• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.1128-1133
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• 2004

A comprehensive experimental and numerical study has been conducted to understand the influence of $CH_{3}Cl$ addition on $CH_{4}/O_{2}/N_{2}$ premixed flames under the oxygen enrichment. The laminar flame speeds of $CH_{4}/CH_{3}Cl/O_{2}/N_{2}$ premixed flames at room temperature and atmospheric pressure are experimentally measured using Bunsen nozzle flame technique, varying the amount of $CH_{3}Cl$ in the fuel, the equivalence ratio of the unburned mixture, and the level of the oxygen enrichment. The flame speeds predicted by a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism employed are found to be in excellent agreement with those deduced from experiments. As $CH_{3}Cl$ addition is increased temperature at the postflame is not almost varied but the heat release rate and $EI_{NO}$ are decreased. The function of $CH_{3}Cl$ as inhibitor on hydrocarbon flames becomes weakened as the level of the oxygen enrichment is increased from 0.21 to 0.5.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2009

Propagation rates ($U_{edge}$) of various premixed, twin edge-flames were measured as a function of global strain rate ($\sigma$), mixture strength, and Lewis number (Le). Using a counterflow slot-jet burner with electrical heaters at each end, both advancing (positive $U_{edge}$) and retreating (negative $U_{edge}$) edge-flames can be studied as they propagate along the long dimension of the burner. Experimental results are presented for premixed methane/air twin flames in terms of the effects of $\sigma$ on $U_{edge}$. Both low-$\sigma$ and high-$\sigma$ extinction limits were discovered for all mixtures tested. As a result, the domain of edge-flame stability was obtained in terms of heat loss factor and normalized flame thickness, and comparison with the numerical result of other researchers was also made. For low ($CH_4/O_2/CO_2$) and high ($C_{3}H_{8}$/air) Lewis number cases, propagation rates clearly show a strong dependence on Le.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.29 no.2 s.233
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• pp.255-262
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• 2005

A comprehensive experimental and numerical study has been conducted to understand the influence of $CH_{3}Cl$ addition on $CH_4/O_2/N_2$ premixed flames under the oxygen enrichment. The laminar flame speeds of $CH_4/CH_{3}Cl/O_2/N_2$ premixed flames at room temperature and atmospheric pressure are experimentally measured using Bunsen nozzle flame technique, varying the amount of $CH_{3}Cl$ in the fuel, the equivalence ratio of the unburned mixture, and the level of the oxygen enrichment. The flame speeds predicted by a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism employed are found to be in excellent agreement with those deduced from experiments. Even though the molar amount of $CH_{3}Cl$ in a methane flame is increased, temperature at the postflame is not significantly varied, but the calculated heat release rate and emission index of NO are largely decreased for the oxygen enhanced flame. The function of $CH_{3}Cl$ as inhibitor on hydrocarbon flames becomes weakened as the level of the oxygen enrichment is increased from 0.21 to 0.5.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.858-867
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• 1995

Characteristics of premixed flames in counter-flow system are numerically studied using a detailed chemical reaction mechanism including gas phase radiation. Without radiation effect accounted, low CO and high NO$_{x}$ emission indices are observed, when strain rate decreases, due to increased residence time and higher flame temperature. Higher NO$_{2}$ production has been also observed when two premixed flames are interacting or cold air stream is mixed with burned gas. The rate of NO$_{x}$ production and destruction is dependent upon the diffusional strength of H and OH radicals, the existence of NO and the concentration of HO$_{2}$. For radiating flames, the peak temperature and NO$_{x}$ production rate decreases as the strain rate decreases. At high strain rate, it is found that the effect of radiation on flame is little due to its negligible radiating volume. It is also found that NO$_{x}$ production from the interacting premixed flame is reduced due to reduced temperature resulting from radiation heat loss. It is concluded that the radiation from gas has significant effect of flame structure and on emission characteristics.ristics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.44-52
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• 2013

Important role of chemical interaction in flame extinction was numerically investigated in downstream interaction among lean(rich) and lean(rich) premixed as well as partially premixed $H_2$-air and CO-air flames. The strain rate varied from 30 to $5917s^{-1}$ until interacting flame could not be sustained anymore. Flame stability diagrams mapping lower and upper limit fuel concentrations for flame extinction as a function of strain rate are presented. Highly stretched interacting flames were survived only within two islands in the flame stability map where partially premixed mixture consisted of rich $H_2$-air flame, extremely lean CO-air flame, and a diffusion flame. Further increase in strain rate finally converges to two points. Appreciable amount of hydrogen in the side of lean $H_2$-air flame also oxidized the CO penetrated from CO-air flame, and this reduced flame speed of the $H_2$-air flame, leading to flame extinction. At extremely high strain rates, interacting flames were survived only by a partially premixed flame such that it consisted of a very rich $H_2$-air flame, an extremely lean CO-air flame, and a diffusion flame. In such a situation, both the weaker $H_2$-air and CO-air flames were parasite on the stronger diffusion flame such that it could lead to flame extinction in the situation of weakening the stronger diffusion flame. Particular concerns are focused on important role of chemical interaction in flame extinction was also discussed in detail.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.63-74
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• 1999

