• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.212-218
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• 2005

Hepatoprotective effects of the extract of Kochiae fructus (KF), a traditional oriental medicinal plant, were evaluated against carbon tetrachloride($CCl_4$)-induced liver damage in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, $CCl_4,\;CCl_4$ plus methanol extract of KF (KFM-$CCl_4$), and $CCl_4$ plus butanol extract of KF (KFB-$CCl_4$) groups. KFM and KFB were orally administered once a day (200 mg/kg body weight) for 14 days. A mixture of 0.2 mL/100 g body weight of $CCl_4$ in olive oil was injected at 30 minutes after the final administration of KFM and KFB. The KFB pretreatment resulted in a significant decrease in the serum transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase levels in the $CCl_4$-treated rats. The $CCl_4$ treatment significantly lowered the activities of glutathione, glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). However, pretreatment with KFM and KFB resulted in a significant increase in the glutathione, GR and GST levels. KFB increased the activities of SOD, catalase and GSH-Px, but KFM did not alter them. Pretreatment with KFM and KFB resulted in a significant decrease in the production of aminopyrine N-demethylase in the $CCl_4$-treated rats. KF extract would appear to contribute to alleviate the adveISe effect of $CCl_4$ treatment by enhancing the hepatic antioxidant defense system.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.179.1-179.1
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• 2011

Pretreatment of cellulosic biomass is necessary before enzymatic saccharification and fermentation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of combined aqueous ammonia-dilute sulfuric acid treatment on cellulosic biomass. Miscanthus was pretreated using aqueous ammonia and dilute sulfuric acid solution under high temperature and pressure conditions to be converted into bioethanol. Aqueous ammonia treatment was performed with 15 %(w/w) ammonia solution at $150^{\circ}C$ of reaction temperature and 20 minutes of reaction time. And then, dilute sulfuric acid treatment was performed with 1.0 %(w/w) sulfuric acid solution at $150^{\circ}C$ of reaction temperature and 10 minutes of reaction time. The compositional variations of this combined aqueous ammonia-dilute sulfuric acid treatment resulted in 68.0 % of cellulose recovery and 95.7 % of hemicellulose, 81.3 % of lignin, 89.1 % of ash removal respectively. The enzymatic digestibility of 90.5 % was recorded in the combined pretreated Miscanthus sample and it was 14.7 times higher than the untreated sample. The ethanol yield in the Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation was 90.4 % of maximum theoretical yield based on cellulose content of the combined pretreated sample and it was about 98 % compared to the ${\alpha}$-cellulose ethanol yield.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 1983

The behavioral pattern of an animal is influenced by endogenous and endogenous stimuli such as humoral secretion, neurohumoral transmitters, drugs, light and environmental change. It has teen known that adenosine is a normal constituent of brain, and has sedative or hypnotic effects and anticonvulsant effects, inhibiting the spontaneous firing of cells in the brain via membrane adenosine receptors. Recent studies suggest that the excitatory responses to xanthines in the CNS might be related to the competitive antagonism of xanthines to adenosine. This study was undertaken to Investigate the effects of adenosine and the CNS stimulants such as picrotoxin, strychnine and caffeine on the spontaneous activity of mire, and to examine the influence of adenosine on the seizures induced by large doses of CNS stimulants. Subjects were $20{\sim}30\;g$ adult mice, and the spontaneous activity was measured using the Selective Activity Meter after intraperitoneal injection of adenosine (10 mg/kg), caffeine (100 mg/kg), strychnine(0.2 mg/kg) or picrotoxin(0.5 mg/kg) with or without adenosine pretreatment. The seizures were induced with caffeine(200, 250 and 300 mg/kg), strychnine(1.25 and 1.5 mg/kg) or picrotoxin(10 and 15 mg/kg). The results are summarized as follows : 1) The spontaneous activity in mite was significantly inhibited between 10 and 20 minutes after adenosine treatment. 2) Caffeine and picrotoxin increased the motor activity significantly while strychnine had no effect on the activity. 3) The ambulatory activity in the caffeine, strychnine and picrotoxin treated groups was significantly inhibited by adenosine pretreatment. 4) The seizures were observed with caffeine(200, 250 and 300 m9/kg), strychnine(1.25 and 1.5 mg/kg) or picrotoxin(10 and 15 mg/kg). The caffeine induced seizures were inhibited by adenosine pretreatment, but the strychnine or picrotoxin induced seizures were not affected.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.97-106
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• 2018

