• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.78 no.3
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• pp.272-275
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• 2015

Malignant melanoma occurs most frequently on the skin. However, it can also arise in other organs and tissues of the body. Primary pulmonary malignant melanoma is a very rare non-epithelial neoplasm accounting for 0.01% of all primary pulmonary tumors. The treatment of choice is surgical resection of the tumor with an oncologically adequate margin as in lobectomy or pneumonectomy. The prognosis of this condition is rather poor. Based on previous data, its 5-year survival is at least 10%. Here, we report a case of an 82-year-old woman whose primary pulmonary melanoma was detected incidentally.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.219-227
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• 2001

Objectives : To understand the current status of the opening, closing and relocation of primary medical institutes in Korea and identify the underlying decision factors. Methods : Sources of analyzed data included the medical institutional master file at the National Health Insurance Corporation(1998, 2000) and Regional Statistic Annual Bulletins. To investigate changes including the opening, closing and relocation, a total of primary medicalinstitutions(16,757 in 1998, 19,267 in 2000) were analysed. Results : Between 1998 and 2000, there was a 15.0%(2,510) increase in the number of primary medical institutions and the rate of increase in the rural area was higher than the urban area, and higher for specialty clinics than primary practice. However, these findings did not suggestany improvement in the maldistribution of primary medical institutions. During the time period studied, newly opened and closed primary medical institutions numbered 4,085 and 1,573, respectively. Additionally, institutions thatrelocated numbered 2,729, or 16.3% of all primary medical institutions in operation in 1998. These openings and closings were more frequent among young doctors. As a result of our analysis on the underlying regional factors forrelocation, the factors that were statistically significant were local per capita tax burden and the number of schools per ten thousand persons. !n, the case of institutional factors, movements were significantly associated with gender and the location of primary medical institutions. Conclusions : In order to establish effective long-term intervention for primary medical institutions, further study and monitoring of primary medical institutions and the identification of factors influencing opening location and relocation is necessary.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.327-332
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• 2015

Primary cilia have critical roles in coordinating multiple cellular signaling pathways. Dysregulation of primary cilia is implicated in various ciliopathies. To identify specific regulators of autophagy, we screened chemical libraries and identified mefloquine, an anti-malaria medicine, as a potent regulator of primary cilia in human retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells. Not only ciliated cells but also primary cilium length was increased in mefloquine-treated RPE cells. Treatment with mefloquine strongly induced the elongation of primary cilia by blocking disassembly of primary cilium. In addition, we found that autophagy was increased in mefloquine-treated cells by enhancing autophagic flux. Both chemical and genetic inhibition of autophagy suppressed ciliogenesis in mefloquine-treated RPE cells. Taken together, these results suggest that autophagy induced by mefloquine positively regulates the elongation of primary cilia in RPE cells.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.4889-4895
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• 2012

Background and Aim: The incidence of extra nodal non Hodgkin lymphoma (ENL) is rising throughout the world. However, data regarding ENL as a group is limited. The aim was to study the epidemiological and histomorphological trends of primary ENL (pENL) in India. Material and Methods: The biopsy materials from sixty eight patients with pENL (45 male, 23 female, M:F= 1.9:1), diagnosed over a five year period (2005-2009), were analysed and pathologically reclassified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, 2008 criteria. Results: Primary extra nodal non Hodgkin lymphomas constituted 22.0% (68/308) of all non Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). The mean age at presentation for pENL and primary nodal NHL was 43 years and 58 years, respectively with a male predilection (M: F=2:1). Central nervous system (CNS) constituted the most common extranodal site (20/68, 29.5%) followed by gastrointestinal tract (17/68, 25%), and nose/nasopharynx (8/68, 11.8%). Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL, not otherwise specified), extranodal marginal lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type, and B cell NHL unclassified (U) were the three most common histological types observed. T-cell phenotype was rarely noted (4%). Follicular lymphomas and anaplastic large cell lymphoma, seen among nodal NHL, were absent at extra nodal sites. Majority (41/68, 60%) of the patients with pENL were immunocompetent and 55% were in stage I-II with favorable prognosis. Conclusion: Central nervous system was the most common site of ENL, followed by gastrointestinal tract. Majority of pENL occurred in immunocompetent hosts with a favorable prognosis.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.116-124
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• 1995

Eighty cases of malignant effusion were cytologically studied to elucidate the incidence of primary tumor site and cytologic characteristics of each tumor types. Eighty fluid specimens were composed of 43 ascitic, 35 pleural, and 2 pericardial effusion and primary tumor site had been confirmed by histology. The frequent primary sites were stomach(22 cases, 28%), lung(21 cases, 26%), ovary(11 cases, 14%), liver(7 cases, 9%), and breast (4 cases, 5%). The principal malignant tumors were adenocarcinoma (56 cases, 70%), squamous cell carcinoma (7 cases, 9%), liver cell carcinoma (7 cases, 9%), small cell carcinoma (4 cases, 5%), and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (4 cases, 5%). The distinctive cytologic findings according to primary tumor types were as follows; the gastric adenocarcinomas were mainly characterized by isolated cells and irregular clusters sometimes with signet ring cells. Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma of ovary showed frequently papillary clusters and occasional psammoma bodies. Breast carcinoma of ductal type showed cell balls with smooth margins. Colonic adenocarcinoma showed rather irregular clusters or palisading pattern of cylindrical cells. Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma, liver cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, and non-Hodgkln's lymphoma showed also characteristic features. These findings Indicate that the cytological features observed in the great majority of malignant effusion are similar to those of primary tumor types, which are very helpful to indentify the primary tumor site.

