• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.946-953
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• 1996

The occlusal patterns and profiles of the primary dentition were studied by oral examination from 3 to 6 year-old children (200 boys, 200 girls) in Kwangju city. The results were as follows; 1. In sagittal primary canine relationship, Class 1 pattern (74.75 %) was prevalent. 2. In sagittal primary molar relationship, Class 1 pattern (56 %) was prevalent. 3. In profile view, straight profile (77%) was prevalent. 4. In comparison of relationship between primary canine relationship, primary molar relationship and profile, Class 1 pattern-Class 1 pattern-Straight profile (43.14 %) was prevalent.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 1978

The author studied occlusion in the primary dentition of 3~5 year old children and the materials for the present study comprised plaster model of 266 children in Seoul. The results were as followings; 1) In sagittal canine relationship, 63.9%(170 children) showed class 1 pattern, 2.3%(6 children) showed class 2 pattern, 21%(56 children) showed class 3 pattern and 12.8%(34 children) showed a different canine relationship in each side. 2) In sagittal molar relationship, 44.3% 118 children) showed class 1 pattern, 6.1%(16 children) showed class 2 pattern, 32.3%(86 children) showed class 3 pattern and 17.3%(46 children) showed a different molar relationship in each side. 3) In overjet, 87.8%(234 children) showed under 2mm. 4) 5.3%(14 children) showed crossbite and 4.6%(12 children) showed scissors-bite. 5) 21.8%(58 children) showed midline deviation. 6) Primate space was coincided with more common position of interdental space.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.993-997
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• 1977

The author studied clinically the state of sagittal molar relationship, sagittal canine relationship and frontal molar relationship in 3 years old, 1624 children. The results were as followings; 1. In frontal molar relationship, 1369 children(86.0%) showed normal transversal relation, 214(13.2%) showed cross bite and 14(0.8%) showed scissors bite. 2. In sagittal molar relationship, 41 children(4.4%) showed vertical terminal plane, 352(21.7%) showed distal step, 807(49.7%) showed mesial step and 394(24.2%) showed unilaterally. 3. In sagittal canine relationship, 186 children(11.5%) showed same plane, 248(15.3%) showed distal step, 777(47.8%) showed mesial step and 413 (25.4%) showed unilaterally.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.37 no.2 s.121
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• pp.150-158
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• 2007

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the status of a unilateral palatally impacted maxillary canine (as seen on the panoramic radiograph) and the orthodontic treatment duration. Methods: A total of 36 subjects were chosen (8 males and 28 females, $13.7{\pm}2.5$ years). All patients had undergone orthodontic traction of the impacted canine after a closed flap surgery. The position of impacted canine on the panoramic radiograph was traced and calculated with regard to the treatment duration. Results: The canine overlap over the lateral incisor (COGr) had significant statistical difference between the short-term and the long-term treatment duration groups (divided by average treatment time of 21 months) (p<0.05). Multiple regression indicated that the variables of significance (with treatment duration as the dependent variable) were the canine vertical height from the occlusal plane $(HCV,\;r^2=0.115;\;p<0.05)$ and the mandibular anterior width $(MnDW,\;r^2=0.142;\;p<0.05)$. The treatment duration, the canine angle to the incisor midline (CA), and HCV decreased from primary dentition (under 12 yrs) to permanent dentition (15 yrs). Howerer, these increased again at the adolescent ages (over 16 yrs). Conclusion: These findings suggested that orthodontic treatment of a palatally impacted canine would show good prognosis at an age of early permanent dentition with the canine showing smaller CA and HCV.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.387-393
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between interdental spaces and proximal caries in maxillary anterior primary teeth. 555 children aged 3-7 inhabit in Iksan were divided into two groups, depending on the presence of interdental space which was detected by a dental explorer. They were determined to have proximal caries if cavity was formed or the enamel surface was softened. The results were as follows : 1. Regarding interdental spaces, 77.4% had primate spaces; 54.4% had developmental spaces between central and lateral incisor, and 39.0% between central incisors. 2. Interproximal caries incidences in right primary canine, lateral incisor, and central incisor were 6.3%, 14.7%, and 33.5%, respectively. Also interproximal caries incidences in left primary central incisor, lateral incisor, and canine were 33.7%, 16.0%, and 4.7%, respectively. 3. Children with more interdental spaces had less caries incidence, but the relationship was weak(r=-0.024). 4. The mean caries incidence was higher in absence of interdental space of maxillary primary incisors than in presence of space. The mean caries incidence with no interdental space was twice as high as that with presence of interdental space.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to assess the occlusal relationships of primary dentition of Korean preschool children in Hwaseong city. Total 444 children of age group between 2 and 5 years were selected. One pediatric dentist took intraoral photos of children. Evaluation and categorization of the primary molar relationships were done by single examiner. Statistical analysis was performed with Pearson chi-squared test. Total 389 samples, which is consisted of 185 boys, 204 girls were satisfied with inclusion criteria. Bilateral mesial step was seen in 61.7%. Bilateral flush terminal plane was seen in 15.4%. When the primary molar relations of the right and left sides were not the same, the combination of the mesial step and flush terminal plane was 14.7%. The present study provides insight into occlusal relationships in the primary dentition of 2 - 5 years old of Korean children in Hwaseong city. Pediatric dentists should understand occlusal relationships of primary dentition for establishment of appropriate treatment strategies and occlusal guidance.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.143-148
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• 2014

