• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.23
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• pp.10313-10317
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• 2015

Background: The purpose of the article was to analyze the years of potential life lost (YPLL) of women who died from breast and cervical cancer in the State of Paran$\acute{a}$, Southern Brazil. This was a temporal trend study (2000 to 2010) about the coefficients of mortality and the years of potential life lost in women aged 20 to 70 years. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained through the database of the Department of the Unified Health System (DATASUS) and the National Mortality Information System. Results: There was a loss of 125.075 YPLL due to breast cancer, with an average of 11.370 YPLL. Regarding cervical cancer, the figure obtained was 91.625 YPLL from 2000 to 2010, with an average of 8.329 YPLL. Increased risk of death from breast cancer was observed for women aged 50 to 59 years, with a significant increase among those in the age group from 40 to 49 years. There was an increased rate of cervical cancer among women 40 to 69 years. Conclusions: The risk of death grows with increasing age, being higher from 40 years. Prevention is paramount for both cancers. Thus, preventive measures are required and a reassessment of political strategies should be adopted.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5261-5270
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• 2012

The present study is designed to compare the mortality and potential years of life lost of colorectal cancer between OECD countries and Korea before (1990-1999) and after (2000-2009) to provide data of more accurate strategy of public health policy and education about cancer treatment and prevention through examining differences of changes among the OECD countries. We statistically compared mortality and potential years of life lost from 32 OECD countries including Korea, except 2 nations with inadequate data, between before (1990-1999) and after the year 2000 (2000-2009) using 'OECD Health Data 2012' using the method of paired t-test. Male mortality of colorectal cancer was increased in 8 OECD countries including Korea and the female mortality was only increased in Chile and Korea. In particular, the increased rate of mortality was significantly high in Korean male and female. Moreover, increased rate of potential years of life lost for colorectal cancer was also significantly high in Korea: the rate in Korean male was increased over three times than in Mexico (2nd rank of the increase) and the rate of female was only increased in Korea compared with other countries, interestingly. Therefore, the present study suggested that most OECD countries well controlled the incidence and treatment of colorectal cancer after 2000 but Korea did not. From these, to control future problems, the further studies for the reason of the increase of potential years of life lost in female will be needed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.2831-2834
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to determine the mortality rate and burden of urinary tract cancers among residents of Inner Mongolia. We analyzed mortality data reported by the Death Registry System from 2008 to 2012. The rate of mortality due to urinary tract cancer was 2.04 per 100,000 person-years for the total population, 2.91 for men, and 1.11 for women. Therefore, the mortality rate for men was 2.62-fold the mortality rate for women, constituting a statistically significant difference (p<0.001). Over the period 2008 through 2012, the total potential years of life lost was 1388.1 person-years for men and 777.1 person-years for women, and the average years of life lost were 7.71 years per male decedent and 12.0 years per female decedent. Mortality due to urinary tract cancers is substantially greater among the elderly population. Further, the mortality rate associated with urinary tract cancers is greater for elderly men than it is for elderly women. Therefore, in Inner Mongolia, urinary tract cancers appear to pose a greater mortality risk for men than they do for women.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.1845-1850
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• 2015

Background: Cancer is recently one of the major concerns of the public health both in the world and Iran. To inform priorities for cancer control, this study estimated years of potential life lost (YPLL) and productivity losses due to cancer-related premature mortality in Iran in 2012. Materials and Methods: The number of cancer deaths by sex for all cancers and the ten leading causes of cancer deaths in Iran in 2012 were obtained from the GLOBOCAN database. The life expectancy method and the human capital approach were used to estimate the YPLL and the value of productivity lost due to cancer-related premature mortality. Results: There were 53,350 cancer-related deaths in Iran. We estimated that these cancer deaths resulted in 1,112,680 YPLL in total, 563,332 (50.6%) in males and 549,348 (49.4%) in females. The top 10 ranked cancers accounted for 75% of total death and 70% of total YPLL in the males and 69% for both death and YPLL in the females. The largest contributors for YPLL in the two genders were stomach and breast cancers, respectively. The total cost of lost productivity due to cancer-related premature mortality discounted at 3% rate in Iran, was US$ 1.93 billion. The most costly cancer for the males was stomach, while for the females it was breast cancer. The percentage of the total costs that were attributable to the top 10 cancers was 67% in the males and 71% in the females. Conclusions: The YPLL and productivity losses due to cancer-related premature mortality are substantial in Iran. Setting resource allocation priorities to cancers that occur in younger working-age individuals (such as brain and central nervous system) and/or cancers with high incidence and mortality rates (such as stomach and breast) could potentially decrease the productivity losses and the YPLL to a great extent in Iran.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.354-362
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• 2001

