertilizer, however, the cost to produce 1 kg of fresh, DM and TDN were lower when using chemical as fertilizer because of higher yield. Based on the results of this study, tillage system and fertilizer type affected forage yield more than forage quality. Production cost per 1 kg of tillage was lower compared to no-tillage, and that of chemical was lower than manure because of higher forage yield.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.77-81
• /
• 1989

This experiment was conducted to elucidate the changes of dry matter production in permanent pasture and its relation with relative yield of the 1st cutting, regrowth capacity, and persistance of orchardgrass sward, based on the data of preceeding The results were summarized as follows; 1. Relationship between relative yield of the 1st cutting and regrowth capacity were changed by the times of established pasture. Thus, the relative yield of the 1st cutting have negative significant correlation (P < -0.001) with regrowth capacity. 2. Regrowth capacity(RC) was positively significant correlations with the dry weight of plant (DW/pl.), number of tillers per plant (NT/pl.), plant size(PS) and distance between adjacent plants (DIS) of the 1st cutting. Also, regrowth capacity(RC) was positively correlations with the dry weight of plant (DW/pl.), number of tillers per plant (NT/pl.), stubble diameter(DIA), stubble area(SB), plant size(PS) and distance between adjacent plants(D1S) of the 2nd cutting. 3. The coefficients of regression of the 1st cutting showed a tendency to slightly decrease, on the other hand, the 2nd cutting and total yield were tended to increase by the times of established pasture. 4, Between the regrowth capacity and persistency were may deeply concerned to the changes of dry matter production in permanent pasture. 5. The process of dry matter production in permanent pasture can be shown in following diagrams.

• New & Renewable Energy
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.6-16
• /
• 2011

In order to study the utilization of seaweeds as an alternative renewable feedstock for bioethanol production, their properties of hydrolysis and fermentation were investigated. The seaweeds were well hydrolyzed with diluted sulfuric acid. The weight loss of seaweeds reached 75-90%, but only 12-51% of them was converted into reducing sugars after the acid-hydrolysis at $130^{\circ}C$ for 4-6h. The yield of reducing sugars increased with increasing the hydrolysis time up to 4h and then decreased thereafter. In contrast, the ethanol yield from the hydrolysates increased with hydrolysis time except for green seaweeds maximizing at 4h. Optimal fermentation time by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 24858) varied with seaweeds; 48h for green seaweeds, 96h for brown and red seaweeds. The ethanol yield from the hydrolysate reached 138${\pm}$37mg/g-dry for green seaweeds, 258${\pm}$29mg/g-dry for brown seaweeds, and 343${\pm}$53mg/g-dry for red seaweeds, which correspond to approximately 1.5-4.0 times more than the theoretical yield from total reducing sugars in the hydrolysates. The results obtained indicate clearly that the non-reducing sugars or oligosaccharides dissolved in the hydrolysate played an important role in producing bioethanol. Considering the productivity and production cost of each seaweed, brown seaweeds such as Laminaria japonica and Undaria pinnatifida seem to be a promissing feedstock for bioethanol production.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.149-153
• /
• 2004

The influences of pH on hydrogen production were also investigated over the pH range from 4.1 to 8.0 at HRT 10 hours. The hydrogen content for the produced gas was changed from 41 to 71% with corresponding pHs throughout this experiment. The produced hydrogen/carbon dioxide ratio was not vary significantly up to 6.0, then steepenly increased with increases in the pH. The maximal hydrogen yield was found to be 3.16 $\ell$/g sucrose at pH 5.0. Acetate production yield increased with increased pH, but butyrate production yield decreased with increased pH. Biomass yield increased with increased pH.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• v.37 no.6
• /
• pp.1121-1129
• /
• 2024

Objective: Objective of the study was to reduce heat stress in Murrah buffaloes and maintain their milk production and other vital functions during heat stress. Methods: A total of 21 dyads of calf-mother Murrah buffalo were selected for the study and equally divided in 3 treatment groups. First treatment group was restricted calf contact (RCC), second treatment group was fence line calf contact (FCC) and third treatment groups fence line calf contact and heat stress protection (FCC-HSP [time-controlled fan-fogger system] in the shed). Present study was conducted from April to mid-September 2021. Results: Maximum temperature and temperature humidity index in FCC-HSP shed were significantly (p<0.05) lower than that in FCC and RCC shed. Higher (p<0.05) mean daily milk yield in both the treatment groups FCC (10.36±0.30) and FCC-HSP (10.97±0.31) than RCC (8.29±0.41) was recorded. Though no significant difference between FCC and FCC-HSP in daily milk yield but FCC-HSP yielded 600 gm more milk than FCC. Pulse rate (PR) and respiration rate (RR) were lowest in FCC-HSP followed by FCC and RCC, respectively. Cortisol and prolactin levels were lower (p<0.05) in FCC-HSP followed by FCC and RCC, respectively. Conclusion: Hence, FCC along with heat stress ameliorative measures helped the buffaloes to be free of stress and maintain milk yield during heat stress period of the year in tropical conditions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.411-420
• /
• 1996

Asia Triple HIn this study an attempt was made to determine the cost of producing fodders at Savar Dairy Farm (SDF). For this purpose, all seasonal fodders, such as Maize, Jowar, Cowpea and Oat and all perennial fodders, such as Para and Napier were studied. The highest acreage of land was allocated to high-land Para (33.8%) and the lowest acreage (2.7%) was devoted to Cowpea. Jowar attained the highest yield (74.2 tons) per hectare and Maize attained the lowest yield (25.8 tons/h). The highest cost per hectare was attributed to Jowar (TK. 20944.18) while the lowest cost was attributed to low-land para (TK. 10349.86). The cost of production of fodder per kilogram was the highest (TK. 0.66) for Maize and the lowest for Oat (TK. 0.24). The cost of production of low-land Para was much lower than that of high land Para. The per kilogram cost of silage production was the highest (TK. 0.71) for Maize and the lowest (TK. 0.31) was for Napier. The gross return analysis further showed that the highest net margin and B:C ratio were observed for Napier followed by Low-land Para, Jowar, Oat, Cowpea, High-land Para and Maize. Therefore, those fodders whose B:C ratios and yield/ha were higher should be allocated more area of land to stimulate increased returns to SDF in the future is suggested.