• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.143
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• pp.291-313
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• 2017

This article aims to analyze the issue of sexual shame and finding answers for how to solve the problem of unjust shame when victims have suffered shaming in a new direction. While existing philosophical arguments have focused on moderating the negative effects of shame by changing the victims' mind, this article tries to fathom the necessity of how to make offenders feel shame. For this, firstly, characteristics of sexual shame on self are described in brief. And then, the article reviews the problems and limitations of existing philosophical methods which have concentrated on changes of victims' thoughts in order to overcome or prevent the negative effects of unjust sexual shame. Next, considering the liberal political philosophy's argument that it is not appropriate that even offenders who committed wrongs should experience shame as there exists an excessive emphasis on the negative aspects of shame, the overlooked positive aspects of shame on fostering human nature, are analyzed. Finally, in the context of sexual shame, the article explores what sense offenders should feel shame and what justifies shaming them.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.885-906
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• 2009

In terms of class, race, or gender, critical literacy takes seriously the problem of inequality and injustice embedded in texts. Texts are considered as tools that are used for maintaining the status quo by constructing and communicating our identities, particularly in relation to others. While reading texts and identifying our roles in society, some feel empowered, and others, marginalized. Thus we need to challenge the characterization and the message included in those texts by asking problem-posing questions. In this paper I have demonstrated how to read and teach four versions of "Snow White" from a critical literacy stance. By the use of problem-posing questions, students are led to discover that one of Grimms' fairy tales, the original version of "Snow White," was written from the perspective of men with power, thus marginalizing women in general, as well as the seven dwarfs. Through a critical analysis of Snow White's personality, the typical theme of fairy tales - good is rewarded while evil is punished - should be challenged. In the animation, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, power is given to the marginalized people in the original, the seven dwarfs and women in general. In "Snow Night,"a feminist short story, women in general are empowered while men, who should be judged by their looks, are powerless. "Snow-Drop"reminds us of the original, but challenges stereotypes, prejudices, and the theme inherent in the story. In those three stories many parts from the original are rewritten from the perspectives of the marginalized, but still some people are described prejudicially. So students should be guided to write another story from a new perspective. When those four works were taught with problem-posing questions in a university, this approach proved to be quite successful: most students acknowledged the effectiveness of critical literacy in teaching literary works.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.42
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• pp.69-106
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• 2016

Early marriage in contemporary society has brought about many problems. The practice is encouraged by gender inequality, poverty and social norms. It reproduces social power imbalances including increased economic vulnerability of women, low educational attainment of girls, gender inequality at home and in the labor market, physical and sexual violence against women and their health problems. The Ethiopian government increased the minimum legal age of marriage for women from 15 to 18 years, by revising its family code in 2000 and newly adopting a criminal law in 2005 that includes punishment against any harmful tradition. Nonetheless, early marriage is still widely practiced in many parts of rural Ethiopia. This is because the practice has long been embedded and deeply rooted in the lives of the people. Earlier literature on early marriage in Ethiopia tends to focus only on women's experiences and regard that all early-married people, particularly women, are unhappy with their lives. This paper attempts to explore the issue of early marriage through voices of people with diverse socioeconomic backgrounds, in order to address the limitations of the previous literature. This article aims at examining why early marriage has occurred in Ethiopia and how it has affected family life and women's educational attainment, focusing on the case of Meki town. As seen from this study, it is true that early marriage generally had negative influences on the lives of women. However, it is equally true that some men are also victims of the practice while some women have improved their lives by means of it. This implies that we need to listen to the voices of diverse people when we examine early marriage.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2006