In this study, the effect of chemically enhanced backwash(CEB) coping with algal(Heterosigma Akashiwo) inflow was evaluated in the seawater desalination pretreatment process using ceramic membrane. In order to confirm the possibility of long-term filtration operation, the recovery rate of transmembrane pressure(TMP) due to the CEB using NaOCl was examined. When the membrane flow rate was 83.3 LMH, the TMP was maintained within 200 kPa for 84 hours in seawater influent. As the algal counts of 30,000 cell/mL were injected into the influent of seawater, however, the TMP rapidly increased and exceed maximum value. Membrane fouling caused by the algae was very poorly recovered by usual physical backwash. The CEB was performed for 30 min(3 min circulation / 27 min immersion) with 300 mg/L of NaOCl. As a result of the CEB application, it was possible to maintain a stable operating of filtration during 10 days and the average recovery rate of TMP by the CEB was 98.1%. It has been confirmed that the CEB using NaOCl is very effective in removal of membrane fouling by algae, resulted in stable membrane filtration for the long-term operation.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2016

Organic fouling observed in submerged membrane filtration as a pretreatment for seawater desalination increases energy consumption for membrane operation because of requiring frequent chemical cleaning and membrane replacement. In membrane pretreatment for seawater facing with algae blooms, membrane fouling was observed in submerged microfiltration using sodium alginate model compound which is one of the main components of extracellular polymeric substances. Without aeration, aglinate fouling increased with its concentration while aeration reduced the alginate fouling effectively regardless of its concentration tested. In the absence of aeration, alingate fouling tended to be decreased with increasing calcium concentration. However, this effectiveness was reduced by increasing sodium chloride concentration. At high concentration of sodium chloride and calcium similar to the seawater conditions, aeration reduced initial fouling. However, as time progressed, the effect of increased airflow rate on fouling reduction was not significant, implying that optimum airflow rate to control alginate fouling in submerged microfiltration can exist.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.125-130
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• 2005

The effects of various pretreatment in Zoysia japonica are summarized as follows: Seeds that were treated for 7 days in $4^{circ}$C showed a little higher germination rates than those that were treated 3 days in $4^{circ}$C and for 1 day, 3 days in $-20^{circ}$C. Germination rates of the seeds that were soaked in NaOC1 showed higher germination rates than control group. BA 0.1 mg$\cdot$$L^{-1}$ treatment showed a little higher germination than GA3 0.1 mg$\cdot$$L^{-1}$, NAA 0.1 mg$\cdot$$L^{-1}$. Seed germination rates increased around $20^{circ}$C when the samples treated by BA and scarification. Leaf morphological didn't different between control and pretreatment groups.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.314-318
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• 2011

Saururus chinensis is used as a raw material of an anti-rheumatic, poultice, sedative and stomachic. The tea of dried Saururus chinensis leaves has a function of relaxing pains in back and breast and of treating stomach ailments. The plant has the functions of anti-inflammatory, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge and refrigerant. The extraction of functional material is carried out by methanol and ethanol solvents. Mechanochemical grinding is applied as a pretreatment process before extraction to enhance the extraction efficiency by increasing the surface area of the materials while changing the chemical properties of the materials. Extraction of functional materials from the Saururus chinensis after grinding as a pretreatment using the mechanochemical technology was accomplished in this study to investigate the effect of grinding on the antioxidant activities of the extract. Saururus chinensis was ground by the planetary ball mill and the morphology was analyzed by SEM. Mechanochemical pretreatment increased the yields of functional materials from 5.9 g to 6.4, 7.0, and 8.1 g after grinding of 30 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours, respectively. Nitrite scavenging ability increased from 53.0-71.0% to 61.0-79.0% for the methanol extraction in the solution of pH 1.2. Also, Electron donating abilities were increased from 7.90-33.51% to 11.97-38.51% for the methanol extraction. The extract concentration for the half inhibition of DPPH radicals was reduced from $278{\mu}g/mL$ in the original sample to $263{\mu}g/mL$ in the sample after grinding for the methanol extraction.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.493-500
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• 2003

