• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.673-680
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• 1997

NaOH, $Na_2CO_3, CaO, Ca(OH)_2$ and $CaCO_3$ are widely used counteractives for neoutralizing the waste sulphuric acid produced during the metal surface treatment process and/or the metal refining process. To reduce the tremendous expenses for the neutralization treatment of the waste sulphuric acid, the sludge from calcination plant and the stainless refining dust in POSCO (Pohang Iron ＆ Steel co. Ltd.) was utilized. For the sludge, it will be effective to use calcined and then hydrated sludge in strong acid region (pH<2) and to use the sludge itself in weak acid region (pH>2), The gypsum, the by-product of this treatment, was tested to fit the industrial standard of gypsum, so it is expected that it will solve the lack of gypsum supply. For the stainless refining dust, the phase and the morphology of produced gypsum from waste suiphuric acid neutralization was compared with those from pure sulphuric acid. Because of high reactivity and reaction temperature, $CaSO_4$ non-hydrate was obtained in pure sulphuric acid. But $CaSO_4$ dihydrate was obtained in waste sulphuric acid. It is also judged to be a good material for a counteractive of the waste sulphuric acid.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.364-370
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• 2008

Chemical analysis and in vitro studies were conducted to investigate the nutritive value for ruminants of cell mass from lysine production (CMLP) which is a by-product of the lysine manufacturing process. Proximate analysis, protein fractionation, and in vitro protein degradation using protease from Streptomyces griseus and strained ruminal fluid were carried out to estimate ruminal protein degradability of CMLP with two reference feedstuffs-soybean meal (SBM) and fish meal (FM). Amino acid composition and pepsin-HCl degradability were also determined to evaluate postruminal availability. CMLP contained 67.8% crude protein with a major portion being soluble form (45.4% CP) which was composed of mainly ammonium nitrogen (81.8% soluble CP). The amount of nucleic acids was low (1.15% DM). The total amount of amino acids contained in CMLP was 40.60% DM, which was lower than SBM (47.69% DM) or FM (54.08% DM). CMLP was composed of mainly fraction A and fraction B2, while the protein fraction in SBM was mostly B2 and FM contained high proportions of B2 and B3 fractions. The proportion of B3 fraction, slowly degradable protein, in CP was the highest in fish meal (23.34%), followed by CMLP (7.68%) and SBM (1.46%). CMLP was degraded up to 51.40% at 18 h of incubation with Streptomyces protease, which was low compared to FM (55.23%) and SBM (83.01%). This may be due to the insoluble portion of CMLP protein being hardly degradable by the protease. The in vitro fermentation by strained ruminal fluid showed that the amount of soluble fraction was larger in CMLP (40.6%) than in SBM (17.8%). However, because the degradation rate constant of the potentially degradable fraction of CMLP (2.0%/h) was lower than that of SBM (5.8%/h), the effective ruminal protein degradability of CMLP (46.95%) was slightly lower than SBM (53.77%). Unavailable fraction in the rumen was higher in CMLP (34.0%) compared to SBM (8.8%). In vitro CP degradability of CMLP by pepsin was 80.37%, which was lower than SBM (94.42%) and FM (89.04%). The evaluation of protein degradability using different approaches indicated that soluble protein in CMLP may supply a large amount of ammonia in the rumen while insoluble protein can be by-passed from microbial attacks due to its low degradability. The results from this study suggest that CMLP can be used as a protein supplement to ruminants for supplying both non-protein nitrogen to rumen microbes and rumen undegradable protein to the host animal.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 1979

The purpose of the study was to define the labor change in the moutainous villages, So this study analyzed the mass dram of the population from the mountainous villages created by the unequal development between the first and second under the high economic development and the large difference in the income between city and rural area. The content of the study was (1) the foundation of the production in the survey area (2) labor change in the mountainous villages (3) the supply and the demand of the labor in this area. The date were collected from 118 household of 2 villages (one with a high level of brest product, and the other with a low level of forest products) in Cheon-nam Province through a questionarie. The results of the study were as follows. 1. The mass drain in the mountainous villages started in the middle of 1970's, and the rate of drain has been very rapid and accelerated. 2. The drain of the mountainous village with a low level of forest products is more than that of the mountainous village with a high level of forest products. 3. In the mountainous village with high level of forest products, the specialization in the farmer class has begun and the farmers with a side job are now increasing. 4. Generally the major drain consisted of the young class (16-30 age), and consequently it caused a change in the composition of labor power into old age and women. 5. The character of the forest labor market is how changing from closed to open.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.1915-1926
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• 2008