• Annals of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.401-406
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• 2022

Abdominal hydatid cyst disease mostly involves the liver. Involvement of the pancreas as an isolated primary organ is rare accounting for < 2% of all systemic echinococcosis cases. It mostly involves the head of the pancreas. Symptoms depend on the location, size, and associated complications; therefore, it can have varied presentations including acute pancreatitis. On imaging, it can mimic other common pancreatic cystic lesions like pseudocyst or cystic neoplasm. Accurate preoperative diagnosis is usually difficult and requires a very high index of suspicion even in endemic areas. Herein, a case of primary isolated hydatid cyst of the pancreas that was initially diagnosed and managed as acute pancreatic pseudocyst is reported.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.106-115
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• 2023

Background Primary contraction of full-thickness graft has been traditionally quoted to be 40%. There are lacunae in literature to elaborate on the factors influencing it ever since. Methods About 75 subjects who underwent full-thickness grafting procedures to resurface small defects were included in the study. The initial and final graft dimensions after primary contraction were traced on X-ray templates and the percentage of contraction was evaluated using the graphical method. This was further correlated with age, collagen, elastic matrix metalloproteinases-1 (MMP-1) and -2 content along with dermal thickness of the skin specimen sent from the graft. Results The primary contraction of the graft had a very significant correlation only with the initial size of graft harvested with a linear regression of 33.3% and a Spearman's correlation of 0.587 significant at a p-value of 0.001. Conclusion This study though preliminary tries to highlight an important factor that primary contraction of grafts is a physical phenomenon independent of its contents like collagen, elastin, or MMP-1 and -2 or age and dependent on its initial size of harvest instead.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.116-127
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of Gamitonggyung-tang on Primary Dysmenorrhea. Methods: We treated 33 cases of primary dysmenorrhea patients with Gamitonggyung-tang for three menstrual cycles. We estimated the effects by Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) and checked amount of the analgesics taken during menstrual phase. Results: After treatment, the mean of VAS, MDQ Score and amount of the analgesics taken were decreased. Conclusions: This case shows that Gamitonggyung-tang is effective in treating primary dysmenorrhea patients.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.67 no.3
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• pp.244-248
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• 2009

Primary myelofibrosis is characterized by replacement of bone marrow with fibrotic tissue and the development of extramedullary hematopoiesis. Extramedullary hematopoiesis primarily involves the spleen and liver, but can also occur in the lungs. We report the case of an 80-year-old male who was admitted for evaluation of a lung mass and persistent thrombocytopenia. A percutaneous needle aspiration from the mass in the right lower lung showed myelopoietic cells with fatty tissue. A bone marrow biopsy revealed a hypercellular marrow with an increased number of atypical megakaryocytes. The final diagnosis was a prefibrotic stage of primary myelofibrosis leading to extramedullary hematopoiesis in the lung.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.162-167
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• 2022

To determine the prevalence of breed, age, and sex of canine primary glaucoma by comparing previous reports in Korea. We included the medical records of dogs diagnosed with primary glaucoma who visited the veterinary medical teaching hospital of Seoul National University (SNU) from January 2011 to December 2020 and investigated their breed, age, and sex. All the patients underwent a full ophthalmic examination. We analyzed the results using a binary logistic regression analysis based on the Jindo dog, which was close to the mean value of the primary glaucoma incidence rate. Of the 14,587 dogs treated at the veterinary medical teaching hospital of SNU, 107 (0.73%) were diagnosed with primary glaucoma. Glaucoma occurred in 14 breeds, including the American Cocker Spaniel, Shih Tzu, Maltese, Pomeranian, Jindo dog, Mixed Breed, Pekinese, Toy Poodle, Samoyed, Shiba Inu, Miniature Pinscher, Boston Terrier, Labrador retriever, and Yorkshire Terrier. The mean age of onset of primary glaucoma was 7.8 ± 2.3 years. Primary glaucoma was observed in 53 spayed females, 11 females, 38 castrated males, and five males. Regardless of neutralization, the ratio of females to males was 1.5:1. This study showed that primary glaucoma was significantly higher in American Cocker Spaniels and higher in Shih Tzus than other breeds in Korea; they had the highest incidence of primary glaucoma at 7 and 8 years of age, respectively. Therefore, the two breeds should be carefully monitored for the occurrence of primary glaucoma when they approach 7 years of age.