• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2013

Metformin is widely used for T2D therapy but its cellular mechanism of action is undefined. Recent studies on the mechanism of metformin in T2D have demonstrated involvement of the immune system. Current immunotherapies focus on the potential of immunomodulatory strategies for the treatment of T2D. In this study, we examined the effects of metformin on the antigen-presenting function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Metformin decreased both MHC class I and class II-restricted presentation of OVA and suppressed the expression of both MHC molecules and co-stimulatory factors such as CD54, CD80, and CD86 in DCs, but did not affect the phagocytic activity toward exogenous OVA. The class II-restricted OVA presentation-regulating activity of metformin was also confirmed using mice that had been injected with metformin followed by soluble OVA. These results provide an understanding of the mechanisms of the T cell response-regulating activity of metformin through the inhibition of MHC-restricted antigen presentation in relation to its actions on APCs.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.56-58
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• 2001

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, which is one of the most aggressive tumors of the thyroid, has been seldomly reposted to have altered thyroid function. There have been few reports of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer presenting in a hyperthyroid state. In the literatures, the mechanism of hyperthyroidism in anaplastic thyroid cancer is supposed that the rapid invasive growth of cancer seems to cause destruction of thyroid tissue and develops a hyperthyroid state, which is thought to be anlalogous to that of subacute thyroiditis and several types of metastatic cancer of the thyroid: rapid tissue necrosis with resultant release of thyroid hormone. Recently, we experienced a case of anaplastic thyroid cancer presenting with rapid growing mass and hyperthyroidism in a 67-year-old woman and report it with the review of the literatures.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.114-121
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• 2001

본 연구에서는 다중 비유의 사용 방식이 중학생들의 과학 개념 이해에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 7학년 학생 127명에게 다중 비유의 사용 방식(비유물의 개수, 비유물과 목표물의 대응 회수, 비유물간 유사성 비교)이 다른 네 가지 유형의 비유 학습 교재 중 하나를 무선 배포하여 읽게 한 후, 개념 검사를 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 비유물이나 대응 과정을 2번 사용하는 것은 과학 개념의 회상 및 응용에 유의미한 영향을 주지 않았다. 그러나 비유물간의 유사성 비교는 과학 개념 응용에서 유의미한 효과가 있었다. 이에 대한 교육학적 함의를 논의하였다.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.39-44
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• 2005

Ion-exchange polymeric stationary phases presenting amino acid and amino groups were prepared by the surface grafting of glycidyl methacrylate onto a silica gel surface and subsequent amination. Three kinds of amino acids-L-arginine (Arg), D-lysine (Lys), and D-histine (His)-were used in this study. An ion-exchange polymeric stationary phase presenting ethylene diamine (EDA) was also prepared by surface graft polymerization. Separation of the model proteins bovine serum albumin (BSA), chick egg albumin (CEA), and hemoglobin (Hb) was performed using the amino acid- and amine-derived columns. In separating the CEA/BSA mixture, the resolution time of BSA was longer than that of CEA when using the EDA column, whereas the resolution time of BSA was shorter than that of CEA when using the Arg, Lys, and His columns. In the separation of the Hb/BSA mixture, the resolution time of BSA was longer than that of Hb in the EDA column, whereas the resolution time of BSA was shorter than that of Hb in the amino acid columns (D-Lys, L-Arg, and D-His).

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권8호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2020

The paper aims to investigate the impact of presenting statements of cash flow using the direct method and the indirect method on loan decision by credit officers at Vietnamese banks. The data was collected from 150 credit officers of commercial banks in Vietnam based on the questionnaire about making loan decision when the cash flow statement is presented in different methods, namely, direct and indirect methods. This research uses T-tests to check whether using the direct or indirect method affects the accurate calculation of loan criteria, affects the loan decision by credit officers, and compare these two methods in the aspects of information provision. The research has pointed out that: 1) the direct method helps the calculation of indicators related to loans more accurately; 2) credit officers say that, while the direct method of presenting cash flow statement provides clearer information, the use of either the direct method or the indirect method does not affect the banks' loan decision. Since then, the author recommends that cash flow statements should be provided with information in a direct method to present the information needed for loan decision more accurately so as to improve the quality of cash flow statement.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.107-122
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of the presenting type of menu labels(regular/descriptive) and knowledge level(high/low) on the advertisement(Ad) comprehension, attitude toward the Ad, attitude toward the brand, purchase intentions. For that reasons, 157 university students who are majoring in food-service management or culinary arts were conveniently selected as sample for $2{\times}2$ factorial design. A final sample of 153 responses were deemed usable and then two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. The findings are as follows. First, there were significant differences between the presenting types of menu labels and communication effects including the Ad comprehension, attitude toward the Ad, attitude toward the brand, purchase intentions. It can be known that descriptive menu labels showed higher communication effects than regular menu labels. Second, there were significant differences between the knowledge levels and communication effects including the Ad comprehension, attitude toward the Ad, and purchase intention but not in attitude toward the brand. It can be known that consumers with relatively high knowledge levels showed higher the Ad comprehension, attitude toward the Ad, purchase intention than consumers with low knowledge levels. The results of this study can be used as data for more effective menu marketing and basic of further empirical study for effectiveness of menu labels.