Purpose: This study evaluated the efficacy of alveolar ridge preservation methods with and without primary wound closure and the relationship between histometric and micro-computed tomographic (CT) data. Materials and Methods: Porcine hydroxyapatite with polytetrafluoroethylene membrane was implanted into a canine extraction socket. The density of the total mineralized tissue, remaining hydroxyapatite, and new bone was analyzed by histometry and micro-CT. The statistical association between these methods was evaluated. Results: Histometry and micro-CT showed that the group which underwent alveolar preservation without primary wound closure had significantly higher new bone density than the group with primary wound closure (P<0.05). However, there was no significant association between the data from histometry and micro-CT analysis. Conclusion: These results suggest that alveolar ridge preservation without primary wound closure enhanced new bone formation more effectively than that with primary wound closure. Further investigation is needed with respect to the comparison of histometry and micro-CT analysis.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.667-673
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• 1996

The prevalence of class III malocclusion is approximately 5$\sim$9%, and about one fourth of this malocclusion is due to underdeveloped maxilla. Maxillary protraction appliance is an orthopedic device which promote the growth of a deficient maxilla by applying extraoral force to actively growing patients. The object of using maxillary protraction appliance is to guide a normal growth of maxilla and mandible and improve the occlusal relationship and also improve the facial profile. The author treated three patients whom were diagnosed as a class III malocclusion due to deficient maxilla using maxillary protraction appliance and the followings are the conclusions : 1. In these cases, anterior crossbite was corrected by anterior movement of maxilla and downward backward rotation of mandible and simultaneously, anterior facial height was increased. 2. The amount of dental change compare to skeletal change was greater as the patients got older. 3. When 500gm of force to each side was applied, the treatment period has been decreased. 4. As a result of applying the force between maxillary first primary molar and canine, there was a small degree of changes in palatal plane. So, it can be concluded that the maxillary protraction appliance is effective in treating growing patients with a deficient maxilla.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 1982

Bile formation is a complex process comprised of three separate physiologic mechanism operating at two anatomical sites. At present time, it was known that at least two processes are responsible for total canalicular secretion at the bile canaliculus. One of the processes is bile salt-dependent secretion (BSDS) hypothesis that the active transport of bile salts from plasma to bile provided a primary stimulus for bile formation: the osmotic effect of actively transported bile acid was responsible for the movement of water and ions into bile. The other process is bile salt-independent secretion (ESIS), which is unrelated to bile salt secretion at the canaliculus and which may involve the active transport of sodium. The third process for bile formation involves the biliary ductal epithelium. Secretin-stimulated bile characteristically contained bicarbonate in high concentration. Therefor, it was suggested that secretin stimulated water and bicarbonate secretion from the biliary ductules. One the other hand, it was found that a large amounts of cAMP was present in canine bile but no apparent relationship between bile salt secretion and cAMP content in dog bile. However, bile flow studies in human have demonstrated that secretin and glucagon increase bile cAMP secretion as does secretin in baboons. Secretin increases baboon bile duct mucosal cAMP levels in addition to bile CAMP levels suggesting that in that species secretin-stimulated bile flow may be cAMP mediated. It has been postulated that glucagon and theophylline which increase the bile salt-independent secretion in dogs might act through an increased in liver cAMP content. In a few studies, the possible role of cAMP on bile formation has teen tested by administration of an exogenous derivative of cAMP, dibutyryl cAMP. In the rat, DB cAMP did not modify bile flow, but injection of DB cAMP in the dog promoted an increase in the bile salt-independent secretion. Because of these contradictory results, this study was carried out to examine the relationship between cyclic nucleotides and bile flow due to various bile salts as well as secretin or theophylline. Experiments were performed in rabbits with anesthesia produced by the injection of seconal(30 mg/kg). Rabbits had the cystic duct ligated and the proximal end of the divided common duct cannulated with an appropriately sized polyethylene catheter. A similar catheter was placed into the inferior vena cava for administration of drugs. Bile was collected for determination of cyclic nucleotides and total cholate in 15 min. intervals for a few hours. The results are summerized as followings. 1) Administrations of taurocholic acid or chenodeoxycholic acid increased significantly the concentrations of cAMP and cGMP in bile of rabbits. 2) Concentration of cAMP in bile during the continuous infusion of ursodeoxycholic acid, was remarkedly increased in accordance with the increase of bile flow, while on the contrary concentration of cGMP in bile was decreased significantly. 3) Dehydrocholic acid and deoxycholic acid significantly increased bile flow, total cholate output and cyclic nucleotides in bile. 4) Only cAMP concentration in bile was significantly increased from control value by secretin, while theophylline increased cAMP as well as cGMP in rabbit bile. 5) In addition, the administration of secretin to taurocholic acid-stimulated bile flow increased cAMP while theophylline produced the increases of cAMP and cGMP in bile. 6) The administration of insulin to taurocholic acid-stimulated bile flow decreased cAMP concentration, while on the contrary cGMP was remarkedly increased in rabbit bile.