The effect of reductive treatment with elemental iron on the extent of mineralization by Fenton oxidation was studied for the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-l,3,5-trinitro-l,3,5-triazine (RDX) using a completely-stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The results support the hypothesis that TNT and RDX are reduced with elemental iron to products that are oxidized more rapidly and completely by Fenton's reagent. Iron pretreatment enhanced the extent of TOC removal by approximately $20\%\;and\;60\%$ for TNT and RDX, respectively. Complete TOC removal was achieved for TNT and RDX solutions with iron pretreatment under optimal conditions. On the other hand, without iron pretreatment, complete mineralization of TNT and RDX solutions were not achieved even with much higher $H_2O_2$ and $Fe^{2+}$ concentrations. The bench-scale iron treatment-Fenton oxidation integrated system showed more than $95\%$ TOC removal for TNT and RDX solutions under optimal conditions. The proposed zero-valent iron-Fenton process was evaluated with pink water from the Iowa Army ammunition plant. Results from batch and column experiments show that TNT, RDX, and octahydro-l,3,5,7-tetranitro-l,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) were completely removed from the pink water and that triaminotoluene (TAT) and ${NH_4}^+$ were recovered as products in reduction with zero-valent iron. By using an integrated system, $83.3\pm4.2\%$ of TOC was removed in a CSTR with 10 mM of $Fe^{2+}$ and 50 mM of $H_2O_2$. These results suggest that the reduction products of TNT and RDX are more rapidly and completely mineralized by Fenton oxidation and that a sequential iron treatment-Fenton oxidation process may be a viable technology for pink water treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.457-463
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• 2018

In this study, we analyzed the protective effects of the vitamin C in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced apoptosis using the SH-SY5Y, a neuroblastoma cell line. The cells were pretreated with the vitamin C ($100{\mu}g$) for 30 min, followed by the 24-hr treatment with the 2.5-mM STZ. The cell-viability assay using the Cell Counting Kit (CCK)-8 revealed the cell-survival rate increased by 15% following the vitamin-C pretreatment compared to the STZ-only treatment. Moreover, we conducted the western-blot analysis to determine the protective effect of the vitamin C regarding the apoptosis. Compared to those in the STZ-only-treatment group, the p-ERK and Bcl-2 expressions increased in the vitamin-C-pretreatment group, whereas the p-JNK and Bax expressions decreased. The vitamin-C pretreatment increased the expression of the SOD-1, an antioxidant enzyme, by more than 30%, indicating its protective role in the STZ-induced oxidative stress. Also, we found both the intrinsic- and extrinsic-pathway mechanisms of the STZ-induced apoptosis. The results of this study $s{\mu}ggest$ vitamin C may help prevent the neurodegenerative diseases.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.53-53
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• 2011

As the dimension of Cu interconnects has continued to reduce, its resistivity is expected to increase at the nanoscale due to increased surface and grain boundary scattering of electrons. To suppress increase of the resistivity in nanoscale interconnects, alloying Cu with other metal elements such as Al, Mn, and Ag is being considered to increase the mean free path of the drifting electrons. The formation of Al alloy with a slight amount of Cu broadly studied in the past. The study of Cu alloy including a very small Al fraction, by contrast, recently began. The formation of Cu-Al alloy is limited in wet chemical bath and was mainly conducted for fundamental studies by sputtering or evaporation system. However, these deposition methods have a limitation in production environment due to poor step coverage in nanoscale Cu metallization. In this work, gap-filling of Cu-Al alloy was conducted by cyclic MOCVD (metal organic chemical vapor deposition), followed by thermal annealing for alloying, which prevented an unwanted chemical reaction between Cu and Al precursors. To achieve filling the Cu-Al alloy into sub-100nm trench without overhang and void formation, furthermore, hydrogen plasma pretreatment of the trench pattern with Ru barrier layer was conducted in order to suppress of Cu nucleation and growth near the entrance area of the nano-scale trench by minimizing adsorption of metal precursors. As a result, superconformal gap-fill of Cu-Al alloy could be achieved successfully in the high aspect ration nanoscale trenches. Examined morphology, microstructure, chemical composition, and electrical properties of superfilled Cu-Al alloy will be discussed in detail.