• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2011

NDMA(N-Nitrosodimethylamine)는 극저농도(10ng/L)에서도 암을 일으킬 수 있는 물질로 알려져 있지만, 기존의 NDMA 제거율 평가 연구는 고농도의 NDMA를 대상으로 한 것이 대부분이었다. 따라서 극저농도의 NDMA 제거효율 평가가 필요하며 그 기초연구로써 호기성/혐기성 조건에서의 분말활성탄, GS(Granular Sludge), MF(Microfiltration), UF(Ultrafiltration)를 이용한 제거효율과 Silica gel(MCM-41, Diatomite, Spherical silica gel)을 이용한 제거효율을 평가하였다. 그 결과 혐기성 조건에서 GS, PAC를 접촉한 후 UF membrane을 이용한 고액분리가 65%의 제거율로 가장 높았으며, Silica gel(MCM-41)이 6%의 제거율로 가장 낮았다. 본 연구는 극저농도의 NDMA 제거의 기초 연구로서 향후 관련 연구의 기초자료로써 활용을 기대한다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.104-109
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• 2011

The removal efficiencies of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin were investigated to reveal removal characteristics of typical organic compounds causing disagreeable taste and odor at the conventional water treatment plant installed with pulsator clarifier patented by the French company $Degr{\acute{e}}mont$. The injection rate of Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) into water was changed step wisely as we conducted jar tests in the laboratory and water treatment in the actual plant. 2-MIB concentration decreased linearly while geosmin did exponentially along with the injection rate of PAC at our jar tests. The removal efficiency of geosmin by PAC injection was considerably higher than that of 2-MIB. In the real pulsator clarifier, 2-MIB concentration started decreasing as the injection rate reached up to 10 mg/L of PAC. On the other hand, the concentration of geosmin in water decreased proportional to the injection rate of PAC. In the sand filtration, removal efficiencies of 2-MIB and geosmin on July were much higher than those on March. It was carefully suggested beforehand and found afterwards that general microorganisms notably existed in the sand filter with no chlorine in filter influent and backwash water and the sand filter biologically activated removed much more odor compounds. It was considered as the reason why the removal efficiency of 2-MIB and geosmin was increased. The microbial activity maybe increased in summer with water temperature rising and low filtration rate possibly increased contact time between odor compounds and general microorganisms.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.892-899
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• 2005

지하수는 지표수에 비하여 수질이 양호하며 외부로부터의 오염원이 적은 편이다. 하지만 현재 우리나라의 지하수도 산업화, 도시화에 의하여 많은 오염이 발생되고 있다. 그 중에서도 PCE와 TCE는 난분해성 염소계 유기화합물로서 그 처리에 신중을 기해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 PAC-막분리 공정을 적용하여 이들 물질을 보다 효과적이면서 컴팩트하게 처리할 수 있었다. 막의 재질에 따른 효율의 차이는 별로 없었으며, PAC가 투과 플럭스의 저하를 유발하지는 않았다. 따라서 PAC의 주입이 효과적으로 이루어진다면 막에서 발생하는 오염을 줄여줄 수가 있으며 보다 효율적인 운전이 이루어 질 수가 있다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제36권11호
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• pp.747-752
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• 2014

인공방사성핵종 I-131은 물속에서 요오드 이온($^{131}I^-$), 요오드산염 이온($^{131}IO_3{^-}$) 등 대부분 이온상태로 존재했으며 접촉시간이 짧을 경우, 정수약품(PACl)과 분말활성탄(PAC)에 의해 제거되지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 원수 탁도 증가에 따른 I-131의 제거 효과는 없었으나 분말활성탄과 I-131과의 접촉시간 증가에 따른 I-131의 제거율은 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 혼합 주입(PACl + PAC)에 의한 I-131을 40% 이상 제거하기 위해서는 PACl 24 mg/L 이상, PAC 40 mg/L 이상을 주입해야 하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 모래여과에 의한 I-131은 제거되지 않은 것으로 나타났으며, 입상활성탄(GAC)에 의한 제거율은 신탄, 구탄 모두에서 최소검출한계 0.10 Bq/L 미만으로 거의 100% 제거됨을 알 수 있었다. 막에 의한 I-131의 제거율은 정밀여과막에 의해서는 제거되지 않았으며 역삼투막에서는 92%가 제거되었다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2004년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.380-383
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• 2004

