• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.215-229
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to identify the management situation and development plan targeting private bakery owners who are doing business in major cities. For research, the questionnaire survey was conducted targeting 69 owners who are operating bakery at the point of data collection, and the data were analyzed using frequency analysis and paired-sample t-test using SPSS. The results of the study were as follows. Owners' baking career and management career were mostly more than 10 years. They are currently managing bakeries with at least 4 competing bakeries and point out franchise-type bakeries as major competitors. Also, they responded that the most important factor for strengthening competitive edge of shop was employees and that the enhancement in technology and employees with adequate techniques are important for improving sales. Also, the result of paired sample t-test revealed that the communication had the biggest difference between importance and satisfaction perceptions among taste, sanitation, service, price, product, location, and communication. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.16-22
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• 2002

This paper suggests the optimum processing conditions for obtaining good quality $P^{+}$-n shallow junctions formed by pre-amorphization and furnace annealing(FA) to reflow BPSG(bore phosphosilicate glass). $BF_2$ions, the p-type dopant, were implanted with the energy of 20keV and the dose of 2$\times$10$^{15}$ cm$^{-2}$ into the substrates pre-amorphized by As or Ge ions with 45keV, 3$\times$$10^{14}$ $cm^{-2}$. High temperature annealings were performed with a furnace and a rapid thermal annealer. The temperature range of RTA was 950~$1050^{\circ}C$, and the furnace annealing was employed for BPSG reflow with the temperature of $850^{\circ}C$ for 40 minutes. To characterize the formed junctions, junction depth, sheet resistance and diode leakage current were measured. Considering the preamorphization species, Ge ion exhibited better results than As ion. Samples preamorphized with Ge ion and annealed with $1000^{\circ}C$ RTA showed the most excellent characteristics. When FA was included, Ge preamorphization with $1050^{\circ}C$ RTA plus FA showed the lowest product of sheet resistance and junction depth and exhibited the lowest leakage currents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.38
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• pp.193-211
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• 1998

Without a solid marketing system in placed, the fashion industry cannot flourish on out-standing design or technology alone. Even though the significance of collecting and analyzing information, merchandising, and retail distribution is recognized, these functions are not firmly rooted or prevalent in our industry. In contrast, Italy which possesses similar demographic traits such as the lack of natural resources and other physical factors has succeed-ed in globalizing its fashion market by responding swiftly and exercising flexiblity to its constantly changing consumer demand. This in turn has earned Italy the competitive edge in the global fashion arena. Italy's unique management skills and operation know-how, along with successful market strategies come into play in bringing competitiveness to Italy's fashion market. Firstly, smaller companies with ability to adopt swiftly to the ever changing market. Secondly, fashion friendly social environment. Thirdly, niche marketing through highly specialized system and differentiation. Fourthly, timeless innovation through intense corporate competition. Lastly, establishment of foundations to support the industry through diverse networking. The alone building blocks have formed a basis for erecting an unparalleled market with a reputation for excellence in design and quality in the global fashion world. This study has examined how Italy's fashion industry has evolved from an underdeveloped textile business into a cutting edge fashion in-dustry. Italy's unique business processes and practices were studied to come up with a collection and merchandising ideas in a niche market. By selecting this venue we are able to continuously grow and develop in a market with diverse consumer needs. To analyze the Italian fashion market, data from 3 institutions were utilized, namely, CIT-ER which has provided consumer trends and sales analysis, SITA,a data service provided statistics from the textile and apparel businesses, and NBI has also furnished valuable data. Italian consumer preference, buying behavior, consumer profile, retail channels and other related data from the above institutions has formed a backbone for market segmentation and target markets, and as a result, we were able to zero in on the type of consumer, produce, pricing and retail channels for our womenswear. Going forward the direction is to elevate product image and pretige, and create syn-ergy between related industries, and at the same note, in order to develop internationally recognized brands such as Max Mara and Benetton. Certain elements such as the specialization of the fashion industry, alon-g with fashion-related data base and systems support, and most importantly experts with acute fashion sense and capacity to analyze pertinent data are in need. I firmly believe that we can achieve Italy's level in the fashion market with support from the government and unrelenting effort within the industry itself, and hope that this report can prove to be useful.

