• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제6권
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• pp.17-34
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the sex-consciousness and sexual values of school children by geographic region. It's specifically attempted to make a comparative analysis of sex-consciousness and sexual values between urban and rural elementary schoolers to help provide efficient sex education for them to build the right sexual values. The subjects in this study were 400 elementary schoolers in their sixth year of elementary schools located in Danyang-gun and Chungju city, north Chungcheong province. After a survey was conducted, answer sheets from 387 students that were analyzable were analyzed. For data handling, SPSS program was employed, and t-test was utilized to see if there's any differences between the urban and rural elementary school youngsters in sex consciousness and sexual values. And $x^2$ test was used to make a comparative analysis of their view of sex education. The findings of the study were as follows : First, regarding sex-consciousness, they had general knowledge on sex. Especially, they were highly aware of sexual violence and the generation of baby, but many of them didn't know about where and how egg cells were produced. This indicated that systematic education should be offered in various ways. Concerning geographic gap, there was a significant difference in sexual knowledge between the urban and rural students. As to sexual attitude, they took a relatively positive attitude toward display of affection or sex-related talk on TV or in movies, as they viewed it as natural. This finding implied that the elementary schoolers were recipient toward sex and took an active attitude toward sexual expressions. Concerning geographic gap, there was no difference between the rural and urban students. As for sexual practices, the largest group of the students had a liking for the opposite sex, which showed that their needs for sex were unveiled in the course of having some trouble due to the other sex rather than through firsthand experiences or activities. As to geographic gap, there was a significant difference between the urban and rural students in that regard. Besides, the urban students put their sex-consciousness in practice more often than the rural students did. After they are educated to build the right sexual values, systematic sex-education programs should also be offered for them to be exposed to sustained sex education and to team how to apply their sex-consciousness to real life. Second, as for sexual values, the school children had relatively positive and equalitarian sexual values. Regarding geographic gap, there were significant gaps between the two groups' view of the opposite sex, sexual roles and chastity. Concerning view of the opposite sex, they attached more importance to the inner aspects of the opposite sex than his or her look, and they wanted to date in a natural manner. Regarding sexual roles, they were relatively well cognizant of gender equity and the importance of male and female roles. As to view of chastity, they looked upon sex as natural, not as what's ugly or ashamed of. Third, concerning their outlook on sex education, approximately more than half the students felt the needs for sex education, and there was a significant difference between the urban and rural students. They wanted to receive education about the prevention of sexual violence and physical changes during puberty the most, and there was a significant gap between the urban and rural students in this aspect. As to the time for sex education, they thought that students should start to be exposed to sex education in their fifth or sixth year. This finding signified that fifth or sixth graders who were in the beginning of puberty started to have a lot of interest in their own physical changes. Therefore, sex education would produce better effects when it's provided to fifth or sixth graders. Nearly half them preferred single-gender class when they received sex education, and there's no gap between the urban and rural students in that regard.

• 식물병연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.28-34
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• 2005

이 연구에서는 파속패소에 발생하여 큰피해를 주는 흑색썩음균핵병에 대하여 경종적 방법에 의한 방제가능성을 모색하기 위하여 병든 마늘상의 병원균(균핵)의 밀도와 이병포장에서 토심별로 병원균의 밀도를 조사하였고, 파종깊이, 파종시기, 석회시용 등 경종적 요인이 병 발생에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 마늘 수확기에 토양 중 병원균의 밀도 및 분햐정도는 병원균의 종류에 따라 차이를 보였는데 소균핵균 Sclerotium cepivorum이 대균핵균 Scletotium sp.에 비해 형성 균핵수도 많고 덜 분해되었다. 마늘 재배포장에서의 병원균의 밀도는 토양 30g당 1~13개 수준에었고 토심이 깊어질수록 병원균의 밀도가 편저히 감소되는 것으로 나타났으며, 병원균은 토심 5cm 이내에 95% 이상 분포하는 것으로 나타났다. 마늘 재식깊이를 달리하여 파종했을 때 병 발생정돈느 재식깊이를 깊게 할수록 병 발생이 적었다. 국내에서 주로 재배되고 있는 마늘의 품종별 종구전염정도에 있어서는 한지형 마늘에 비하여 난지형 마늘에서 훨씬 높았는데, 난지형 마늘 중에서는 완도종에서 가장 높았고, 이어 대서종, 고당종, 남도종 순이었으며 고흥종에서는 종구전염이 확인되지 않았다. 마늘파종시기를 달리하여 종구를 파종한 결과, 10월 중순이전에 일찍 파종한 처리에서 10월말 이후에 늦게 파종한 처리에 비하여 병 발생이 낮았다. 한편 석회를 토양 kg당 100, 200, 300g 수준으로 시용할 경우 석회 시용량에 비례하여 병 발생이 감소되는 것으로 나타났다.

