• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.206-216
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• 2017

The temporal distribution of the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and the vertical component of Reynolds stresses ($-{\bar{u^{\prime}w^{\prime}}}$) was measured during one wave period under high wave energy conditions. The wave data were obtained at Hujeong Beach in the east coast of Korea at January 14~18 of 2017 when an extratropical cyclone was developed in the East Sea. Among the whole thousands of waves measured during the period, hundreds of regular waves that had with similar pattern were selected for the analysis in order to give three representing mean wave patterns using the ensemble average technique. The turbulence properties were then estimated based on the selected wave data. It is interesting to find out that $-{\bar{u^{\prime}w^{\prime}}}$ has one clear peak near the time of flow reversal while TKE has two peaks at the corresponding times of maximum cross-shore velocity magnitudes. The distinguished pattern of Reynolds stress indicates that vertical fluxes of such properties as suspended sediments may be enhanced at the time when the horizontal flow direction is reversed to disturb the flows, supporting the turbulence convection process proposed by Nielsen (1992). The characteristic patterns of turbulence properties are examined using the CADMAS-SURF Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) model. Although the model can reasonably simulate the distribution of TKE pattern, it fails to produce the $-{\bar{u^{\prime}w^{\prime}}}$ peak at the time of flow reversal, which indicates that the application of RANS model is limited in the prediction of some turbulence properties such as Reynolds stresses.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.93-95
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• 1976

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 1993

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.89-98
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• 2005

Background: DNA vaccination represents an anticipated approach for the control of numerous infectious diseases. Used alone, however, DNA vaccine is weak immunogen inferior to viral vectors. In recent, heterologous prime-boost vaccination leads DNA vaccines to practical reality. Methods: We assessed prime-boost immunization strategies with a DNA vaccine (minigene, $gB_{498-505}$ DNA) and recombinant vaccinia virus $(vvgB_{498-505})$ expressing epitope $gB_{498-505}$ (SSIEF ARL) of CD8+ T cells specific for glycoprotein B (gB) of herpes simplex virus (HSV). Animals were immunized primarily with $gB_{498-505}$ epitope-expressing DNA vaccine/recombinant vaccinia virus and boosted with alternative vaccine type expressing entire Ag. Results: In prime-boost protocols using vvgBw (recombinant vaccinia virus expressing entire Ag) and $vvgB_{498-505}$, CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity was induced maximally at both acute and memory stages if primed with vvgBw and boosted with $vvgB_{498-505}$ as evaluated by CTL activity, intracellular IFN-staining, and MHC class I tetramer staining. Similarly $gB_{498-505}$ DNA prime-gBw DNA (DNA vaccine expressing entire Ag) boost immunization elicited the strongest CD8+ T cell responses in protocols based on DNA vaccine. However, the level of CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity induced with prime-boost vaccination using DNA vaccine expressing epitope or entire Ag was inferior to those based on vvgBw and $vvgB_{498-505}$. Of particular interest CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity was optimally induced when $vvgB_{498-505}$ was used to prime and gB DNA was used as alternative boost. Especially CD7+ T cell responses induced by such protocol was longer lasted than other protocols. Conclusion: These facts direct to search for the effective strategy to induce optimal CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity against cancer and viral infection.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.1353-1358
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• 2000

The three-way rotational crossing experiment has been conducted to evaluate heterosis effects on jumping height and body weight. Yonakuni wild mice (Y) and two genetic groups of $CF_{{\sharp}1}$ (C) and C3H/HeNCrj (H) laboratory mice were used as materials. Reciprocal rotational crossing was made by crossing C male${\times}$Y female and Y male${\times}$C female to produce basic group designated $G_0$ and ${G_0}^{\prime}$, respectively. The females of the $G_0$ and ${G_0}^{\prime}$ were mated to the H sire to produce second generation ($G_1$ and ${G_1}^{\prime}$), and at the following generation the replacement females were mated to Y or C sire according to the basic group to produce $G_2$ to $G_3$ and ${G_2}^{\prime}$ to ${G_3}^{\prime}$. Individual jumping height data at Wk6 and body weight data at 1 (Wk1), 3 (Wk3), 6 (Wk6) and 10 (Wk10) weeks of age were analyzed. The results showed that effects of genetic group, sex and interaction of genetic group by sex were significant (p<0.01) for jumping height. For males, 55.34%~79.17% and 54.46%~78.29% of heterosis were reached at $G_1$ to $G_3$ and ${G_1}^{\prime}$ to ${G_3}^{\prime}$, respectively. While for females at $G_1$ to $G_3$ and at ${G_1}^{\prime}$ to ${G_3}^{\prime}$, heterosis effects were 61.53%~80.42% and 47.79%~85.86%, respectively. For body weight, genetic group was a significant source of variation at all ages studied. Sex effect was significant at Wk3, Wk6 and Wk10, and interaction between genetic group and sex was significant at Wk6 and Wk10 (p<0.01). C sires resulted in the highest body weight of offspring, while H sires were the intermediate and Y sires were the lightest. The significant positive and negative heterosis effects for body weight were exhibited. Crossing involved the Y sires in addition to smaller maternal effects of Y dams tended to result in small heterosis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.799-806
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• 1995