Heavy metal release from wastewater is a serious environmental problem, and therefore, various wastewater treatment techniques have been developed. Among the techniques, sorption technique is most attractive. Considerable researches have been recently focused on finding out inexpensive sorbents, especially from various natural materials. In order to evaluate the applicability of the scoria taken from the Jeju Island, Korea to remove heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd) from aqueous solutions, equilibrium sorption experiments were conducted in this study. In equilibrium tests, powdered activated carbon (PAC), one of the most commonly used sorbents, was also tested to compare the effectiveness of the Jeju scoria with that of PAC. The Jeju scoria had larger adsorption capacity and affinity for metal ions (Pb(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II)) than PAC. The sorption parameters of the two sorbents were evaluated by using both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, and the sorption data were better fitted to the Freundlich isotherm. In addition, the sorption behavior of metal ions (Pb(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II)) onto the scoria displayed a typical characteristic of the cation sorption. The removal of metal ions decreased at a lower pH condition due to competition with hydrogen ions for the sorption sites of Jeju scoria, while the removal increased at a high pH condition due to hydroxide precipitation.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2002년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.302-305
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• 2002

Scoria is a bomb-sized, generally vesicular pyroclast that is red or black in color and light in weight. In this study, scoria from Cheju was examined for the use as a sorbent. It is composed of plagioclase, olivine, hornblende, pyroxene, and glass, with an average composition of 49.84% SiO$_2$, 14.07% A1$_2$O$_3$, End 9.14% Fe$_2$O$_3$. Studies on kinetic isotherm sorption of Zn(II) onto scoria under various parameters such as initial zinc concentration, particle size, and adsorbent/adsorbate ratio were carried out using an agitated batch. The results suggest that the smaller scoria size and the larger adsorbent/adsorbate ratio produce the higher degree of Zn(II) removal. More effective removal also appears at lower initial Zn concentration. The sorption behavior of Zn(II) onto scoria seems to be mainly controlled by cation exchange. Studies on equilibrium isotherm sorption of other heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd) onto scoria were also conducted and compared with those onto powdered activated carbon (PAC) and non-organic matter scoria (NOS), The results suggest that the Cheju scoria has the slightly higher sorption capability than PAC and NOS, and the order of the effective sorption onto scoria and PAC is Pb > Cu > Zn > Cd. The monometal sorption onto scoria is more stronger than the competitive sorption.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.609-618
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• 2009

Repeated phenol spill in the Nakdong River has been a big issue in Korea since 1991. In this study, treatment of phenol in each water treatment process and total water treatment system is evaluated. Phenol was highly volatile, easily oxidized by ozone, and readily absorbed onto GAC. When there was phenol of 0.3mg/L in water, by ozonation of 1mg/L or by GAC adsorption with EBCT of 10minutes or longer, it could be treated to lower than 0.005mg/L, the national drinking water standard of phenol. Even when a sufficient contact time(70minutes) was allowed, only 35 to 40% of phenol could be removed by powdered activated carbon(PAC). Based on the test results, it can be concluded that 1.0mg/L or less concentration of phenol can be treated at the plants adopting the combination process of ozone and GAC down to the safe level. In this study, removal characteristics for phenol were evaluated with the existing pilot plant and demo plant in different advanced water treatment processes(AWTPs). In the future, studies on changes in oxidation and adsorption characteristics caused by competitive matters such as DOC and removal characteristics by other various AWTPs including ozone/filter adsorber need to be performed.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제30권9호
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• pp.913-917
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• 2008