• 토지주택연구
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.367-377
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• 2011

본 연구는 지난 2008년 리먼사태로 인한 글로벌 금융위기 이후 부동산가격의 결정요인이 어떻게 변화하는지를 VAR모형을 통해 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2000년 1분기부터 2011년 2분기까지의 전국 토지, 주택매매, 주택전세 등 부동산가격에 대해 실질GDP, 국고채수익률, 소비자물가, KOSPI, 주택건설실적, 토지가격 등을 이용하여 VAR모형을 구축하고 충격반응 및 분산분해 분석을 실시하였다. 금융위기 이후의 변화행태를 분석하기 위해 글로벌 금융위기가 발생한 2008년 3분기를 기준으로 이전과 현재까지로 분석기간을 나누어 가격결정요인 변화를 비교 분석하였다. 분석결과, 토지가격은 금융위기 이전과 비교할 때 실질GDP와 금리의 영향력은 더 커진 것으로 나타났다. 이는 토지가격이 과거에 비해 거시경제여건에 더욱 민감하게 반응하게 되었다는 사실을 보여준다. 주택매매가격도 금리나 GDP와 같이 시장기본가치에 대해 거의 영향을 받지 않고, 주택가격 자체의 변화나 전세가격의 변화에 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 최근의 전세가격 급등세가 지속되고 있음을 감안할 때 매매가격도 조만간 상승할 가능성이 크다고 예상할 수 있는 부분이다. 주택전세가격은 금융위기 이전이나 이후 모두 거시경제지표의 영향력이 약화되고, 소비자물가나 전세가격 자체의 변화에 민감하게 반응하는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같이 부동산가격이 과거와 달리 금리, GDP 등 시장기본가치요인의 중요성이 약화된 것을 알 수 있는데, 이는 부동산시장이 금융위기 이후 인구 가구구조 변화나 가격상승 기대심리 약화, 월세전환 등 경제 외적 요인에 크게 영향을 받는 쪽으로 변화했음을 보여주는 것이라 할 수 있다. 따라서 정책당국이나 소비자, 건설업체 등 경제주체들은 경제 환경 뿐 아니라 수급상황 등 시장내부요인을 감안하여 보다 신중하게 시장에 접근할 필요가 있을 것이다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제50권11호
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• pp.715-723
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• 2017

