• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.191-203
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• 2009

The effect of stabilizing piles on cut slopes is checked and the behavior of slope soil and piles are observed throughout the year by field measurements on the large-scale cut slopes. First of all, the behavior of the slope soil was measured by inclinometers during slope modification. Landslides occurred in this area due to the soil cutting for slope modification. The horizontal deformations of slope soil are gradually increased and rapidly decreased at depth of sliding surface. As the result of measuring deformation, the depth of sliding surface below the ground surface can be known. Based on the measuring the depth of the sliding surface, some earth retention system including stabilizing piles were designed and constructed in this slope. To check the stability of the reinforced slope using stabilizing piles, an instrumentation system was installed. As the result of instrumentation, the maximum deflection of piles is measured at the pile head. It is noted that the piles deform like deflection on a cantilever beam. The maximum bending stress of piles is measured at the soil layer. The pile above the soil layer is subjected to lateral earth pressure due to driving force of the slope, while pile below soil layer is subjected to subgrade reaction against pile deflection. The deflection of piles is increased during cutting slope in front of piles for the construction of soil nailing. As a result of research, the effect and applicability of stabilizing piles in large-scale cut slopes could be confirmed sufficiently.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.299-304
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• 2013

The HAN which is an ionic liquid is a non-toxic monopropellant with high storability, and its specific impulse can be increased by blending methanol, thereby it can substitute the hydrazine. The HAN was synthesized by acid-base reaction of hydroxylamine and nitric acid, and the blending ratio of HAN and methanol is 8.2:1. The iridium catalyst was used to decompose the HAN, and 1 N class thruster with shower head type injector having one orifice was used to evaluate the HAN/Methanol propellant. The thermal stability of distributor was increased by using ceramic material to endure the high temperature of product gas. The preheating temperature of catalyst should be $400^{\circ}C$ at least for the complete decomposition. The feeding pressure should be increased to increase the $C^*$ efficiency, thereby the decomposition performance was decreased upstream catalyst, and the performance of thruster was decreased. The fine metal mesh was inserted after the injector to improve the atomization of propellant, thereby it can settle the performance decrease problem. The phenomenon of performance decrease was remarkably improved owing to the insertion of fine metal mesh.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.806-819
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• 2005

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate clinical characteristics and remedial value oriental medical therapy for sufferers of severe headache. Methods : On the authority of DongEuiBoCam, patients were classified into three groups: migraine, qi-syncope headache and phlegm-headache. All patients wert treated with acupuncture therapy and herb medicines. After that inquiry was made into the extent of improvement of headache. Results : 1. In accordance with the statistics, 56 cases(50.5%) had phlegm-syncope headache, 28 cases(25.2%) had qi-syncope headache and 27 cases(24.3%) had migraine. 2. The ratio between males and females was about 1:4. Most patients were in their forties. 3. 12 cases(31.6%) with migraine had pain only on the right side of the head, 20 cases(26.3%) with phlegm-syncope and 17 cases(45.6%) with qi-syncope headache suffered from the frontal lobe headache. 4. 8 cases(29.6%) with migraine had been suffering for a week or less, 12 cases(21.4%) with phlegm-syncope headache had been suffering for over six months and under one year and 6 cases(21.4%) with qi-syncupe headache had suffered over one year and under five. 5. Overwork and stress was deemed the main cause of migraine. Phlegm-syncope headache was also attributed to stress and tense situations. Qi-syncope headache was believed to be variously caused by traffic accident, noise, blood pressure and other reasons. 6. 46 cases(30%) felt dull headache and 32 cases(20.9%) felt dizzy. The common associated symptoms of migraine and qi-syncope headache included back, neck and shoulder pain and other pains. Dizziness was an especially prevalent symptom of phlegm-syncope headache. 7. After the oriental medical therapy, 12 cases(10.8%) almost entirely recovered, 50 cases(45%) were in about half as much pain, 45 cases(40.5%) improved little and 4 cases(3.6%) felt no improvement. Conclusions : The results support a role for oriental medical therapy in treatment of headache.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.509-519
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• 2013