The effects of EGR and premixedness on NO formation have been numerically investigated. The flame structure is classified into three categories; premixed flame($=1)$, rich/lean premixed flame(${\alpha}=0.6$ and 0.8) and diffusion flame(${\alpha}=0$). NO formation/destruction mechanisms are assorted to thermal, reburn and Fenimore mechanisms. The temperature of unburned gas is arranged to 298 and 500 K to have access to the condition in a real internal combustion engine. The results show that all three NO formation/destruction reaction rates in the fuel rich flame zone could be decreased by EGR for rich/lean premixed flames, while those in the fuel lean flame zone are not significantly changed. Near the stagnation plane, however, only the thermal NO reaction rate is decreased. The contribution of reburn and Fenimore mechanisms for the net NO production becomes less significant as the premixedness of a flame increases. The larger amount of NO reduction with EGR is expected under the higher temperature and/or higher fuel/air premixedness conditions due to the increased contribution of the thermal mechanism. The role of Fenimore and reburn mechanisms could be important for rich premixed and diffusion flames; therefore, the effect of EGR on NO reduction could vary with fuel/air premixedness. The premixedness of a partially premixed flame changes the flame structure and could affect the NO production characteristics.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.569-579
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• 2004

The lift-off characteristics of lifted laminar propane jet flames highly diluted with nitrogen are investigated introducing acoustic forcing with a fuel tube resonance frequency. A flame stability curve is obtained according to forcing strength and the nozzle exit velocity for N2 diluted flames. Flame lift-off behavior is globally classified into three regimes; 1) a weakly varying partially premixed behavior caused by a collapsible mixing for large forcing strength, 2) a coexistent behavior of the edge flame and a weakly varying partially premixed behavior for moderate forcing strength, and 3) edge flame or triple flame behavior for small forcing. It is shown that the laminar lifted flame with forcing affects flame lift-off behavior considerably, and is also clarified that the flame characteristic of flame base is well described with the penetration depth of the degree of mixing, ${\gamma}$$\_$$\delta$/. It is also confirmed that the weakly varying partially premixed flame caused by a collapsible mixing fur large forcing strength behaves as that just near flame blow-out in turbulent lift-off flame.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.33-40
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• 2005

The propagation rates of advancing and retreating non-premixed edge flames in a slot-jet counterflow were measured as a function of strain rate for varying jet spacing, mixture strength, stoichiometric mixture fractions $(Z_{st})$ and Lewis numbers (Le). Methane and propane fuels were tested and nitrogen and carbon dioxide were used as inerts. As results, we could identify igniting fronts, retreating fronts, two total extinction limits, and short-length edge flames. A burner separation affected to a low extinction limit only. Regimes for advancing and retreating edges together with total extinction were mapped in terms of normalized flame thickness and heat loss factor for $CH_4/O_2/N_2$ mixtures. Edge flames for $Z_{st}$ > 0.5 behaved like a stronger mixture while for $Z_{st}$ < 0.5 showed deteriorated feature, because of relative locations of a non-premixed flame and intermediate species such as CO and $H_2$. Furthermore, due to the relative importance of heat loss, propagating speeds of edge flames were significantly enhanced in $CH_4/O_2/CO_2$ mixtures (Le < 1) demonstrating increasing stability limits. However $C_3H_8/O_2/N_2$ mixtures (Le > 1) showed opposite result.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.159-165
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• 2003

Self-excited noise generation from laminar flames in thin annular jets of methane/air premixture has been investigated experimentally. Various flames were observed in this flow configuration, including conical shape flames, ring shape flames, steady crown shape flames, and oscillating crown shape flames. Self-excited noise with the total sound pressure level of about 70dB was generated from the oscillating crown shape flames for the equivalence ratio larger than 0.95. Sound pressure and $CH^{\ast}$ chemiluminescence were measured by using a microphone and a photomultiplier tube. The frequency of generated noise was measured as functions of equivalence ratio and premixture velocity. A frequency doubling phenomena have also been observed. The measured $CH^{\ast}$ chemiluminescence data were analyzed from which the corresponding sound pressure has been calculated. By comparing the data with those of measured ones, the noise source can be attributed to the flame front fluctuation near the edge of the oscillating crown-shape flames. The flame stability regime was influenced sensitively to the supplying air through the inner tube.

• 한국가시화정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.12a
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• pp.147-155
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• 2004

Self-excited noise generation from laminar flames in thin annular jets of methane/air premixture has been investigated experimentally. Various flames were observed in this flow configuration, including conical shape flames, ring shape flames, steady crown shape flames, and oscillating crown shape flames. Self-excited noise with the total sound pressure level of about 70dB was generated from the oscillating crown shape flames for the equivalence ratio larger than 0.95. Sound pressure and $CH^*$ chemiluminescence were measured by using a microphone and a photomultiplier tube. The frequency of generated noise was measured as functions of equivalence ratio and premixture velocity. A frequency doubling phenomena have also been observed. The flame shape during flame oscillation was reconfirmed by a synchronized PIV experiment. The velocity and pressure field were obtained from PIV. The minimum pressure was formed near the edge of flame representing circulation. By comparing the results of sound pressure, flame luminosity and PIV, the noise source can be attributed to the flame front fluctuation near the edge of the oscillating crown-shape flames.