• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
• /
• v.14 no.spc
• /
• pp.1187-1208
• /
• 2011

This research aims to propose a systematic approach to identify emerging technology-product portfolio for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Firstly, operational definition of emerging technology for SMEs is presented. Secondly, research framework is suggested and case study to show usefulness of the newly proposed framwork is analyzed. In detail, reference patent set which represent company's capabilities and business area are constructed. The research constructs patent data set for bibliometric analysis using reference patent set and citing patents to 2nd level. Clustering (expert judgement) and keyword based bibliometric approach are used. Then, cluster activity index (AI) and relevance index (RI) comparing with reference patent set are estimated. With emerging technology-product portfolio using AI and RI, a firm can identify emerging technology-product area and monitoring area.

• Korean Business Review
• /
• v.11
• /
• pp.101-122
• /
• 1998

This study is to analyze the effect of product involvement on consumer purchase process. From review on previous involvement literatures, enduring product involvement can be defined as "a person's arousal and motivational state activated by product on the basis of his basic value, objective and ego-relevance." To evaluate the effect of involvement on product purchase process, 11 hyphotheses concerning behavioral aspects which is expected to comprise consumer purchase process and to be influenced by degree of involvement were constructed: prepurchase information search, alternative brand comparision, utilization of product attribute, brand differentiation, brand commitment, product knowledge, influence of reference group, dependence on price, price awareness, cognitive dissonance and purchase optimization. Hyphotheses are tested with data from 388 housewives through 20 item involvement scale developed with multi-dimensional perspective on involvement. The scale successfully provides rank order of 8 selected products expected to cover the spectrum of product involvement: formal clothes, coffee, washing machine, shampoo, perfume, detergent, soft drink, pain-reliever as the order of product involvement. Major findings of this study are as follow. First of all, incresed differences were found in hihg involvement product like formal clothes with respect to the degree of prepurchase information search, alternative brand comparision, utilization of product attribute, influence of reference group in any method of analysis. Secondly, invlovement should be interpreted as a consumer characteristic rather than a product one. This means that consumers involve themselves with products, instead products themselves do not have any involvement.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
• /
• v.54 no.6
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2004

Price is one of the most important components of marketing mix. For consumers, price is an always-existing cue and definite evaluation criteria. However, information on price is meaningful only when it is perceived. Sources of price perception can be the actual retail price at the selling point, the internal reference price expected by consumers for a certain clothing product, and the external reference price advertised by marketer such as the price before mark-down. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of internal reference price on consumers' purchasing process of clothing products. A questionnaire including clothing stimuli was developed in order to assess consumers' internal reference price level. Usable data from 680 adult female urban residents were used for data analysis. Results indicated that consumers with relatively lower internal reference price tend to react low-price focused external reference price and use discount stores and unit price promotions. Consumers with relatively higher internal reference price advertisement are likely to have higher level of education, tend to infer price information to higher quality or prestige of products, and purchase clothing with regular retail price or coupons.

• Asia Marketing Journal
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.55-67
• /
• 2017

This study explores the influence of reference groups depending on the type (in-group versus out-group) and the size (an individual member versus a group as a whole) of reference groups. We propose a mixed conformity model, which suggests that people want to fit in with their in-group but at the same time they want to stand out within their in-group members. We found that in moderately identity-relevant product categories, people tend to diverge from individual members of their in-group while conforming to their in-group as a whole. However, in highly identity-relevant product categories, people conform to their in-group independent of the referent's size. Directions for future research are outlined in order to further establish and understand the proposed phenomenon.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.45 no.2
• /
• pp.227-236
• /
• 2001

The complexity and variability of both the biologicals and the bioassays used to test them led to the use of the reference standard- a sample of the product of defined purity and potency, against which all preparations of that product must be calibrated. In order to prepare and establish KFDA reference standard for recombinant human growth hormone (somatropin), somatropin substance was filled in ampoules in National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC). The candidate KFDA reference standard for somatropin (designated as 98/674) was evaluated to determine the suitability of serving as a KFDA reference standard for somatropin by the collaborative study, in which 10 laboratories participated. Physicochemical analysis and in vivo bioassay were performed by direct comparison with the international somatropin standard 88/624. 98/674 was identified as somatropin by SDS-PAGE, IEF, peptide mapping, and HPLC. Determination of somatropin content by SE-HPLC yielded a mean estimate of 2.01 mg somatropin per ampoule. Data from the study also yielded mean values of 0.39 $\pm$ 0.26% for high molecular weight impurities by SE-HPLC and mean values of 2.13 $\pm$ 1.29% for somatropin related proteins by RP-HPLC. Estimates of relative potency by weight gain bioassay in the hypophysectomised rats showed that relative potency of KS 98/674 was 1.07 aganist IS 88/624. Based on the results of the collaborative study, the candidate reference standard for somatropin is suitable to serve as a KFDA reference standard for somatropin.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.47-59
• /
• 2005

