• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between maternal knowledge and social support on pregnancy stress among pregnant women in Korea. Methods: The participants in this study were 148 pregnant women in Korea, recruited from online communities on pregnancy and/or childbirth, from June 2019 to April 2020. The collected data were analyzed using the independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression. Results: Participants were at average 18.25±8.28 weeks gestation, 56% were in the second trimester, 31% had one or more health issues in the current pregnancy (e.g., hyperemesis gravidarum), and 76% were first-time mothers. Participants had moderate levels of pregnancy stress (mean, 23.09±7.11 points out of 48) and maternal knowledge (mean, 14.42±4.67 points out of 21), whereas social support was somewhat high (mean 45.88±7.81 points out of 60). Pregnancy stress was weakly negatively correlated with social support (r=-.37, p<.001). Main source of pregnancy information (β=-.21, p=.011), marital satisfaction (β=-.18, p=.036), and social support (β=-.19, p=.038) were identified as significant factors affecting pregnancy stress, and these variables had an explanatory power of 22.7% for pregnancy stress. Conclusion: Based on these findings, nurses should assess pregnancy-related stress during pregnancy and consider main source of pregnancy information and marital satisfaction when providing education or counseling. Moreover, strategies to reduce pregnancy stress through social support are needed to improve the quality of life for pregnant women.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.943-950
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• 2015

Heat stress has adverse effects on fertility of dairy animals. Decline in fertility is linearly associated with an increase in combination of both temperature and humidity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between temperature humidity index (THI) and the pregnancy rate of Murrah buffaloes in a subtropical climate. The effects of genetic and non-genetic factors viz., sire, parity, period of calving and age group at first calving were found non-significant on pregnancy rate. The effect of THI was found significant (p<0.001) on pregnancy rate of Murrah buffaloes calved for first time and overall pregnancy rate. The threshold THI affecting the pregnancy rate was identified as THI 75. The months from October to March showed THI<75 and considered as non heat stress zone (NHSZ), while months from April to September were determined as heat stress zone (HSZ) with $THI{\geq}75$. The lowest overall pregnancy rate (0.25) was obtained in July with THI 80.9, while the highest overall pregnancy rate (0.59) was found in November with THI 66.1. May and June were identified as critical heat stress zone (CHSZ) within the HSZ with maximum decline (-7%) in pregnancy rate with per unit increase in THI. The highest overall pregnancy rate was estimated as 0.45 in NHSZ with THI value 56.7 to 73.2. The pregnancy rate was found to have declined to 0.28 in HSZ with THI 73.5 to 83.7. However, the lowest pregnancy rate was estimated as 0.27 in CHSZ with THI value 80.3 to 81.6.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.235-241
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• 2020

We aimed to determine the effect of timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocols on the pregnancy rate per insemination and pregnancy loss compared with AI performed at detected estrus in dairy cows and Korean Hanwoo cattle under heat stress. In dairy cattle, 1,250 sets of data that underwent AI during heat stress (temperature-humidity index ≥ 72) were categorized according to their TAI protocols or as controls: 1) PGF_2α-36 h-estradiol benzoate (EB)-36 h-TAI (PG-EB group, n = 113); 2) GnRH-7 days-PGF_2α-56 h-GnRH-16 h-TAI (Ovsynch group, n = 455); or 3) GnRH-6 days-Ovsynch (G6G group, n = 136). The remaining cows underwent AI at detected estrus (AIDE group, n = 546). The probability of pregnancy per AI 45 days after AI was higher (P < 0.01) in the PG-EB (odds ratio [OR]: 1.68), Ovsynch (OR: 1.48), and G6G (OR: 1.79) groups than in the AIDE group. However, the prevalence of pregnancy loss between 30 and 45 days after AI did not differ among the groups. In Hanwoo cattle, 617 sets of data inseminated artificially under heat stress were categorized into AIDE (n = 281), PG-EB (n = 194), and combined Ovsynch or G6G (n = 142) groups. The probability of pregnancy per AI 45 days after AI and the prevalence of pregnancy loss between 30 and 45 days after AI did not differ among the groups. Thus, implementation of a TAI protocol (PG-EB, Ovsynch, or G6G) in dairy cows under heat stress improves the pregnancy rate per AI versus AIDE, whereas there is no beneficial effect of TAI on the pregnancy rate of Hanwoo cattle under heat stress.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.81-89
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• 2018