Objectives: We examined whether the neighborhood socioeconomic position predicts the smoking rates after adjusting for individual socioeconomic position indicators. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2001 Seoul Health Indicators Survey. The neighborhood socioeconomic position was the residential distribution of the high class (power elites), as measured by the location quotients (LQ) for each administrative dong (district). A high LQ denotes a high neighborhood socioeconomic status. The individual socioeconomic position included education, occupation and income. Age-adjusted smoking rates according to the LQ level were computed with the direct method. The total number of subjects in this study (26,022 men and 28,007 women) was the reference. A multilevel logistic regression analysis was conducted with the individuals at the first level and the neighborhoods at the second level to estimate the odds ratios of smoking with 95% confidence intervals. Results: For men, the age-adjusted smoking rates increased with a decrease in the LQ. For women, the relationship between the age-adjusted smoking rate and the LQ was not clear. The odds of smoking for both genders were greater among those subjects with lower incomes and lower education. The manual occupational class had greater odds of smoking than the non-manual class for the males, while the odds ratio of smoking among females with a manual occupation tended to be lower than those females with a non-manual occupation. For the males, the LQ levels independently predicted smoking after adjustment for individual income. However, this relation between the LQ and smoking in males was explained by full adjustment for the individual socioeconomic position indicators (education, occupation and income). Conclusions: A low level of neighborhood socioeconomic position was associated with higher smoking rates among the men residing in Seoul. This association between the neighborhood socioeconomic position and smoking in men was explained by the individual socioeconomic position. Anti-smoking efforts to reduce geographical inequality in smoking should be directed at reducing the smoking rates between the individuals with different socioeconomic backgrounds in the metropolitan city of Seoul, South Korea.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-24
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• 2022

This study was conducted to derive a new model for popular democracy in the modern society. The problem is exacerbated as the original model of democracy, isonomia, has faded and modern democracy is operated as a democracy in which the masses rule. Democracy is exposing a bigger problem due to the economic inequality caused by the majority rule and the capitalist economic system. Popular democracy, in which all the masses are equally qualified as sovereigns, is a structure in which cunning politicians can easily seize power if the voters are not wise. Isonomia is a system in which free people who solve economic problems on their own and have honesty, courage, dedication, sacrifice and sincerity set laws with the same qualifications, and keep the laws themselves, is a system that depends heavily on the conscience and virtue of free people. Modern popular democracy embodies the absolute equality of the sovereign regardless of economic power, but without the spirit of sacrifice and dedication to the community, those who can win popularity by wrapping themselves up as if they are sacrificial and capable people may seize power. This study presents a service-oriented democracy as a system that can maintain the merits of modern popular democracy while embodying the essence of isonomia. The system was implemented focusing on the qualifications for virtue, such as honesty, courage, sacrifice, integrity, etc., fair to all regardless of wealth. Human imperfections have been supplemented by the use of artificial intelligence. The assumption about the nature of the sovereign and public officials' agents was newly established, and the winner-take-allism problem was solved. This study proved that both the philosophy of Isonomia and the merits of Democracy can be realized through service-oriented democracy based on the common principle of humanity and the philosophy of service. Service-oriented democracy can be called revision democracy.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.311-316
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• 2002

Difficulties of the level control in the steam generator are increased due to their nonlinear characteristics. Futhermore, parameter uncertainties of the steam generator is related with control performance and stability. The efficiency of digital conversion in control systems is proved in many recent researches. In order to solve this problem, this paper suggests robust digital fuzzy controller design methodologies of the steam generator which have unstable parameters. Takagi-Sugeno (TS) fuzzy model is used to construct a fuzzy model which has uncertainties in the steam generator. In designing procedure, intelligent digital redesign method is used to control the nonlinear system. This digital controller keeps the performance of the analog controller. Simulation examples are included for ensuring the proposed control method.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.5487-5494
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• 2014

This study examined the relationship between income and the value of leisure to develop a more accurate model of the labor market without necessarily losing the primary merit of the received model. Moreover, with an improved understanding of the labor market dynamics, it can be seen that progressive era labor market legislation, which was designed to mitigate the effects of the bargaining power inequality in low wage labor markets, was in fact based on sensible economic foundations. These low-wage dynamics present an example of a positive feedback system or "vicious circle" at work in the economy. The market dynamics of the low wage sector push the wage away from the range that is consistent with a self-regulating market.