생체고분자물질은 수자원환경에서 점토, 미생물, 바이오매스 등 부유입자들을 응집시키고, 침전, 퇴적시키는 역할을 한다. 본 연구는 다양한 수질화학 조건이 생체고분자물질에 의한 부유입자 응집에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자, 수질화학 조건을 제어하여 응집실험을 수행하였다. 각 응집실험은 이온강도, 2가 양이온 농도, 휴믹물질 분율이 제어된 실험조건에서 Kaolinite 현탄액에 생체고분자물질인 Xanthan Gum을 주입하여 수행하였다. 수체가 가지는 응집능은 응집체 크기 및 잔류 고형물 농도를 측정을 통하여 평가하였다. 본 연구에서, 이온강도 증가는 점토입자 및 생체고분자물질 간 정전기적 반발력을 감소시키고 생체고분자물질이 점토입자 간 가교를 형성하여 응집을 증대시킨 것으로 파악되었다. 이온강도가 0.001에서 0.1 M NaCl로 증대될 경우, 응집을 증진시켜 응집체 크기는 약 3배 이상 증대되고 부유고형물농도는 약 2.5배 이상 저감되었다. 또한, 2가 양이온이 수체에 존재하는 경우, 점토입자-생체고분자물질 혹은 생체고분자물질 상호 간 가교를 형성하여, 즉 점토-$Ca^{2+}$-고분자 또는 고분자-$Ca^{2+}$-고분자 가교를 형성하여, 생체고분자물질에 의한 부유입자 응집을 증대시켰다. 수체에 $Ca^{2+}$가 낮은 농도라도 존재할 경우, 응집을 크게 증진시켜 부유고형물농도가 원 주입농도에 비하여 20배 이상 저감되는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만, 휴믹물질이 존재하는 경우, 점토입자 표면에 흡착되어 점토입자의 정전기적 반발력을 증대시켜 생체고분자물질의 흡착을 방해하고 응집을 감소시켰다. 수체에 휴믹물질이 존재할 경우, 응집을 저감시켜 부유고형물농도는 저감되지 않고 원 주입농도와 유사하게 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 수자원환경에서 부유입자 및 퇴적물 거동을 이해하고 수질 및 퇴적물에 대한 최적 관리 방안을 도출하기 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있으리라 기대된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2000

시설채소 재배지 토양에서 합리적인 토양관리 방안 마련에 필요한 기초자료를 얻고자, 집적된 인산의 수용성 특성과 이를 포화 침출액법 및 기존의 여러 가지 분석방법에 의한 유효인산과의 관계를 비교 검토하였다. 또한 포화 침출액이 전기전도도($EC_e$)와 (1:5) 전기전도도 사이외 상관관계를 구명하였다. 시료는 강원도 춘천시, 원주시, 홍천군, 횡성군 지역의 시설채소 단지에서 169개 지점의 토양을 채취하였고, 이들의 유효인산 및 전기 전도도 등의 화학적 특성을 분석하였다. 토양의 포화 침출액의 인(P) 농도의 범위는 $0.02{\sim}34mg\;L^{-1}$로 평균 $8mg\;L^{-1}$ 이었다. Lancaster법에 의한 토양의 유효인산($P_2O_5$) 함량 범위는 $136{\sim}3,389mg\;kg^{-1}$ 이었으며, 평균 $1,261mg\;Kg^{-1}$이었다. 수용성 인산의 함량은 $2{\sim}118mg\;kg^{-1}$ 범위로 평균 $39mg\;kg^{-1}$ 이었다. 포화침출액의 인산농도(Y)와 Lancaster법에 의한 토양의 유효인산 함량(X) 사이에는 유의성있는 관계가 있었다 (Y=-5.075+0.018X, $r=0.662^{***}$, P<0.01). 토양 중 수용성 인산 유출에 의한 수질오염 부담을 경감시키기 위해서, 포화 침출액 중의 수용성 인의 농도를 $1.0mg\;L^{-1}$이하로 유지하여야 하는데, 이 농도는 Lancaster법 추출에 의한 토양 유효인산 함량 $337mg\;Kg^{-1}$에 해당되었다. 포화 침출액의 토양 전기전도도 ($EC_e$)는 1:5 전기전도도 $EC_{1:5}$와 유의한 정의 상관관계를 나타냈으며 그 기울기가 12.2이었다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.467-473
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• 2007