Through the study on judgment of Body form and settle Energy flow(立形定氣) before diagnose the patients, the results are as follows. The observation of the body form is to determine prosperity and deficiency of each internal organ. It is necessary to distinguish Body form loss(形脫) and Body form fullness(形充). Fat man(肥人), Thin man(瘦人), Creamy man(膏人), Muscular man(肉人), Small Fat man(脂人) are discriminated by fat distribution, fat content, and muscle mass. The observation of the body form means the observation of structure disorder, color change, develop part at body, head and face. The observation of the body form that is to determine prosperity and deficiency of each internal organ is from the limited knowledge of the anatomy. The observation of face color is considered by blood perfusion, blood oxygenation and accumulation of carotinoid, bilirubin and change of melanin in the facial skin. The prosperity and the deficiency of energy flow is considered by symptom combined with growth (<40 years) and aging (>40 years). The prosperity of energy flow includes the anger, anxious emotion and the deficiency of energy flow includes the fear, depressive emotion. The breathing type is expiratory exhalation like asthma patients in the prosperity of energy flow. The deficiency of energy flow is weakness to overcome the disease. The prosperity and the deficiency of energy flow are considered by body metabolic ratios (Basal metabolic Rate: BMR, Resting metabolic rate: RMR, Physical activity ratios: PASs). Development of subcutaneous fat is good in the person of prosperous energy flow. The person of prosperous energy flow is hard to overcome to heat weather than cold weather. The person of deficiency of energy flow has tendencies of low blood pressure, insufficiency of blood flow in the peripheral and being shocked. The person of deficiency of energy flow has tendencies of chronic fatigue syndrome or automatic nerve disorder. If the patient who has deficiency of energy flow has severe weight loss should be checked for the presence of disease. The observation of small and large of bone is to check the development and disorder of bone growth and aging. The observation of thickness and weakness of muscle is to check the development of muscle, particularly biceps, gastrocnemius, and rectus abdominal muscle. The observation of thickness and weakness of skin is to check the ability of regulating body temperature by sweating.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.82-91
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• 1989

This study was carried out to get the basic information of irrigation plans for the red pepper, such as optimum irrigation level and irrigation requirement in Taegu and Kyungpook province. In this study, red peppers were cultivated in 6 PVC pot lysimeters filled with 60cm deep clay loam soil. Four tensiometers were installed in each plot to measure the soil water pressure head. Field measurements were made during the period June 6 to October 31, 1988 at the experimental farm of Kvungpook National University. Six levels of irrigation were used. They were PF 1.8-2.0, PF 2.2-2.4, PF 2.8-3.0, FC-PF.1.7, FC-PF 2.2, and FC-PF 2.7. The results obtained from this study are summarized as follows : 1. In case of irrigation levels of narrow ranges of water contents, the higher the soil water content was, the larger the ET was. Hut in case of the irrigation levels returning to the field capacity, the lager the PF value of irrigation point was, the larger the ET was. Considering ET, yield and weight per fruit, the latter is much better than the former irrigation method. 2. The mean daily ET and mean ET ratio for each 10-day period showed that the maximum value occured in the last of August. The ranges of those were 3.74-14.64 mm/day and 0.87-3.40, respectively. These values showed that small during the early stage of growth, large during the middle stage and getting smaller in the last stage. 3. In case of irrigation levels of narrow ranges of water contents, the increase of irrigation water supplied increased the ET. The relationship between the two showed nearly straight line. Most of irrigated water was consumed as ET and the rest as percolation. But, in case of irrigation levels returning to the field capacity, the higher the PF value of irrigation point was, the larger the ET ratio was. However, their relationship didn't show straight line. 4. The irrigation level of PC - PP 2.7 was found to be the optimum irrigation level with respect to the yield, the weight per fruit, stem length, irrigation requirement and percolation quantity. In this case, mean daily ET and mean ET ratio were 6.79 mm/day (total 10052 mm) and 1.67, respectively. The maximum mean daily ET and mean ET ratio for 10-day period were 14.64 mm/day and 3.40, respectively, in the last of August, and the maximum daily ET was 2126 mm/day on August 24. 5. In case of PC - PP 2.7 which is found the optimum irrigation level, mean irrigation water required, mean ET and mean percolation water quantity were 7.44 mm/day, 6.79 mm/day(91.3% of irrigation water), and 0.38 mm/day (5.5% of it), respectively.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.1004-1008
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• 1998

