• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권9호
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• pp.1327-1339
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• 2022

Objective: Fat deposition in poultry is an important factor in production performance and meat quality research. miRNAs also play important roles in regulating adipocyte differentiation process. This study was to investigate the expression patterns of miRNAs in duck adipocytes after differentiation and explore the role of miR-214 in regulating carnitine palmitoyltransferases 2 (CPT2) gene expression during duck adipocyte differentiation. Methods: Successful systems for the isolation, culture, and induction of duck primary fat cells was developed in the experiment. Using Illumina next-generation sequencing, the miRNAs libraries of duck adipocytes were established. miRanda was used to predict differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs and their target genes. The expression patterns of miR-214 and CPT2 during the differentiation were verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Luciferase reporter assays were used to explore the specific regions of CPT2 targeted by miR-214. We used a miR-214 over-expression strategy in vitro to further investigate its effect on differentiation process and CPT2 gene transcription. Results: There were 481 miRNAs identified in duck adipocytes, included 57 DE miRNA candidates. And the 1,046 targets genes of DE miRNAs were mainly involved in p53 signaling, FoxO signaling, and fatty acid metabolism pathways. miR-214 and CPT2 showed contrasting expression patterns before and after differentiation, and they were selected for further research. The expression of miR-214 was decreased during the first 3 days of duck adipocytes differentiation, and then increased, while the expression of CPT2 increased both in the transcriptional and protein level. The luciferase assay suggested that miR-214 targets the 3'untranslated region of CPT2. Overexpression of miR-214 not only promoted the formation of lipid droplets but also decreased the protein abundance of CPT2. Conclusion: Current study reports the expression profile of miRNAs in duck adipocytes differentiated for 4 days. And miR-214 has been proved to have the regulator potential for fat deposition in duck.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.1479-1488
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• 2022

Objective: This work was to determine coat inheritance and evaluate production performance for crossbred pigs from Berkshire×Chenghua (BC) compared with Chinese indigenous Chenghua (CH) pigs. Methods: The coat color phenotypes were recorded for more than 16,000 pigs, and the genotypes of melanocortin 1 receptor (MCIR) gene were identified by sequencing. The reproductive performance of 927 crossbred BC F4 gilts and 320 purebred CH gilts was recorded. Sixty pigs of each breed were randomly selected at approximately 60 days of age to determine growth performance during fattening period, which lasted for 150 days for BC pigs and 240 days for CH pigs. At the end of the fattening period, 30 pigs of each breed were slaughtered to determine carcass composition and meat quality. Results: The coat color of BC pigs exhibits a "dominant black" hereditary pattern, and all piglets derived from boars or sows genotyped E^D1 E^D1 homozygous for MC1R gene showed a uniform black coat phenotype. The BC F4 gilts displayed a good reproductive performance, showing a higher litter and tear size and were heavier at farrowing litter and at weaning litter than the CH gilts, but they reached puberty later than the CH gilts. BC F4 pigs exhibited improved growth and carcass characteristics with a higher average daily live weight gain, lower feed-to-gain ratio, and higher carcass lean meat rate than CH pigs. Like CH pigs, BC F4 pigs produced superior meat-quality characteristics, showing ideal pH and meat-color values, high intramuscular fat content and water-holding capacity, and acceptable muscle-fiber parameters. C18:1, C16:0, C18:0, and C18:2 were the main fatty acids in M. longissimus lumborum in the two breeds, and a remarkably high polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio of ~0.39 was observed in the BC F4 pigs. Conclusion: The BC F4 pigs exhibit a uniform black coat pattern and acceptable total production performance.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.73.1-73.16
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• 2023

Background: Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is considered a global threat to both human health and the poultry industry. MicroRNAs (miRNA) can modulate the immune system by affecting gene expression patterns in HPAIV-infected chickens. Objectives: To gain further insights into the role of miRNAs in immune responses against H5N1 infection, as well as the development of strategies for breeding disease-resistant chickens, we characterized miRNA expression patterns in tracheal tissues from H5N1-infected Ri chickens. Methods: miRNAs expression was analyzed from two H5N1-infected Ri chicken lines using small RNA sequencing. The target genes of differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were predicted using miRDB. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis were then conducted. Furthermore, using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, we validated the expression levels of DE miRNAs (miR-22-3p, miR-146b-3p, miR27b-3p, miR-128-3p, miR-2188-5p, miR-451, miR-205a, miR-203a, miR-21-3p, and miR-200a3p) from all comparisons and their immune-related target genes. Results: A total of 53 miRNAs were significantly expressed in the infection samples of the resistant compared to the susceptible line. Network analyses between the DE miRNAs and target genes revealed that DE miRNAs may regulate the expression of target genes involved in the transforming growth factor-beta, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways, all of which are related to influenza A virus progression. Conclusions: Collectively, our results provided novel insights into the miRNA expression patterns of tracheal tissues from H5N1-infected Ri chickens. More importantly, our findings offer insights into the relationship between miRNA and immune-related target genes and the role of miRNA in HPAIV infections in chickens.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제65권6호
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• pp.1290-1307
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• 2023