Purpose: We aimed to assess the mediating effect of fatigue on the relationship between pregnancy stress and depression during the third trimester of pregnancy. Methods: We surveyed 161 pregnant women at a hospital in Gyeonggi province in Korea from October to November, 2017. Data were analyzed by the SPSS WIN 22.0 program. Results: The mean scores of pregnancy stress, fatigue and depression were $2.09{\pm}.87$ with a range of 1~4, $2.31{\pm}0.84$ with a range of 1~4 and $0.85{\pm}0.81$ with a range of 0~3, respectively. Pregnancy stress was positively correlated with fatigue (r=.60, p<.001) and depression (r=.59, p<.001) and fatigue was positively correlated with depression (r=.48, p<.001). The mediating effect of fatigue on the relationship between pregnancy stress and depression (${\beta}=.21$, p=.010) was found. Conclusion: We found the mediating effect of fatigue on the relationship between pregnancy stress and depression. Thus, healthcare professionals should assess the pregnant woman's negative emotions in the early stage and facilitate their positive transition utilizing the assesment findings. For example, a development of interventions considering physical and psychological aspects for decreasing fatigue may improve the pregnant women's well-being during pregnancy and childbirth. In conclusion, the healthcare professionals should understand the potential problems during pregnancy and strive to enhance the positive process of pregnancy and growth of the baby.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.469-477
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• 2021

This purpose of this study was to survey pregnancy stress, self-esteem and depression in pregnant women and to identify factors influencing depression. Data were collected 154 pregnant women. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, t-test, Scheffe's test, Stepwise Regression Analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient. There was statistically significant difference in pregnancy stress on variable such as planned pregnancy. There were statistically significant difference in self-esteem on variables such as religion, occupation, gestational age. There was statistically significant difference in depression on variables such as planned pregnancy. Pregnancy stress was positively correlated with depression. depression was negatively correlated with self-esteem. Self-esteem was negatively correlated with pregnancy stress. Factor influencing depression were self-esteem, planned pregnancy, pregnancy stress, which explained 30.2%. Findings provide useful information for further studies in antenatal care of pregnant women. Therefore, to promote emotional support of pregnant women, it is necessary to standardized antenatal education program.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.329-339
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• 2024

Purpose: This study investigated the moderating role of general self-efficacy (GSE) on how stress caused by pregnancy and daily hassle affect the risk of preterm birth (PTB) in women experiencing preterm labor. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 196 pregnant women experiencing preterm labor before 37 weeks of gestation. We used IBM SPSS Statistics 27 and employed Hayes process macro version 4 (model 1) and hierarchical regression to analyze the moderating effect of GSE on the relationship between pregnancy stress, daily hassle stress, and PTB risk. Results: Stress caused by pregnancy and daily hassle was positively correlated to PTB risk (r = .54, p < .001; r = .25, p < .001, respectively). While GSE did not significantly correlate with pregnancy stress, it negatively correlated with daily hassle stress (r = - .19, p = .009). GSE significantly moderated the relationship between combined stressors and PTB risk. As GSE levels increased, escalation in PTB risk in response to increasing stress levels was a more pronounced, highlighting a complex interaction between higher GSE levels and response to escalating stress levels. This model accounted for 39.5% of the variance in the PTB risk. Conclusion: Higher GSE may amplify the impact of stress on PTB risk, rather than mitigate it, which suggests a more nuanced role of GSE in the stress response of pregnant women at risk of preterm labor. GSE should be considered in care strategies, and managing its impact on stress perception and responses in pregnant women is crucial.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.169-178
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• 1997