We report a case of heart-lung transplantation in a 32 year-old female with Eisenmenger syndrome secondary to patent ductus arteriosus. She has been suffered from congestive heart failure since June 1996 and repeatedly treated at Intensive Care Unit with intravenous inotropic support since July 1997. Preoperative echocardiography showed a patent ductus arteriosus with right to left shunt, severe regurgitation of tricuspid valve and estimated right ventricular systolic pressure of 100mmHg. The brain-dead donor was an 18 year-old male with head trauma from traffic accident 3 days ago. Heart-lung block procurement was performed at another general hospital and was transported to the Seoul National University Hospital by ambulance. Total ischemic time of the transplanted heart and lung were 249 minutes and 270 minutes, respectively. The immunosuppressive therapy was commenced preoperatively with cyclosporine and azathioprine. Corticosteroid was not used until postoperative 3 weeks in order to avoid infection and delayed healing at the tracheal anastomotic site. The patient was discharged at 31st postoperative day, and has been regularly followed up at outpatient clinic without specific complication. The follow-up bronchoscopy, performed 2 weeks and 4 months after surgery, revealed no evidence of cellular rejection.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.648-652
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• 2010

Purpose: A brain abscess is a serious disease of the central nerve system. We conducted this study to summarize the clinical manifestations and outcomes of brain abscesses. Methods: A retrospective chart review of pediatric patients diagnosed with brain abscesses from November 1994 to June 2009 was performed at Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. Results: Twenty-five patients were included in this study. On average, 1.67 cases per year were identified and the median age was 4.3 years. The common presenting clinical manifestations were fever (18/25, 72%), seizure (12/25, 48%), altered mental status (11/25, 44%), and signs of increased intracranial pressure (9/25, 36%). A total of 14 (56%) patients had underlying illnesses, with congenital heart disease (8/25, 32%) as the most common cause. Predisposing factors were identified in 15 patients (60%). The common predisposing factors were otogenic infection (3/25, 12%) and penetrating head trauma (3/25, 12%). Causative organisms were identified in 64% of patients (16/25). The causative agents were $S$ $intermedius$ (n=3), $S$ $aureus$ (n=3), $S$ $pneumoniae$ (n=1), Group B streptococcus (n=2), $E.$ $coli$ (n=1), $P.$ $aeruginosa$ (n=1), and suspected fungal infection (n=5). Seven patients received medical treatment only while the other 18 patients also required surgical intervention. The overall fatality rate was 16% and 20% of patients had neurologic sequelae. There was no statistical association between outcomes and the factors studied. Conclusion: Although uncommon, a brain abscess is a serious disease. A high level of suspicion is very important for early diagnosis and to prevent serious consequences.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.351-355
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• 2009