Although we know that images of a country or an industry are influential factors in product evaluation, there has been little discussion about the channels through which consumers form a country or an industry image. Guided by the assumption that the image of the Korean fashion industry conveyed through U.S. media will likely affect the evaluation of Korean fashion products, we decided to examine articles published between January 1998 and June 2008 in Woman's Wear Daily(WWD), a prestigious U.S. daily trade newspaper covering all aspects of the national and international fashion business. By using the "Korean", we found 329 relevant articles. Through content analysis, we identified the aspects of the Korean fashion industry that have been considered salient to U.S. fashion media professionals. We set up categories based on the contents of the articles that discussed segments of the supply chain of the fashion industry. We found more comments on the Korean fashion industry as fiber and fabrics supplier or apparel manufacturer than in any other categories, which reflects that South Korea has been traditionally one of the most attractive sourcing countries for the U.S. fashion business. We identified significantly less coverage on the designing, branding, marketing, and retailing aspects of the Korean fashion industry. Due to economic boom in Korea, the country's fashion industry is recognized as having a highly fashion-conscious market that can afford the world's premium brands. However, the industry is viewed as being rather vulnerable to changes in the macro economic environment.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1058-1067
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• 1991

High potassium cardioplegia is a widely accepted procedure to enhance myocardial protection from ischemic injuries associated with open heart surgery. Maintaining optimum osmolarity of the cardioplegic solution is one of the required conditions for an ideal cardioplegic solution Albumin is an frequently added component for maintaining optimum osmolarity of clinically used cardioplegic solutions. But the source of albumin is human blood so that the supply is limited and the cost of manufacturing is relatively high. Recently there are moves to minimized the use of blood product for fear of blood-associated infections or immunological disorders. In this experiment, we substituted mannitol or glucose for albumin added to the cardioplegic solution which has been used at the Wonju Medical College, To determine whether addition of mannitol or glucose instead of albumin in the cardioplegic solution can produce satisfactory myocardial protection during ischemia, three different groups of isolated rat heart perfused by modified Langendorff technique were studied. Wonju Cardioplegic Solution was selected as a standard high potassium[18mEq/L of K+] cardioplegic solution. Three kinds of cardioplegic solution were made by modifying the composition maintaining the same osmolarity[339$\pm$1mOsm/Kg] Isolated rat heart were perfused initially with retrograde nonworking mode and then changed to working mode. After measuring the heart rate, systolic aortic pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow, ischemic arrest by aorta cross clamp and cardioplegia was made maintaining the temperature of water jacket at 10oC. The heart was rewarmed and reperfused after 60min of ischemic arrest with intermittent cardioplegia at the 30min interval. The time to return of heart beat and the time required to get. Regular heart beat were observed after reperfusion. The recovery rate of the functional variables-heart rate, systolic aortic pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow and cardiac output were calculated and compared among the three groups of different cardioplegia-albumin, mannitol, and glucose. The wet weight and dry weight was measured and the water content of the heart as figured out for comparison. The time to return of heart beat was fastest in the albumin group, The functional recovery rates were best in the albumin group also. In the above conditions, albumin was the best additive to the cardioplegic solution compared to the mannitol or glucose.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.8
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• pp.61-87
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• 2001

Internet, which has been developed as a new exchange revolution, forms a huge virtual exchange market, and the innovative electronic commerce has completely broken off the way of existing goods distribution. This study begins with an awareness of the importance of customer retention to keep winning over the competition in internet shopping mall. In order to explain of the customer retention between individual and internet shopping mall, the study introduces first a satisfaction on shopping followed by an awareness of the importance of customer retention, and looks into a formation process of trust, satisfaction, and relationship orientation occurred by the offer of valuable convenience to customers. The study also explores the influence on shopping value by the characteristics with which internet shopping mall can bear, unfold by a cause and effect relationship the degree of shopping satisfaction, trust, and relationship orientation, and inquires a question to find out how to fuse the characteristics for internet retention. Therefore, this study has the following purposes: After examining prior research for the characteristics of internet shopping mall, it presents a possibility to connect shopping value with customer retention in light of theoretical system on characteristic elements derived from emotional and utilitarian perspectives. In order to achieve the purposes, the characteristics of internet retailing shop included site design, virtual reality, web awareness, customer concern, merchandise search, information supply, product value, and transaction system. Hypotheses were set up for the relationship with these characteristics and substantially analyzed. To prove this research, we analyzed collected data in which customers had experienced in shopping at internet shopping mall and discussed strategic current issues about its analytic results.

• Journal of the Korean Graphic Arts Communication Society
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.39-49
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• 2013

Nowadays the printing market has shift from 2D(two dimension) industry to 3D(three dimension) industry, along with IT. With rapidly changing market, it's true that the effort to develop the printing materials and upgrade the printing qualities is produced actively in the country. Particularly, the differences in printing materials can often determine the quality of printings in the printability. In the case of the printability of offset, 9 items(paper, ink, order of printing, ink supply, blowing-up halftone, grey balance, key color(base color), overlap efficiency, quality at the halftone dot reproduction etc.) are usually considered as the important factors and used to estimate the printability at abroad. However, in domestic, ink-jet paper is not used for the printing/publishing by ink-jet printing for digital, but done mainly for offset printing. Because the paper of gloss coated type, which is the ink-jet paper, has high price, it's too hard to manufacture massively printing/publishing. Also, in the case of the paper of uncoated type, in spite of its reasonable price rather than the former, the type of uncoated one also has demerit that the ink-jet paper has a clear difference between the front and the back. Therefore, it's tough reality that Ink Jet paper is hardly taken advantage of as the printing/publishing. Thus, what is done in the first to print and/or publish on ink-jet paper is that the front and the back must be printed evenly, and appropriate to the printability of ink-jet. Although there're some kinds of ink-jet paper in the country, it has not been produced in true domestic production yet. In addition, thanks to the brightness of fluorescence brightening agent, the foreign product can offer the good-qualified one-time printing. But when it comes to the printing/publishing, there're difficulties that it may cause the Ocular Fatigue because of long-term exposure of the eyes to text. This research tries to find out the optimum ink-jet paper in domestic for the printing/publishing by studying on the printability of ink-jet on digital web-printing. And it also tries to look for the paper's brightness which can be reduce the possibility to cause the consumers' Ocular Fatigue.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.878-885
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• 2008