S/W product line is a S/W product or a set of S/W system, which has common functions. We can develop a specific S/W product, which satisfiesrequirements of a particular market segment and a mission in a specific domain by reusing the core asset such as the developed S/W architecture through the S/W product line. S/W development methodology based on the S/W product line can develop a S/W more easily and fast by reusing the developed S/W core asset. An advanced country of S/W technology selects S/W product line as a core field of S/W production technology, and support technology development. In case of USA, CMU/SEI (Carnegie Mellon University / Software Engineering Institute) developed product-line framework 4.0 together with the industry and the Ministry of National Defense. Europe is supporting the development of product line technology through ITEA(IT for European Advancement) program. In this paper, we aim to construct reference architecture of S/W product line for production of the S/W product line.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.166-172
• /
• 2023

The utilization of methyl 2-aminobenzoate as a biocide and pesticide has raised concerns regarding its potential toxicity. To assess its safety, it is crucial to determine its quantity and related toxicity using reference materials (RMs) or certified reference materials (CRMs). As an RM and CRM containing methyl 2-aminobenzoate within a biocidal product matrix is currently unavailable, this study aimed to produce a high-quality RM containing methyl 2-aminobenzoate, ensuring its homogeneity and stability, following the ISO Guide 35 and ISO 17034. The study determined that the produced RM exhibited homogeneity, as indicated by a calculated F-value (1.91) smaller than the critical F-value (3.02). In the assessment of isochronous short-term stability, the slope of the linear regression for the RM showed no statistically significant difference from zero when stored at temperatures of 4, 18, and 60 ℃ for 4 weeks. Regarding classical long-term stability, the RM demonstrated sustained stability over the course of one year when stored at 4 ℃. This study has successfully developed an RM for monitoring methyl 2-aminobenzoate in biocides and pesticides. Its quality underwent rigorous evaluation, confirming both homogeneity and stability.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.38 no.5
• /
• pp.343-348
• /
• 2008

The bioequivalence of two cyclosporine A (CyA) 100 mg soft capsules (Chong Kun Dang's $Cipol-N^{(R)}$ as the test drug; Korea Novartis' Sandimmun $Neoral^{(R)}$ as the reference drug) was assessed in healthy male Korean volunteers after oral administration of 200 mg CyA according to a randomized crossover design. The whole blood samples were analyzed for the determination of parent CyA in the blood by using a validated HPLC/diode array detector method. The mean $AUC_t$ values for reference and test products were $4095.3{\pm}1397.2$ and $3958.3{\pm}1138.2\;ng{\cdot}hr/mL$, respectively. The mean $C_{max}$ values were $1135.9{\pm}293.2\;ng/mL$ for the reference product, and $985.0{\pm}207.9\;ng/mL$ for the test product. $T_{max}$ was $1.6{\pm}0.4\;hr$ for the reference and $1.8{\pm}0.5\;hr$ for the test product. The differences of $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were -3.35, -13.28 and +10.63%, respectively. The point estimates and 90% confidence intervals for $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$ were 0.981 (0.9171 to 1.0514) and 0.876 (0.8229 to 0.9336), respectively. Based on the pharmacokinetic and statistical data, we conclude that these two products are bioequivalent and can be considered interchangeable in the medical practice.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
• /
• v.23 no.5
• /
• pp.586-597
• /
• 2021

Personalized product recommendation service is receiving attention as a new marketing strategy while supporting consumer information search and purchasing decisions. This study attempted to verify the effect of self-reference on service use behavior through the dual path of cognitive attitude and emotional attachment. Using convenience sampling, an online survey was conducted with 324 women who were in their 20s and 30s. After collecting and compiling the survey data, the reliability and validity of variables constituting the conceptual research model were verified through confirmatory factor analysis using AMOS 22.0. Next, the significance of sequentially mediated pathways was verified using Process 3.5 Model 80. The results showed that self-referencing not only significantly affects service use intention by simply mediating cognitive attitudes but also sequentially mediates cognitive attitudes and additional information search. Furthermore, self-referencing was significant as an indirect path to service use intention by mediating additional information search. However, in the path mediated by emotional attachment, self-referencing was considered as a simple mediated path leading to service usage intention. These results indicate a dual path in the psychological mechanism, through cognitive and emotional evaluation, that prompts consumer behavioral responses to the personalized product information provided in the shopping process.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
• /
• v.54 no.8
• /
• pp.35-48
• /
• 2004

This thesis researches consumers' behaviors in Purchasing avatar fashion products depending on their motives and point of reference as the avatar fashion marketing is conducted. Also, it explores the correlation between avatar's fashion products and the point of reference by which consumers actually purchase casual wear. The results were as follows: First, Avatar's fashion product purchasing motivation is done through four classified dimensions, conformity, differentiation, fashionability, and substitution. The standard of Avatar's fashion product choice was classified by the symbol (Product name recognition) and two dimensions of aesthetics. Second. the more valued the aesthetic component of Avatar's fashion product the greater effect on the order the dimensions used in correlation in this case being substitution, differentiation, conformity, and fashionability. Should the consumer place greater value on the Product symbol the dimension order is affected in order by fashionability, conformity, and differentiation. Third, fashionability was a stronger consideration for women as opposed to men in terms of demographical feature. whereas symbol (Product recognition) was of greater importance to higher income people. Last, when aesthetics is considered to buy Avatar's fashion products it is favorably comparable to other casual wear lines. In other words, symbol is considered to buy casual's, it brings to the same result when buying Avatar's. Avatar's fashion product was great tool to research new casual wear line because of approving by the correlation to each other.