액체섬광계수기(LSC)를 이용한 극미량의 $^{14}$C-NDMA의 측정과 이를 이용해 활성탄 흡착 처리 가능성을 알아보았다. $^{14}$CNDMA를 측정하기 위한 시료와 섬광용액은 10 : 10의 혼합비율로 10분의 측정 시간으로 99.9%의 상관성과 재현성을 보이며 1 ng/L까지의 측정이 가능하였으며, S-A(Sigma-Aldrich co.)와 Dj(Daejung co.)의 분말활성탄을 이용하여 흡착 처리한 결과, 50$\sim$10,000 mg/L의 분말활성탄을 주입하여 90% 이상의 흡착처리가 가능함을 보였다. 또한 S-A가 Dj보다 흡착능이 약 2배 높게 나타났지만, NDMA의 흡착력이 다른 아민 계열의 물질보다 현저하게 낮아 요구되는 분말활성탄의 농도가 높게 요구되었다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.221-229
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 상수원수 내 조류 이취미(taste and odor)에 대응하기 위한 수단으로 도입되고 있는 격벽식 분말활성탄(PAC) 접촉조의 효과적인 설계를 위해 전산유체역학 프로그램인 FLOW-3D를 도입하였다. 일차적으로 FLOW-3D의 성능을 검증하기 위하여 용량 288 리터의 PCA 접촉조를 대상으로 수행된 추적자실헐 결과와 FLOW-3D의 모의결과를 비교하였다. 또한, 이미 설계된 P정수장 PAC 접촉조에 적용하여 흐름특성을 예측하였다. 다양한 격벽 조건에서 모의된 FLOW-3D 결과는 실제 추적자실험 결과와 아주 유사하였다. 한편, 수리학적 체류시간이 20분인 P정수장의 접촉조에 투입된 PAC 입자가 시간에 따라 어떻게 분포하는지를 FLOW-3D로 모의수행한 바에 의하면, 기존의 PAC 접촉조에서는 모든 격벽의 후면에 정체구역이 발생하였고, 이 정체구역에는 PAC 입자가 거의 존재하지 않았다. 이와 같은 격벽 후면부의 정체영역은 PAC 입자가 체류하는 시간을 감소시켜 흡착효율을 저하시킬 수 있다. 반면에, PAC 접촉조의 흐름특성을 개선하고자 격벽의 형상을 미로형(maze-type)으로 변경한 경우, PAC 입자가 접촉조 내에 상대적으로 균일하게 분포하였으며 정체영역도 크게 감소하였다. 결론적으로 FLOW-3D 모의는 정수장에서 사용되는 수리구조물의 흐름특성 해석에 유용한 수단으로 사용될 것으로 기대된다.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.102-112
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• 1998

The fate of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons(PAMs) in soil has drawn increasing concern due to their toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects. These compounds have been most commonly carried into the soil in solvent, as in a coal tar or cresote. This study has been focused on the applicability of microwave treatment of soils contaminated by PAHs. Studies have been conducted with soil(particle diameter $150~500{\mu}m$), which was spiked with naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, anthracene and pyrene, with different moisture contents. According to the results of the research, up to 95% removal efficiency of naphthalene was observed in 10% moisturized soil for five minutes microwave inducing And the removal efficiency of acenaphthene and fluorene were observed to be 88.9%, 67.2% in 30% moisturized soil, respectively. Due to the low vapor pressure, anthracene and pyrene showed the low removal efficiency. In case the powdered activated carbon was added to the soil as a sensitizer, anthracene and pyrene were decomposed into a various by-products. Decomposition rates of anthracene and pyrene were increased with incresing addition of a PAC to the soil. It is concluded that the developement of a microwave process to remediate soils contaminated with PAHs is foreseeable. But additional studies are also needed regarding continuous microwave heating process.