This study investigated the effect of processed forms (defatted or hydrolyzed) of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L., BSFL) as a protein substitute on broilers. Experiment 1 was a feeding experiment, and Experiment 2 was a metabolism experiment. In Experiment 1, a total of 120 day-old Arbor Acres broilers (initial body weight 39.52 ± 0.24 g) were used for 28 days. There were 8 replicate pens, and 5 broilers were assigned to each pen. In Experiment 2, a total of 36 day-old broilers (initial body weight 39.49 ± 0.21 g) were used for the metabolism trial. There were 2 broilers in a metabolism cage and six replicate cages per treatment. The dietary treatments were as follows: a basal diet (CON), a basal diet without fishmeal and substitute with defatted BSFL (T1), a basal diet without fishmeal and a substitute with hydrolyzed BSFL (T2). In Experiment 1, during the entire experimental period, the T2 group significantly increased (p < 0.05) body weight gain and feed intake compared to the CON and T1 groups. The feed conversion ratio showed a lower tendency (p = 0.057) in the T2 group than in the CON and T1 groups. At 2 weeks, the CON and T2 groups were significantly higher (p < 0.05) crude protein (CP) digestibility than the T1 group. At 4 weeks, the total protein level significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the CON and T2 groups compared to the T1 group. In Experiment 2, the CP digestibility significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the T2 group compared to the CON and T1 group at weeks 2 and 4. At week 4 amino acid digestibility, the T2 group significantly increased (p < 0.05) lysine, methionine, tryptophan, and glycine digestibility compared to the T1 group. There was no difference in fecal microbiota among the treatment groups. In conclusion, feeding hydrolyzed BSFL as a fishmeal substitute in broiler diets improved growth performance, CP digestibility, and specific amino acid digestibility. Therefore, it is considered that hydrolyzed BSFL in broiler diets can be sufficiently used as a new protein source.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.952-961
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• 2024

Objective: Stocking density (SD) is an important issue in the poultry industry, which is related to the production performance, intestinal health and immune status. In the present study, the effects of SD on the metabolism and homeostasis of uric acid as well as the related functions of the liver and kidney in ducks were examined. Methods: A total of 360 healthy 56-day-old Shan-ma ducks were randomly divided into the low stocking density (n = 60, density = 5 birds/m²), medium stocking density (n = 120, density = 10 birds/m²) and high stocking density groups (HSD; n = 180, density = 15 birds/m²). Samples were collected in the 3rd, 6th, and 9th weeks of the experiment for analysis. Results: The serum levels of uric acid, lipopolysaccharide and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]) were increased significantly in the HSD group. Serious histopathological lesions could be seen in both the livers and kidneys in the HSD group in the 9th week. The mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and TNF-α) and related pathway components (toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88, and nuclear factor-κB) were increased significantly in both the livers and kidneys in the HSD group. The mRNA expression levels of enzymes (adenosine deaminase, xanthine oxidase, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase, and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1) related to the synthesis of uric acid increased significantly in the livers in the HSD group. However, the mRNA expression level of solute carrier family 2 member 9, which plays an important role in the excretion of uric acid by the kidney, was decreased significantly in the kidneys in the HSD group. Conclusion: These results indicated that a higher SD could cause tissue inflammatory lesions in the liver and kidney and subsequently affect the metabolism and homeostasis of uric acid, and is helpful for guiding decisions related to the breeding and production of ducks.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2024

Salmonella spp. 11 strains에 대해 저온 열처리(50℃) 3, 6, 9분 후 MIC값을 측정하여 항생제 내성을 알아보았다. Chloramphenicol에 대해 대조군과 열처리한 strains 대부분에서 감수성(S)이 있는 것으로 나타났고, 열처리한 strains의 MIC값은 대조군과 비교하였을 때 유지되거나 감소하였다. Ciprofloxacin에 대해 대조군과 열처리한 strains는 대부분 감수성(S)이 있거나 중간(I)을 나타냈다. Tetracycline은 모든 strains에서 감수성(S)이 있는 것으로 나타났으며, S. Gaminara BAA 711에 대해 열처리 후 MIC값이 증가하였다. Gentamicin에 대해 대조군 strains들에서 감수성을 나타낸 strains가 3 strains, 중간을 나타낸 strains 2 strains, 내성을 가진 strains가 6 strains였으며, 이 중 S. Heidelberg ATCC 8326는 MIC값을 측정했을 때 대조군에서 MIC값이 8 ㎍/mL로 MIC break point가 중간이었으나, 3분과 9분 열처리 후 MIC값이 16 ㎍/mL로 증가하여 break point가 내성을 나타냈다. 본 실험결과 Salmonella spp. 11 strains에 대해서 저온 열처리 후 열내성 효과에 의한 항생제 내성을 알아봤을 때 ciprofloxacin에서 S. Montevideo BAA 710을 3, 6분 열처리한 경우, gentamicin에서 S. Enteritidis 109 D1을 3분 처리한 경우와 S. Heidelberg ATCC 8326을 3, 9분 처리한 경우, tetracycline에서 S. Gaminara BAA 711을 6, 9분 처리한 경우 MIC값이 증가하였다. 후속 연구를 통해 Salmonella spp. strains에 대해 열처리 후 열내성 효과를 나타내는 병원성 유전자의 특성에 대한 지속적인 연구가 필요하다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제66권2호
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• pp.326-339
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• 2024