Thin study measured dietary intakes in late pregnancy and psychological stress during the period of gestation and examined the roles of diet and psychological stress in pregnancy weight gain and infant birth weight. Study subjects were 98 pregnant women who delivered infants at 2 general hospitals in Taejon city. Mean weight gain during pregnancy was 14.6$\pm$4.89Kg. Mean infant birth weight was 3.39$\pm$0.62kg in males and 3.28$\pm$0.43Kg in females. Mean energy and protein intake levels were adequate, but mean iron and calcium intakes were only 61.2$\pm$14.9% and 79.1$\pm$18.2$\%$ of RDA, respectively. Fat intake which constitutes 22.0$\pm$4.3$\%$ of total energy intake, and animal protein intake which constitutes 22.0$\pm$4.3$\%$ of total energy intake, and animal protein intake which constitutes 53.7$\%$ of total protein intake were moderately high. Though mean energy, fat, animal protein, and meat protein intakes in the low psychological stress group were higher than those in the middle or high stress group, psychological stress did not significantly affect pregnancy weight gain and infant birth weight. High intakes of nutrients except for dairy protein, iron, and niacin were associated with higher pregnancy weight gain and high intakes of protein and meat protein were associated with higher infant birth weight. It is concluded that dietary intakes during pregnancy has effects on pregnancy weight gain and infant birth weight, and psychological stress has no direct effect on them.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1017-1028
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between fetus-related pregnancy stress and temperament, parenting attitude, parent-fetal attachment, and marital quality. Respondents were 285 pregnant women and their spouses who participated in Pregnant Education Programs. Data was collected by means of questionnaire. The results are summarized as follows: The total fetus-related pregnancy stress level of pregnant couples demonstrated a higher relationship while parent-fetal attachment level demonstrated a very significant relationship. There were significant differences between spouses with regard to fetus-related pregnancy stress, parenting attitude, parent-fetal attachment, and marital quality.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.225-233
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate state-anxiety, dyadic adjustment and pregnancy stress in pregnant women and to identify factors influencing pregnancy stress. Data were collected 158 pregnant women. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe's test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, stepwise regression analysis. There was statistically significant difference in state-anxiety on variable such as age. There were statistically significant difference in dyadic adjustment on variables such as education, religion, income. There was not statistically significant difference in pregnancy stress on variables. Pregnancy stress was positively correlated with state-anxiety. Pregnancy stress was negatively correlated with dyadic adjustment. State-anxiety was negatively correlated with dyadic adjustment. Factor influencing pregnancy stress was state-anxiety, which explained 25.1%. Findings provide useful information for further studies in pregnancy stress of pregnant women. Therefore, to reduce pregnancy stress of pregnant women, it is necessary to standardized nursing intervention program.

• Journal of health informatics and statistics
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.336-343
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to test and validate a model to predict antenatal depression. Methods: Data were collected from a self-administered questionnaire of 251 pregnant women in D metropolitan city. Exogenous variables were self-esteem, social support, and high risk pregnancy. Endogenous variables consisted of pregnancy stress, pregnancy coping, and antenatal depression. Data were analyzed by SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 21.0. Results: Model fit indices for the hypotheoretical model fitted to the recommended levels. Out of 12 paths, 6 were statistically significant. Variables accounted for 72.6% of antenatal depression. Predictors of antenatal depression were pregnancy stress (t = 7.64), self-esteem (t = -2.03), and social support (t = -2.06). Conclusions: Results indicate that an intervention program which increases self-esteem would be useful for pregnant women to decrease antenatal depression level. Antenatal program are needed to be applied to spouse and family members as well. To decrease pregnancy stress in pregnant women contributes to antenatal depression.