The steady shear and small amplitude oscillatory dynamic rheological properties of citrus pectin $([\eta]=3.75\;dL/g)$ were characterized for a wide range of pectin concentrations $({\sim}6%)$. The typical power-law flow was observed above 2.0% concentration, and the shear rate dependence of viscosity increased with pectin concentration. The transition from dilute to concentrated regime, determined from the double logarithmic plot of ${\eta_{sp.o}}\;vs\;C[\eta]$, occurred at a critical coil overlap parameter $C^{*}[\eta]\approx4.0$, at which ${\eta_{sp.o}}$ corresponded to approximately 10.0. The slopes of ${\eta_{sp.o}}\;vs\;C[\eta]$, at $C[\eta]\;at\;C[\eta]C^{*}[\eta]$were 1.1 and 4.5, respectively. The steady viscosity $(\eta)$ displayed a good superposition at ${\eta}/{\eta}_o\;vs\;{\gamma}/{\gamma}_{0.8}$ relation with an exception of high concentration (6%), which arised from the significant deviation of flow behavior index (n values of $\eta_{a}=K\gamma^{n-1}$) at high concentration. Dynamic measurements showed that the loss modulus $(G^{\prime\prime})$ was much higher than the storage modulus $(G^\prime)$for all concentrations studied, indicating predominant viscoelastic liquid-like behavior of pectin solutions. The frequency dependence of $G^\prime$ was higher than that of $G^\prime\prime$ at the same concentration, whose trend was more pronounced with decreasing pectin concentration. The shear viscosity $(\eta)$ was almost identical to the complex viscosity $(\eta^{*})$ at low concentration, following the Cox-Merz rule, but they became increasingly different at high concentration.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.47 no.10
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• pp.29-33
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• 2010

In this paper, a new family of wavelength-time codewords using modified time mapped prime sequences as a time spreading pattern is constructed. When $P_t$ = 3, we can construct $P_w^2$ wavelength-time codewords with low autocorrelation sidelobe and crosscorrelation of less than or equal to 1. When $P_t$ = 5 and $P_t$ = 7, the number of wavelength-time codewords of $P_w^2$ can be constructed with good crosscorrelation of 1 and autocorrelation of less than or equal to 2.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.21 no.B
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• pp.341-348
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• 2001

The effect of initial ${\alpha}^{\prime}$ in STS 304 Stainless Steel on fatigue resistance, and fatigue crack propagation behavior was studied with using C-T specimens. Higher ${\Delta}K_{th}$ was observed in the specimens with the content of 0% initial ${\alpha}^{\prime}$ than in the contents of 2% and 33% initial ${\alpha}^{\prime}$. The difference of da/dN at the same level of ${\Delta}K$ was distinctive in low and intermediate level of ${\Delta}K$ however became less different as the level of ${\Delta}K$ increased. It is because the formation of strain induced martensite occurred readily in lower ${\alpha}^{\prime}$ at the vicinity of the fatigue crack tip, which causes compressive residual stresses resulting in the enhancement of crack closure. In general fatigue cracks propagated transgranular mode and many segments of ridges were observed on the fracture surfaces. At the higher contents of initial ${\alpha}^{\prime}$ appeared the smaller size of ridge segments. Slips in austenite were blocked more frequently by the martensite colonies formed in austenite.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.104-110
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• 2018

The effects of heat treatment time and cooling method on microstructure and mechanical property of Cu-22wt%Sn alloy were discussed. ${\alpha}+{\delta}$ mixed phase structure was obtained in air-cooled specimens after heat treatment at 775, 750, and $700^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. On the other hand, in water-cooled specimens, ${\alpha}+{\beta}^{\prime}$ martensite mixed phase was obtained. In the case of water-cooled specimens, the hardness value decreased with decreasing heat treatment temperature because the volume fraction of ${\alpha}$ phase with low hardness value increased as the heat treatment temperature decreased. In water-cooled specimen after heat treatment at $600^{\circ}C$, ${\gamma}^{\prime}$ martensite was formed instead of ${\beta}^{\prime}$ martensite. The hardness value of ${\gamma}^{\prime}$ martensite was lower than those of ${\beta}^{\prime}$ and ${\delta}$ phases.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.935-946
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• 2015

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new class of rings that is closely related to the classes of pseudo valuation rings (PVRs) and pseudo-almost valuation domains (PAVDs). A commutative ring R is said to be ${\phi}$-ring if its nilradical Nil(R) is both prime and comparable with each principal ideal. The name is derived from the natural map ${\phi}$ from the total quotient ring T(R) to R localized at Nil(R). A prime ideal P of a ${\phi}$-ring R is said to be a ${\phi}$-pseudo-strongly prime ideal if, whenever $x,y{\in}R_{Nil(R)}$ and $(xy){\phi}(P){\subseteq}{\phi}(P)$, then there exists an integer $m{\geqslant}1$ such that either $x^m{\in}{\phi}(R)$ or $y^m{\phi}(P){\subseteq}{\phi}(P)$. If each prime ideal of R is a ${\phi}$-pseudo strongly prime ideal, then we say that R is a ${\phi}$-pseudo-almost valuation ring (${\phi}$-PAVR). Among the properties of ${\phi}$-PAVRs, we show that a quasilocal ${\phi}$-ring R with regular maximal ideal M is a ${\phi}$-PAVR if and only if V = (M : M) is a ${\phi}$-almost chained ring with maximal ideal $\sqrt{MV}$. We also investigate the overrings of a ${\phi}$-PAVR.