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of protease supplementation and different nutrient density of diets in growing-finishing pigs. A total of one hundred-eight crossbred growing pigs ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) with an initial body weight (BW; 18.74 ± 3.46 kg) were used for 15 weeks. Pigs were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 3 pigs per pen in a 3 × 2 factorial through the following arrangement: Three groups of protease (1, Basal diets; 2, Protease A: 125 mg/kg protease derived from Streptomyces sps; 3, Protease B: 100 mg/kg protease derived from Bacillus licheniformis) at two different nutrient density diets (1, Basal requirement; 2, 0.94%-0.98% higher than requirement in dietary protein and 50 kcal/kg in energy). High nutrient (HN) diets showed higher average daily gain (ADG) (p < 0.05) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein (CP) (p < .0001) compared to basal nutrient (BN) diets during growing periods. Supplementation of protease showed higher BW (p < 0.05) and ADG (p < 0.05) compared to non-supplementation of protease during growing periods. Also, supplementation of protease showed higher ATTD of CP (p < 0.01), ATTD of gross energy (p < 0.05) and decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level (p = 0.001) compared to non-supplementation of protease during finishing periods. Pigs which fed the protease showed decreased ammonia (NH₃) emissions (p < 0.05) during experiment periods and decreased hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) emissions (p < 0.01) during finishing periods. Interactions between nutrient density and protease were observed, which decreased the feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) in HN diets without protease compared to BN diets without protease during weeks 4 to 6. Also, interaction between nutrient density and protease was observed, which resulted in improved ATTD of CP (p < 0.01) in response to PTA supplementation with HN diets during the finishing period. In conclusion, supplementation of protease reduces NH₃ in feces and BUN in whole blood by increasing the digestibility of CP and improves growth performance. Also, diets with high nutrient density improved growth performance and nutrient digestibility in growing periods.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.81-92
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• 2009

본 연구에서 가축별 도살과정에서 발생되는 동물성잔재물의 발생 및 처리경로를 조사하고, 재활용업체의 재활용실태를 조사하여 관리상에 기초자료로서 활용하고자 수행하였다. 현재 동물성 잔재물은 동물별 전문화되어진 업종으로서 도살하고 있으며, 도살과정에서 발생되어진 각종 물질을 분리해체하여 사료 및 부산물퇴비로 이용되고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 도축, 도살 잔재물은 식용으로 이용할 수 있는 것은 우선 이용하고, 식용으로 이용할 수 없는 뿔, 발톱, 유지 등은 재활용 처리되는 것으로 확인되었다. 도계 잔재물은 대부분 단미사료나 원형이용, 부산물비료로, 수산물 잔재물은 단미사료 등으로 재활용 되는 것으로 조사되었다. 동물성 잔재물을 재활용하는 업체는 발생원이 가까이 있는 전라남 북도와 경상남 북도 등에 다수 위치하는 것으로 나타났으며, 재활용업체도 이러한 도살장 부근에 위치하고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 대부분의 재활용 업체는 10~60 ton/day의 시설용량을 가지고 있어서 시설규모에서 영세한 것으로 나타났으며, 재활용 처리상에 어려운 점은 부패에 따른 악취 등이 발생되어 이에 대한 대책이 요구되는 것으로 조사되었다. 재활용 대상물질에 대한 수집운반은 비용절감 및 원료확보 차원에서 직접 수집 운반하는 비중이 높은 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.93-105
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• 1993