• BMB Reports
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• v.45 no.12
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• pp.742-747
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• 2012

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is used for heart failure therapy and promotes myocardial regeneration by inducing mobilization of bone marrow stem cells to the injured heart after myocardial infarction; however, this treatment has one weakness in that its biological effect is transient. In our previous report, we generated 5 mutants harboring N-linked glycosylation to improve its antiapoptotic activities. Among them, one mutant (Phe140Asn) had higher cell viability than wild-type hG-CSF in rat cardiomyocytes, even after treatment with an apoptotic agent ($H_2O_2$). Cells treated with this mutant significantly upregulated the antiapoptotic proteins, and experienced reductions in caspase 3 activity and PARP cleavage. Moreover, the total number of apoptotic cells was dramatically lower in cultures treated with mutant hG-CSF. Taken together, these results suggest that the addition of an N-linked glycosylation was successful in improving the antiapoptotic activity of hG-CSF, and that this mutated product will be a feasible therapy for patients who have experienced heart failure.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.1 s.68
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• pp.9-14
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• 2005

Batch enzymatic hydrolysis of egg yolk protein by protease was carried out at laboratory scale coupled to an ultrafiltration module. Effect of ethanol concentrations on the performance of enzymatic hydrolysis was studied to determine the optimum condition of recovery of hydrolysate. The enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted stepwise with following conditions, $50^{\circ}C$, pH 10.0 and pH 6.5. Ethanol concentration was changed from 10 to $40\%$ (w/w). As ethanol concentration was increased, the recovery yield of total solid and protein in enzymatic hydrolysate was also increased. The content of sialic acid and protein in hydrolysate was independent of ethanol concentration. We also investigated the effect of ethanol concentration on the performance of ultrafiltration. As the concentration of ethanol in yolk protein was increased, the recovery yield of product was increased. Ultra­filtration of egg yolk protein hydrolysate was conducted to increase the content of sialic acid. Four ultrafiltation modules were used in this study, and we evaluated the performance of the UF modules. When Amicon module was used, the recovery percentage of total solid in retentate was $6.0\%$, which is the highest among the modules used. In spite of the difference in the recovery yield of total solid, the purity of sialic acid in retentate was about $2.0\%$, which was 5 times higher than that in feed. It was concluded that the recovery yield and the purity of sialic acid did not correlate with the types of modules and the size of MWCO.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1290-1297
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• 2015

Studies of the inactivation of a gene encoding pyruvate decarboxylase, pdc, in an ethanol-producing bacterium, Zymomonas mobilis, identified a mutant strain with 50% reduced PDC activity. To evaluate the possibility of a carbon-flux shift from an ethanol pathway toward higher value fermentation products, including pyruvate, succinate, and lactate, fermentation studies were carried out. Despite attempts to silence pdc expression in the wild-type strain ZM4 using cat-inserted pdc and pdc-deleted homologs by electroporation, the strain isolated showed partial gene activation. Fermentation experiments with the PDC mutant strain showed that the reduced expression level of PDC activity resulted in decreased rates of substrate uptake and ethanol production, together with increased pyruvate accumulation of 2.5 g l^-1 , although lactate and succinate concentrations were not significantly enhanced in these modified strains. Despite numerous attempts, no strains were isolated in which complete pdc inactivation occurred. This result indicates that the ethanol fermentation pathway of this bacterium is totally dependent on the activity of the PDC enzyme. To ensure a redox balance of intracellular NAD and NADH levels, other enzymes, such as lactate dehydrogenase for lactate, and enzymes involved in the production of succinic acid, such as pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and malic enzymes, may be needed for their increased end-product production.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.329-336
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• 1980