• Asian review of World Histories
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.5-44
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• 2013

This essay offers a historically based critique of the idea of "alternative modernities" that has acquired popularity in scholarly discussions over the last two decades. While significant in challenging Euro/American-centered conceptualizations of modernity, the idea of "alternative modernities" (or its twin, "multiple modernities") is open to criticism in the sense in which it has acquired currency in academic and political circles. The historical experience of Asian societies suggests that the search for "alternatives" long has been a feature of responses to the challenges of Euromodernity. But whereas "alternative" was conceived earlier in systemic terms, in its most recent version since the 1980s cultural difference has become its most important marker. Adding the adjective "alternative" to modernity has important counter-hegemonic cultural implications, calling for a new understanding of modernity. It also obscures in its fetishization of difference the entrapment of most of the "alternatives" claimed--products of the reconfigurations of global power--within the hegemonic spatial, temporal and developmentalist limits of the modernity they aspire to transcend. Culturally conceived notions of alternatives ignore the common structural context of a globalized capitalism which generates but also sets limits to difference. The seeming obsession with cultural difference, a defining feature of contemporary global modernity, distracts attention from urgent structural questions of social inequality and political injustice that have been globalized with the globalization of the regime of neoliberal capitalism. Interestingly, "the cultural turn" in the problematic of modernity since the 1980s has accompanied this turn in the global political economy during the same period. To be convincing in their claims to "alterity", arguments for "alternative modernities" need to re-articulate issues of cultural difference to their structural context of global capitalism. The goal of the discussion is to work out the implications of these political issues for "revisioning" the history and historiography of modernity.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.919-928
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• 2006

The present study applied an atmospheric flow field model in Gwangyang-Bay which can predict local sea/land breezes formed in a complex terrain lot the development of a model that can predict short term concentration of air pollution. Estimated values from the conduct of the atmospheric flow field were used to evaluate and compare with observation data of the meteorological stations in Yeosu and the Yeosu airport, and the effect of micrometeorology of surround region by the coastal area reclamation was predicted by using the estimated values, Simulation results, a nighttime is appeared plainly land breezes of the Gwangyang-bay direction according to a mountain wind that formed in the Mt. of Baekwooun, Mt. of Youngchui. Land winds is formed clockwise circulation in the north, clockwise reverse direction in the south with Gangyang-bay as the center. Compared with model and observation value, Temperature is tend to appeared some highly simulation value in the night, observation value in the daytime in two sites all, but it is veil accorded generally, the pattern of one period can know very the similarity. And also, wind speed and wind direction is some appeared the error of observation value and calculation results in crossing time of the land wind and sea land, it can see that reproducibility is generally good, is very appeared the change land wind in the nighttime, the change of sea wind in the daytime. And also, according to change of the utilization coefficient of soil before and after development with Gwangyang-Bay area as the center. Temperature after development was high $0.55\sim0.67^{\circ}C$ in the 14 hoots, also was tend to appear lowly $0.10\sim0.22^{\circ}C$ in the 02 hours, the change of u, v component is comparatively tend to reduced sea wind and land wind, it is affected ascending air current and frictional power of the earth surface according to inequality heating of the generation of earth surface.

• Journal of Convergence Society for SMB
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2013

It will prove that with a more plausible specification of the relationship between income and the value of leisure, we can develop a more accurate model of the labor market without necessarily losing the primary merit of the received model. Moreover, with an improved understanding of labor market dynamic we can see that progressive era labor market legislation, designed to mitigate the effects of bargaining power inequality in low wage labor markets, was in fact based upon sensible economic foundations. The results of this study as follow; These low-wage dynamics present an example of a positive feedback system or "vicious circle" at work in the economy. With the revised labor supply schedule presented above, the market dynamic of the low wage sector push the wage away from the range that is consistent with a self-regulating market.