• 대한기관식도과학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.157-160
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• 2010

Tetanus is a life-threatening infection that is rare in the developed country. Because of the rarity: of the disease, the clinician may be unfamiliar with the clinical presentation and unsuspecting of the diagnosis. However, tetanus can rapidly progress into lethal muscle spasms accompanied by respiratory insufficiency, and it has a mortality of 15 to 30%. The most common presenting symptom was trismus, followed by neck pain, dysphagia, generalized pain and facial muscle contractions. Dysphagia is a common symptom of tetanus, but not common as an initial symptom, the correct diagnosis and adequate therapy are likely to be delayed. Treatment involves administration of penicillin, tetanus immune-globulin, debridement of wounds, aggressive supportive care, and initiation of active immunization. We report an elderly woman presenting with dysphagia as an initial symptom of tetanus with review of literature.

• Educational Technology International
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.183-200
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• 2015

This study investigated the effect of learning achievements and cognitive load according to different types of presenting learning materials and epistemological beliefs (EB). Learning achievements in this study were composed by retention and transfer of ill-structured problem. A total of 80 college students participated in the study. Prior to the learning, students were guided to fill out a questionnaire regarding epistemological beliefs and a prior knowledge test. The students of each group studied with a different type of reading material: full text (FT), full text including key questions (KeyFT) and full text including a concept map (CmFT). After a session of study was finished, they were asked to complete the posttest: retention and transfer. The results showed that there was a significant difference in transfer achievements. CmFT outperformed higher scores than the other types. There was no significant difference in retention among the groups. It is strongly believed that the types of presenting learning materials may have affected the understanding of ill-structured problem solving skills. Students with sophisticated EB showed higher achievements on retention and transfer than naive-EB and mixed-EB. Even though the data showed decrease of the cognitive load on the type of materials and EB, there were no significant differences on the cognitive load. We should consider a positive effect of types of presenting learning materials and EB enhancing capabilities of solving ill-structured problems in real life.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.56-64
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• 2007

이 연구에서는 변칙사례 및 대안가설에 의해 유발된 인지갈등과 불안, 주의집중, 노력이 개념변화에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 중학교 1학년 학생 470명을 대상으로 선개념 검사를 실시하여 203명의 오개념을 지닌 학생들을 선발하였다. 변칙사례를 제시한 후, 대안가설 제시 전후에 각각 변칙사례에 대한 반응 검사와 불안검사를 실시하였다. CAI 프로그램으로 밀도 개념학습을 실시하였으며, 사후 검사로 주의집중 검사, 노력 검사, 개념 검사를 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 변칙사례에 의해 유발된 인지갈등(사전 인지갈등)은 대안가설 제시 후 증가하였다. 사전 인지갈등은 변칙사례와 대안가설에 의해 유발된 인지갈등(사후 인지갈등)에만 직접적인 영향을 주었으며, 사후 인지갈등은 개념변화에 직접적으로 긍정적인 영향을 주었다. 변칙사례에 의해 유발된 불안(사전 불안)은 대안가설 제시 후 감소하였다. 사전 불안은 변칙사례와 대안가설에 의해 유발된 불안(사후 불안)에만 직접적인 영향을 주었으며, 사후 불안은 노력을 통해 개념변화에 부정적인 영향을 주었다. 주의집중은 개념변화에 직접적으로 또는 노력을 경유하여 긍정적인 영향을 주었다. 이런 결과는 개념변화 수업에서 변칙사례와 대안가설을 함께 제시하는 전략이 변칙사례만 제시하는 전략보다 인지갈등을 더욱 유발하거나 불안을 감소시켜 학생들이 개념학습 과정에 보다 능동적이고 적극적으로 참여하도록 유도함으로써 개념변화를 촉진할 가능성을 시사한다.

• 교육시설
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.81-83
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• 2006