Although the dominant land use at the Imha-dam watershed is forest areas, soil erosion has been increasing because of intensive agricultural activities performed at the fields located along the stream for easy-access to water supply and relatively favorable topography. In addition, steep topography at the Imha-dam watershed is also contributing increased soil erosion and sediment loads. At the Imha-dam watershed, outflow has increased sharply by the typhoons Rusa and Maemi in 2002, 2003 respectively. In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was evaluated for simulation of flow and sediment behaviors with long-term temporal and spatial conditions. The precipitation data from eight precipitation observatories, located at Ilwol, Subi and etc., were used. There was no significant difference in monthly rainfall for 8 locations. However, there was slight differences in rainfall amounts and patterns in 2003 and 2004. The topographical map at 1:5000 scale from the National Geographic Information Institute was used to define watershed boundaries, the detailed soil map at 1:25,000 scale from the National Institute of Highland Agriculture and the land cover data from the Korea Institute of Water and Environment were used to simulate the hydrologic response and soil erosion and sediment behaviors. To evaluate hydrologic component of the SWAT model, calibration was performed for the period from Jan. 2002 to Dec. 2003, and validation for Jan. 2004 to Apr. 2005. The $R^2$ value and El value were 0.93 and 0.90 respectively for calibration period, and the $R^2$ value and El value for validation were 0.73 and 0.68 respectively. The $R^2$ value and El value of sediment yield data with the calibrated parameters was 0.89 and 0.84 respectively. The comparisons with the measured data showed that the SWAT model is applicable to simulate hydrology and sediment behaviors at Imha dam watershed. With proper representation of the Best Management Practices (BM Ps) in the SWAT model, the SWAT can be used for pre-evaluation of the cost-effective and sustainable soil erosion BMPs to solve sediment issues at the Imha-dam watershed. In Korea, the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) has been used to estimate the soil loss for over 30 years. However, there are limitations in the field scale mdel, USLE when applied for watershed. Also, the soil loss changes temporarily and spatially, for example, the Imha-dam watershed. Thus, the SW AT model, capable of simulating hydrologic and soil erosion/sediment behaviors temporarily and spatially at watershed scale, should be used to solve the muddy water issues at the Imha-dam watershed to establish more effective muddy water reduction countermeasure.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.291-296
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• 1995

목적 : 환자에 투여될 선량계산시 사용되는 wedge factor는 조사면과 깊이에 대한 의존성은 무시되고 에너지 및 wedge angle에 따라 측정하는 것이 일반적이다. 본 연구에서는 wedge factor의 조사면과 깊이에 따른 의존성을 체계적으로 조사함으로써 보다 합리적인 선량계산을 도모하고자 한다. 방법 : 4-, 6-, 그리고 10-MV X 선을 이용하여 각각의 wedge angle에 따라서 $5{\times}5\;cm^2$부터 $20{\times}20\;cm^2$ 까지의 조사면에 대해서 여러 깊이에서 측정하였으며 측정된 값을 열린 조사면에서의 측정값으로 나누어 줌으로써 wedge factor가 결정되었다. 이 때 사용된 가속기는 본원이 보유하고 있는 CLINAC 600C 와 2100C 이며 사용된 에너지는 6- 그리고 10-MV X 선을 사용하였다. 측정기가 빔의 중심에 정확히 놓여졌는지를 확인하기 위하여 여러 콜리메이터 각도에서 측정하였다. 결과 : 각 측정값의 재연성에 관한 표준편차는 $0.3\;%$ 이내였으며 각각의 에너지에 대해 깊이에 따라 측정된 wedge factor의 의존성은 저에너지로 갈수록 커지는 경향을 보였다. 특히 4-, 6- X 선의 경우 wedge angle이 $45^{\circ}$ 이상일 때 깊이에 따른 wedge factor의 변화량은 $5\%$ 이상 차이가 남을 알 수 있었다. 반면에 wedge factor의 조사면에 대한 의존성은 거의 나타나지 않았다. 결론 : 측정을 통하여 wedge factor는 조사면에 대해서는 거의 무관하나 깊이에 따른 의존성이 비교적 크게 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 선량계산시 wedge factor를 합리적으로 평가하기 위해서는 평균값을 나타내는 깊이에서 측정된 값을 사용하거나 깊이에 따라서 wedge factor를 달리 적용시켜야 한다. 본 실험의 결과, 각 wedge filter에 대해 단일 wedge factor를 사용하고자 하면 조사면 $10cm{\times}10cm$, 깊이 10cm에서 측정된 값을 쓰는 것이 가장 합리적임을 알 수 있었다.