A domestic phosphogypsum was calcined in a batch type fluidized bed reactor at various reaction temperatures ranging 90∼180$^{\circ}$ without and with an alkaline additive amounting up to 5% of gypsum, and physical properties of the resultant products were compared following their characterization by X-ray diffraction pattern and DTA. It has been found that dehydration reactions were uniformly carried out in the fluidized bed reactor and only hemihydrate was obtained at 90$^{\circ}$ whereas at higher temperatures dehydration reaction progressed further. When gypsum was charged to the reactor preheated at over 140$^{\circ}$, a considerable degree of dehydration occurred before the reactant reached the initially set reactor temperature and in particular, at over 160$^{\circ}$ most of dehydration reaction was performed prior to the present reactor temperature. However, it has been found that gypsum mostly transforms into hemihydrate around the reactant temperature of 140$^{\circ}$ while transformation into anhydrite mostly occurs around $160^{\circ}C.$ When calcium hydroxide was added to gypsum in the reactor, the optimum physical properties of the calcined product were obtained at the weight ratio of $Ca(OH_2)/P_2O_5$ = 3.2.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.249-264
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• 2011

A multi-Gaussian kriging approach extended to space-time domain is presented for uncertainty modeling as well as time-series mapping of environmental variables. Within a multi-Gaussian framework, normal score transformed environmental variables are first decomposed into deterministic trend and stochastic residual components. After local temporal trend models are constructed, the parameters of the models are estimated and interpolated in space. Space-time correlation structures of stationary residual components are quantified using a product-sum space-time variogram model. The ccdf is modeled at all grid locations using this space-time variogram model and space-time kriging. Finally, e-type estimates and conditional variances are computed from the ccdf models for spatial mapping and uncertainty analysis, respectively. The proposed approach is illustrated through a case of time-series Particulate Matter 10 ($PM_{10}$) concentration mapping in Incheon Metropolitan city using monthly $PM_{10}$ concentrations at 13 stations for 3 years. It is shown that the proposed approach would generate reliable time-series $PM_{10}$ concentration maps with less mean bias and better prediction capability, compared to conventional spatial-only ordinary kriging. It is also demonstrated that the conditional variances and the probability exceeding a certain thresholding value would be useful information sources for interpretation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.14
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• pp.5721-5726
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• 2015

Lung cancer is the leading contributor to cancer deaths in the developing world. Within countries, significant variability exists in the prevalence of lung cancer risk, yet limited information is available whether some of the observed variability is associated with differences in the consumption pattern of local tobacco products with differing potency. We recruited 606 lung cancer cases and 606 controls from the B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital in Nepal from 2009-2012. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for lung cancer risk associated with different tobacco products, using unconditional logistic regression. Unfiltered cigarettes tended to be the most frequently used products across ethnic subgroup with about 53.7% of Brahmins, 60.1% of Chettris, and 52.3% of Rai/Limbu/Magar/others. In contrast, about 39.9% of Madishe/Tharu smokers reported using bidi compared with only 27.7% who smoked unfiltered cigarettes. Among those who only smoked one type of product, choor/kankat smokers had the highest lung cancer risk (OR 10.2; 95% CI 6.2-16.6), followed by bidi smokers (OR 5.6; 95% CI 3.6-8.7), unfiltered cigarettes (OR 4.9; 95% CI 3.4-7.2), and filtered cigarettes (OR 3.4; 95% CI 2.2-5.3). A clear dose-response relationship was observed between increased frequency of smoking and lung cancer risk across all ethnic subgroups. These results highlight the important role of traditional tobacco products on lung cancer risk in the low income countries.

• Composites Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2013

The electrospun PVDF containing CNT was made for fabricating materials of the actuator. The electrochemical and their actuating movement were evaluated for the actuator performance in the electrochemical environment. The actuator (which was fabricated by electrospinning) had some advantages, i.e., good dispersion and flexible properties. In the electrospinning process, the final product would have different forms based on different essential factors. In this work, electrospun nanofibers were aligned by using the drum-type collector, and the morphology was identified via the field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The uniform dispersion of CNT in PVDF nanofiber was observed by electron probe X-ray micro-analysis (EPMA) test. The results of tensile strength and electrical resistivity provided the aligned state. The electrospun CNT/PVDF nanofiber sheet on the aligned direction showed better mechanical and electrical properties than the case of the vertically-aligned direction. The efficiency and electrical capacities of electrospun CNT/PVDF nanofiber sheets were compared with the cast PVDF sheet for actuator application. Electrospun CNT/PVDF nanofiber sheet exhibited much better the case of actuator performance than cast neat PVDF actuator, due to the excellent electrical connecting areas.