Objectives : The aim of this study was to estimate the burden of disease through an analysis of Years of Life Lost due to premature deaths, one component of the Disability-Adjusted Life years (DALY). In addition, the cause of death statistics were adjusted to improve validity, and the results were compared with those of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD). Methods : In closely fellowing the approach taken in the original GBD study, most of the explicit assumptions and the value judgments were not changed. However, the statistics for some problematic concerns such as deaths of infants or those due to senility, were adjusted. Deaths, standard expected years of life lost (SEYLL), and potential years of life lost (PYLL) were computed using vital registration data compiled by the National Statistical Office. Results : The burden for males is 1.8 and 2.3 times higher than that for females, according to SEYLL and PYLL, respectively. The proportions of deaths due to Group I, II, and III causes are 5.4%, 80.4%, and 14.3%, respectively, for PYLL, but in a major shift from Group II to III they are 6.3%, 66.2%, and 27.5%, respectively, for SEYLL. The proportion of Group III causes in Korea, 27.5%, is extremely high when compared to 10.1% for the world, 7.6% for developed countries, and 10.7% for developing countries. Conclusions : Estimation results showed that the total burden due to premature deaths is smaller than that for the entire world but larger than that for developed countries. The disease structure of Korea has changed to resemble that of developed countries. Also, an overly large portion of the total burden in Korea stems from injuries arising from car accidents.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.65-76
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• 1999

Objectives: This study sought to examine the impact of alcohol use and misuse on mortality in korea during the 1991-l997. Methods: Alcohol-Related Disease Impact estimation software and Korea vital statistics data were used to calculate alcohol related-mortality, mortality rates, and YPLL(years of potential life lost). The major findings are as follows : An estimated 23,528 Korean died during 1997 from causes related to alcohol. Such deaths accounted for 17,052(12.60%) of all deaths for men and 6,206(5.88%) for women. Motor vehicle accidents were major contributors to the total estimated number of alcohol related deaths and years of potential life lost before age 65. Alcohol related mortality rates were significantly higher for men. For men, major causes of the deaths were motor vehicle accidents(4,147 deaths, 17.90 per 100,000 population), cancer of the stomach(1,467 deaths, 16.60 per 100,000 population) and chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis(1,233 deaths, 13.10). For women, the largest contributors to alcohol related mortality were motor vehicle accidents(1,509 deaths, 6.61), cerebrovascular diseases(1,114 deaths, 11.3) and cancer of the stomach(810 deaths, 8.24). Kleinman's method was used for obtaining on regional(Dongs, ups and Myons) differential of the alcohol related mortality in 1995. In general, The alcohol-related death rate for men was significantly higher than that for women, and the rate for ups and myons was significantly higher than that for dongs During 1997, approximately 356,667(male: 282, 510, female: 74, 157)YPLL to age 65 and 572,708(male:424,338, female:148,370)YPLL to life expectancy were attributable to alcohol related causes. Men accounted for 79% of the total YPLL to age 65 and 74% of the total YPLL to life expectancy The major contributors to these alcohol related years lost were the diagnostic categories of unintentional injuries. Particullary, In male, Motor vehicle accidents and accidental drowning-YPLL are considerably higher for other causes. Male-female YPLL differentials were greatest for mental disorder. Male-female mean-YPLL to age 65, accidental drowning(male;36.47, female;37.67) is higher for other causes. In both sexes, The YPLL and M-YPLL to life expectancy was significantly higher than the YPLL and M-YPLL to life expectancy.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.24-43
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• 2004