• 의료법학
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.27-53
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• 2015

최근, 서울의 성형수술 병원에서 중국 여성 환자가 사망한 원인이 대리 의사의 무단 유령수술 때문이 아니냐는 의혹이 제기되었다. 사고가 발생한 후, 소비자시민모임과 한국환자단체연합회는 지난 3월 유령수술감시운동본부를 발족시켰다. 환자가 알지 못하는 상태에서 환자의 동의 없이 담당 의사를 교체하는 것은 사기행위이자 기본적인 윤리를 저해하는 행위이다. 환자는 1명의 인간으로서 자신을 치료할 의사를 선택할 권리가 있으며, 대리의사를 용인하거나 거부할 수 있는 권한도 환자에게 부여되어야 한다. 환자가 수술을 허락한 사람은 집도의라는 점을 유의해야 한다. 환자는 자신이 계약한 의사로부터 치료를 받을 권리가 있다. 환자를 치료하는 의사는 환자-의사 관계를 창출하는 계약이 허용하는 범위 내에서 자신의 능력껏 수술을 시행할 의무가 있다. 그는 환자로부터 부여 받은 수술 권한을 다른 사람에게 위임할 수 없다. '유령수술은 형법 제257조(상해, 존속상해)가 적용된다. 환자가 알지 못하는 상태에서 환자의 동의 없이 집도의를 교체하는 것은 상해행위이다. 이 부분이 쟁점인데, '유령 수술이 형법 제347조(사기)와도 연관이 있기 때문이다. 환자가 알지 못하는 상태에서 환자의 동의 없이 다른 의사가 수술을 대신하는 것이 사기 행위에 해당하는지 하는 문제도 쟁점이 될 수 있다. 뿐만 아니라, 유령 수술은 의료법 제27조(무면허 의료행위 등 금지), 제22조(진료기록부 등), 제33조(개설 등)와도 관련이 있다. 환자에 대한 의사의 의무는 (1) 수술 동의를 통해 자신에게 주어진 권한의 범위 내에서; (2) 계약 조건에 따라; (3) 수술의 필요성/진행과 관련된 모든 사실을 완전하게 공개하고, (4) 자신의 모든 역량을 발휘하면서 수술에 임하는 것이다.

• 의료법학
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.199-247
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• 2012

According to the review and analysis of medical cases that are assigned to the Supreme Court and all local High Court in 2011 and that are presented in the media, it was found that the following categories were taken seriously, medical and pharmaceutical product liability, the third principle of trust between medical institutions, negligence and causation estimation, responsibility limit, the meaning of medical records and related judgment of disturbed substantiation, Oriental doctors' duties to explain the procedures, IMS events, whether one can claim for each medical care operated by non-physician health care institutions to the nonmedical domain in the National Health Insurance Corporation, and the basis of norms for each claim. In the cases related to medical pharmaceutical product liability, Supreme Court alleviated burden of proof for accidents with medical and pharmaceutical products prior to the practice of Product Liability Law and onset the point of negative prescription as the time of damage strikes to condition feasibility of the specific situation. In the cases related to the 3rd principle of trust between medical institutions, the Supreme Court refused to sentence the doctor who has trusted the judgment of the same third-party doctors the violations of the care duty. With respect to proof of a causal relationship and damages in a medical negligence case, the Supreme Court decided that it is unjust to deny negligence by the materials of causal relationship rejecting the original verdict and clarified that the causal relationship shall not deny the reasons to limit doctors' responsibilities. In order not put burden on patients with disadvantages in which medical records and the description of the practice or the most fundamental and important evidence to prove negligence and causation are being neglected, the Supreme Court admitted in the hospital's responsibility for the case of the neonate death of suffocation without properly listed fetal heart rate and uterine contraction monitor. On the other hand, the Seoul Western District Court has admitted alimony for altering and forging medical records. With respect to doctors' obligations to description, the Supreme Court decided that it is necessary to explain the foreseen risks by the combination of oriental and western medicines emphasizing the right of patient's self-determination. However, questions have arisen whether it is realistically feasible or not. In a case of an unlicensed doctor performing intramuscular stimulation treatment (IMS), the Supreme Court put off its decision if it was an unlicensed medical practice as to put limitation of eastern and western medical practices, but it declared that IMS practice was an acupuncture treatment therefore the plaintiff's conduct being an illegal act. In the future, clear judgment on this matter should be made. With respect to the claim of bills from non-physical health care institutions, the Supreme Court decided to void it for the implementation of the arrangement is contrary to the commitments made in the medical law and therefore, it is invalid to claim. In addition, contrast to the private healthcare professionals, who are subject to redemption according to the National Healthcare Insurance Law, the Seoul High Court explicitly confirmed that the non-professionals who receive the tort operating profit must return the unjust enrichment and have the liability for damages. As mentioned above, a relatively wide range of topics were discussed in medical field of 2011. In Korea's health care environment undergoing complex changes day by day, it is expected to see more diverse and in-depth discussions striding out to the development in the field of health care.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.163-192
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• 1983