Purpose: Cervical necrotizing fasciitis tends to involve the deep soft tissues and spread caudally to the anterior chest and mediastinum, often resulting in major complications and death. It may rapidly spread into the thorax along fascial planes, and the associated diagnostic delay results in this descending necrotizing mediastinitis. So, aggressive multidisciplinary therapy with surgical drainage is mandatory. We present a very rare case of descending necrotizing mediastinitis with literature review. Methods: A 53 years old male visited our department 7 days after trauma in neck. His premorbid conditions and risk factors of necrotizing fasciitis were concealed hepatoma, trauma history, chronic liver disease, and nutrition deficit. Computed tomographic scans of the head and neck region were performed in this patient : signs of necrotizing fasciitis, were seen in the platysma, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius muscle and strap muscles of the neck. Fluid accumulations involved multiple neck spaces and mediastinum. At the time, he diagnosed as necrotizing fasciitis on his neck and anterior chest. Necrotic wound was excised serially and we treated this with the Vacuum - assisted closure(VAC, Kinetics Concepts International, San Antonio, Texas) system device. After appropriately shaping the sponge and achieving additional 3 pieces drainage tubes in the pockets, continuous negative pressure of 125 mmHg was applied. The VAC therapy was utilized for a period of 12 days. Results: We obtained satisfactory results from wide excision, abscess drainage with the VAC system, and then split thickness skin graft. The postoperative course was uneventful. Conclusion: The refined technique using the VAC system can provide a means of simple and effective management for the descending necrotizing mediastinitis, with better cosmetic and functional results. Finally, the VAC system has been adopted as the standard treatment for deep cervical and mediastinal wound infections as a result of the excellent clinical outcome.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.55-58
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to get information about water retention characteristics of horticultural substrates used in Korea determined by European standard method. Water retention curves were prepared at water volume (v/v, %) in relation to -10 cm, -50 cm, -100 cm water pressure head. Water retention curves showed different properties depending upon the type, the place of origin, particle size, and manufacturing processes of substrates. Peat and coir had easily available water content in the range of 30-40% and showed high water holding capacity, water buffering capacity, and aeration for plant growth. However, bark, sawdust and rice hull showed low water holding capacity about below 10%. The easily available water content of perlite and clay ball was low about 0.1-13.8%, whereas that of vermiculite and rockwool granulate was high about 25.9-52.0%. Understanding water retention characteristics of growing substrates is very important in cstablisliing optimum condition for plant growth. Further study on water retention curves for more substrates, mixture and growing media is needed.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 1982

The objective of this study was to find out the technical feasibility of ethanol-diesel fuel blends as a diesel engine fuel. Fuel properties essential to the proper operation of a diesel engine were determined for blends containing several concentrations of ethanol in No. 2 diesel fuel. A single-cylinder diesel engine for a power tiller was used for the engine tests, in which load, speed and fuel consumption rate were measured. The fuels used in tests were No. 2 diesel fuel and a blend containing 10-percent ethanol and 90-percent No. 2 diesel fuel. The results of the study are summarized as follows. 1. It was not possible to blend ethanol and No. 2 diesel fuel as a homogeneous solution even though anhydrous ethanol was used. The problem of blending ethanol in No. 2 diesel fuel could be solved by adding butanol about 5% of the amount of ethanol in the blends. 2. Because ethanol had a much lower boiling point ($78.3^{\circ}C$ under atmospheric pressure) than a diesel fuel, it was necessary to store ethanol-diesel fuel blends airtight in order to prevent them from evaporation losses of ethanol. 3. The addition of ethanol to No. 2 diesel fuel lowered the fuel viscosity and the cetane rating, but a blend of 10% ethanol and 90% diesel fuel had a viscosity and a cetane rating well above the KS minimum values for No. 2 diesel fuel. 4. At the rated speed, the specific fuel consumption of No.2 diesel fuel was lower than that of the 10% ethanol blend for the almost entire range of load. However, under the overload condition the specific fuel consumption was lower for the 10% ethanol blend. 5. Under the variable-speed full-load tests, both fuels produced approximately the same torque and power. At the speeds of 1600rpm or below, the specific fuel consumption of No. 2 diesel fuel was lower than that of the 10% ethanol blend. At the speeds of 1600rpm or above, however, the specific fuel consumption was lower for the 10% ethanol blend. 6. At the ambient temperature above $15^{\circ}C$, the use of the 10% ethanol blend in the engine created a vapor lock in the fuel injection pump and stalled the engine. The vapor locking problem was overcome by chilling the surroundings of the fuel injection pump and the cylinder head with water.