본 연구는 31 일령 broiler 병아리에 297 nm의 자외선을 조사하여 경과시간에 따라 다리의 피부를 채취하고 previtamin D$_3$(PreD$_3$), lumistero1$_3$(고), tachysterol$_3$(T$_3$), Vitamin D$_3$(VD$_3$) 및 provitaminD$_3$ (PreD$_3$) 함양을 측정코저 실시되었다. Broiler Hubbard계통 1일령 병아리 82수(2조사시간$\times$9 경과시간$\times$4회복＋10대조구)를 무창약등 육계사에 넣고 VD-결핍사료로 315간 사육한 후 조사선양 0.204mJ/$ extrm{cm}^2$ (30분 조사) 또는 0.409mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$(60분 조사)로 UVB 등을 조사하였으며 0, 6, 12, 18, 30, 42, 66, 90또는 138시간 후에 다리의 피부를 채취하였다. 9% ethyl acetate/n-hexane으로 처리하여 지질을 추출하였으며 Sep-Pak silica cartridge로 정제한 후 순상 HPLC로 PreD$_3$, L$_3$, T$_3$, VD$_3$ 및 ProD$_3$의 함양을 분석하였다. UVB를 조사하지 않은 대조구 병아리의 다리 피부중에는 PreD$_3$, L$_3$, T$_3$, VD$_3$가 검출되지 않았으며 PreD$_3$ 함양은 966$\pm$89ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$이었다. 0.204 또는 0.409mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$(30분 또는 60분) .조사시 다리 피부중 PreD$_3$의 mole %(절대함량 ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$)는 열사직후 각각 4.67%(44ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$) 또는 3.97%(37ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$)이었으며 시간이 경과됨에 따라 점차 감소되었다. 병아리의 다리 피부 면적은 25.81$\pm$0.50$\textrm{cm}^2$이었으며 다리 피부전체에서 합성된 PreD$_3$는 각각 0시간대에 961ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 738ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$이었다. 다리 피부중의 은 0시간 경과 시 각각 1.24%(12ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$) 또는 0.92%(9ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$)이었으며 시간이 지남에 따라 점차 감소되었다 함량은 각각 0.58%(5ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$) 또는 0.57%(6ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$)이었으며 역시 시간의 경과와 더불어 감소되었다. VD$_3$함량은 0시간대에 각각 2.13(21ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$) 또는 0.97%(16 ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$), 12시간대에 4.30%(33ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$) 또는 6.40%(76ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$)을 나타내었고 0.204mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$ 조사시에는 18시간대에, 0.409mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$ 처리시에는 30시간 후에 최고치를 보였다 PreD$_3$가 VD$_3$로 열전환되는데 각각 18 또는 30시간이 소요된다는 것을 시사한다. 다리 피부중의 PreD$_3$함량은 0시간대에 각각 948또는 815ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$이었으며 대조구의 ProD$_3$ 함량 966ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$에 비하면 18 또는 151ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$의 PreD$_3$가 PreD$_3$, L$_3$, T$_3$ 및 VD$_3$이성화된 것이다. mole %로 보았을 때는 각각 8.63%, 6.43%가 광합성물로 전변 된 것이다 결논적으로 자외선을 2배 .무사하였을 때 VD$_3$등 광생성물이 2배는 아니지만 더 많이 생성된다는 것이 증명되었다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2006

본 실험은 강제환우가 난질 및 계란의 저장기간에 따른 계란품질의 변화를 구명하고자 실시하였다. 실험에 공시된 계란은 환우하지 않은 60주령된 ISA Brown 노계의 계란을 대조구 (Control), 55주령에 환우를 실시한 처리구1 (T1), 70주령에 환우를 실시한 처리구2 (T2)를 각각 240수씩 총 720수를 공시하였다. 사료는 시중에서 유통되고 있는 산란사료를 사용하였다. 산란율이 50%에 도달하였을 때 정상란을 채집하여 난각 및 내 외부 난질을 저장 1일, 3일, 6일, 9일, 12, 15일에 조사하였다. 난각강도는 강제환우를 시키지 않은 60주령의 일반란과 70주령에 환우를 실시한 처리구보다 55주령에 강제환우를 실시한 처리구에서 난각강도가 유의하게 (p<0.05) 높게 나타났다. 난각두께는 각 처리구간 혹은 저장기간별로 일정한 경향이 나타나지 않았다. 난각색과 난중은 대조구인 60주령과 환우처리를 실시한 두 처리구간 및 저장 기간에 따른 일정한 경향이 이를 나타나지 않았다. 난백고는 환우를 수행하지 않은 대조구가 환우를 실시한 두 처리구보다 더 높았으며 강제환우를 실시한 두 처리구간에는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 또한 저장기간이 길어질수록 환우처리에 관계없이 난백고가 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. Haugh unit는 강제환우 처리를 한 두 처리구가 대조구에 비해 유의하게 낮았다 (p<0.05). 또한 저장기간이 길수록 세 처리구 공히 Haugh unit가 현저하게 감소하여서, 난백고와 비슷한 경 향을 보였다. 난황색은 환우처리별, 혹은 저장기간 별로 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았다. 이상의 결과에서 산란계에 대한 강제환우는 난각강도를 개선하는 효과가 있었으나, 난백의 높이 및 Haugh unit는 오히려 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다.