In order to facilitate the Korean government's efforts in integrating family planning and maternal & child health at the primary health care level (or township level), the Soon Chun Hyang College of Medicine, with the financial and technical assistance of WHO, has under-taken a service research project. The project has employed a quasi-experimental study design introducing interventions tat provide crucial factors lacking in the ongoing government programs such as midwives and qualified referral physicians. The study is being conducted in three locations, one control area and two study areas. Before introducing trained Nurse/Midewives into the study areas, a baseline prevalence survey was undertaken from 15 July 1981 to 10 August 1981 in selelcted townships of Seosan County. In this sample survey of bath the study and control areas, 2,484 eligible women (97% reponse rate) were interviewed to obtain benchmark data on basic evaluation indicators related to family planning and maternal and child health. The salients results were summarized as follows.: 1. CONTACT RATES WITH HEALTH WORKERS; During the year preceding the survey, 12% of women were visited by government health workers. The primary reason for such visits by health workers was family planning (45% of the visits). About 34% of the women visited the health centers during the year. The primary reason for visiting health centers was immunizations for their children (45% of the visits). 3. FAMILY PLANNING USE RATE; The baseline data showed little difference between women in the study area and the control area on contraceptive use. Approximately 59% were currently using some methods. However, among those current users, almost half were practicing less effective methods of birth control such as rhythm or withdrawal. Among other methods, the tubectomy was the most popular (16%), while use of the IUD, oral pill and condom together reached only 14%. 3. PRENATAL CARE RATE; About 75% of the women reported no prenatal care for their last births (the youngest child of each women), Additionally, among women received prenatal care, over half had only one visit. 4. ATTENDANCE AT DELIVERY; Most of the women surveyed (over 80%) were attended by a non-medical person during their last delivery. These figures are somewhat comparable to the national figure of 84% for remote areas. 5. POSTNATAL CARE; The proportion of women reporting postnatal care was only 4.5%, and postnatal care was not received by the majority of women surveyed. 6. CHILD HEALTH CARE: In contrast to the low rate of maternity care for women themselves, most women reported obtaining immunization care for their children. About 75% of the women obtained Polio and/or DPT, 58% BCG, and 44% Measles vaccine for their children. However, in terms of illness care, while 35% of the women stated that their youngest child had been sick during the month preceding the survey, only 28% of these women took their child to the clinic for treatment. 7. COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY AND ABNORMALITIES IN THE NEWBORN; Among all last deliveries, 18% of the women had pregnancy complications and 9% of the women had complications during delivery About 5% of the women reported abnormality in their most recent newborn. 8. REPRODUCTION EFFICIENCY; PERINATAL MORTALITY AND INFANT MORTALITY Based on data from the pregnancy history in this survey, reproduction efficiency was estimated. Out of the 11,154 pregnancies reported by all women surveyed, foetal loss was 21% (almost 16% were induced abortions) and infant deaths before reaching one year old were 3.1%. The reproduction efficiency was, therefore, reduced to 76%. In terms of perinatal and infant mortality rates, the former was 40.2 per 1,000 total births and the latter was 39.3 per 1,000 live births. Both rates described J shaped relationships with age of mothers and parity, and they were also correlated with birth interval and mother's education. In summary, this baseline survey data indicated a need for (1) improving contraceptive practices with more effective methods to prevent unwanted pregnancies and (2) providing better services for maternal and child care to protect wanted pregancies. In the Korean rural setting. the author believes that the latter is more important as the value of each child has increased as a result of the family planning campaign for the past two decades. This calls for more effective integration of Family Planning and MCH programmes to meet the needs of the family in each stage of the child bearing and rearing period with deploying more qualified personnel than the current government program personnel.