The FPDs(Flat Panel Displays) such as LCD(Liquid Crystal Display) and PDP(Plasma Display Panel) and OLED(Organic Light Emitting Diode), recently, have been substituted for CRT(Cathode Ray Tube) displays because they have a convex surface, small volume, light weight and lower electric power consumption. The productivity of FPDs is greatly dependent on the area of thin glass panel with 0.6 - 0.8mm thickness because FPDs are manufactured by cutting a large-scaled thin glass panel with patterns to the required product dimensions. So FPD's industries are trying to increase the area of thin glass panel. For example, the thin glass panel size of the 8th generation is 2,200mm in width, 2,600mm in length and 0.7mm in thickness. The air flows both in the thin glass panel and in the porous PE-plate surface were modeled and analyzed, from which a working condition was estimated. The thin glass panel on the porous PE-plate surface with self-lubricating characteristics was investigated and compared with that on the square duct floating bar surface with many holes of 1mm diameter when the thin glass panel contacts the floating bar surface due to malfunction of electric power supply.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.89-98
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• 2020

Purpose: The growth of online commerce is now becoming a major threat and a new opportunity for retailers. Existing offline retailers struggle to cope with new online retailers' threats by utilizing offline infrastructure. Besides, online retailers expand their online strengths to offline sales by opening their offline stores. Many retailers are paying close attention to the O2O business and the resulting changes. Thus, this research focuses on the O2O business model and process that retailers can adopt. Research design, data and methodology: Considering the features of products that retailers sell, this paper divides O2O business process with the following criteria: delivery lead-time and delivery area. And This research uses the business model canvas to define the features of O2O commerce business process. This paper also uses nine key elements in the business model canvas for analyzing the structure of O2O commerce business. Results: This paper suggests the delivery model of retailers respond to offline customer orders and summarizes the following results. (1) Considering characteristics such as logistics process, delivery area, and product type, we define the features of O2O business models: wide-area (warehouse) based O2O business model, regional area (store) based O2O business model and time-separated O2O business model. (2) This study checks the availability of the business model through the business cases of O2O business models. (3) This study also analyzes the O2O business model of domestic retail companies by the factors defined in the business model canvas. Conclusions: Retailers can adopt the O2O business process to fit their business requirements and strategy. The online retailers who deal with normal consumer products mainly have the wide-area based O2O business model. The wide-area based O2O business model can be suitable for retailers who manage inventory centrally. The time-separated O2O business model can be a good solution for fresh food retailers to operate the logistics process efficiently. And to shorten the delivery lead-time of fresh foods, the regional area based O2O business model can be fit to the retailer that utilizes its offline logistics or sales infrastructure. It may be much more important for retailers to share the inventory information with other branches and to change the role of offline stores.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.63-72
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• 2018

Purpose - This work analyzes, in detail, the specification of vector error correction model (VECM) and thus examines the relationships and impact among seven economic variables for USA - balance on current account (BCA), index of stock (STOCK), gross domestic product (GDP), housing price indices (HOUSING), a measure of the money supply that includes total currency as well as large time deposits, institutional money market funds, short-term repurchase agreements and other larger liquid assets (M3), real rate of interest (IR_REAL) and household credits (LOAN). In particular, we search for the main explanatory variables that have an effect on stock and real estate market, respectively and investigate the causal and dynamic associations between them. Research design, data, and methodology - We perform the time series vector error correction model to infer the dynamic relationships among seven variables above. This work employs the conventional augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root techniques to test for stationarity among seven variables under consideration, and Johansen cointegration test to specify the order or the number of cointegration relationship. Granger causality test is exploited to inspect for causal relationship and, at the same time, impulse response function and variance decomposition analysis are checked for both short-run and long-run association among the seven variables by EViews 9.0. The underlying model was analyzed by using 108 realizations from Q1 1990 to Q4 2016 for USA. Results - The results show that all the seven variables for USA have one unit root and they are cointegrated with at most five and three cointegrating equation for USA. The vector error correction model expresses a long-run relationship among variables. Both IR_REAL and M3 may influence real estate market, and GDP does stock market in USA. On the other hand, GDP, IR_REAL, M3, STOCK and LOAN may be considered as causal factors to affect real estate market. Conclusions - The findings indicate that both stock market and real estate market can be modelled as vector error correction specification for USA. In addition, we can detect causal relationships among variables and compare dynamic differences between countries in terms of stock market and real estate market.