Although alcohol misuse contributes substantially to mortality from diseases, injuries and adverse effects, a few attempts have been made to figure out size of adverse consequences attributable to alcohol in Korea. This study was conducted to describe trends of estimated deaths attributable to alcohol in Korea. Estimations were made by employing Korean alcohol aetiological fraction(AEF) into deaths from alcohol-related diseases, injuries, and adverse effects from year of 1995 through 2000. Korean AEF was derived from previous studies on AEF applied to USA and Canada (Schultz et al.,1991; English et al., 1995) with reflecting peculiar drinking patterns in Korea. An average number of deaths attributable to alcohol was 21,123, accounting for 8.76% of all deaths reported to National Statistical Office during the period. Death rates attributable to alcohol tended to decrease from year of 1995 to 1997 and then increased with peak at year of 1999. Sex-age standardized alcohol attributable death rates varied among areas, with those of metropolitan areas being lower than those of non metropolitan areas. Years of potential life lost (YPLL) were estimated to reflect qualitative aspect of deaths attributable to alcohol. Similar change patterns during the year were observed between number of deaths and YPLL. Average YPLL of men was longer than that of women by about 4 years. Some implications for future study have been discussed.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.128-137
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• 2018

Background: This study aims to utilize Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) data to identify macroscopic determinants of health at national level and to utilize it in health policy development through comparison and analysis with Korea. Methods: The potential years of life lost (PYLL) were used as dependent variables and 19 indicators were selected as health determinants to be independent variables based on the results of previous studies. Data analysis was done using SAS ver. 9.4 package (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) and model used in technical statistics concerning PYLL by countries, multi-linearity test between independent variables and OECD economic studies were modified and used. Results: From 1994 to 2012, the average PYLL for OECD countries was 4,262.9 years, the highest in Estonia and the lowest in Iceland. As a result of the analysis using the fixed effect model, the significant variables affecting PYLL were four variables: gross domestic product, nitric oxide, tobacco consumption, and number of doctors. The health determinants that had more influence on the PYLL of Korean people compared to other OECD countries were tobacco consumption, calorie consumption, fat intake and total health expenditure. Conclusion: In order to effectively reduce unnecessary deaths, we must continue to strengthen our smoking policy and nutrition policies such as calorie and fat intake. It is necessary to prevent the increase of total health expenditure due to the increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases and to strengthen the public health aspect.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.16
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• pp.6903-6908
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• 2015

Background: As smoking is the leading preventable cause of multiple diseases and premature cancer deaths, estimating the burden of cancer attributable to smoking has become the standard in documenting the adverse impact of smoking. In Indonesia, there is a dearth of studies assessing the economic costs of cancers related to smoking. This study aimed to estimate indirect mortality costs of premature cancer deaths and years of potential life lost (YPLL) attributable to smoking among the Indonesian population. Materials and Methods: A prevalence based method was employed. Using national data, we estimated smoking-attributable cancer mortality in 2013. Premature mortality costs and YPLL were estimated by calculating number of cancer deaths, life expectancy, annual income, and workforce participation rate. A human capital approach was used to calculate the present value of lifetime earnings (PVLE). A discount rate of 3% was applied. Results: The study estimated that smoking attributable cancer mortality was 74,440 (30.6% of total cancer deaths), comprised of 95% deaths in men and 5% in women. Cancers attributed to smoking wereresponsible for 1,207,845 YPLL. Cancer mortality costs caused by smoking accounted for USD 1,309 million in 2013. Among all cancers, lung cancer is the leading cause of death and economic burden. Conclusions: Cancers related to smoking pose an enormous economic burden in Indonesia. Therefore, tobacco control efforts need to be prioritized in order to prevent more losses to the nation. The data of this study are important for advocating national tobacco control policy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.2131-2136
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• 2016

Background: Cancer is currently one of the main public health problems all over the world and its economic burden is substantial both for health systems and for society as a whole. To inform priorities for cancer control, we here estimated years of potential life lost (YPLL) and productivity losses due to cancer-related premature mortality in Iran from 2006 to 2010. Materials and Methods: The number of cancer deaths by sex and age groups for top ten leading cancers in Iran were obtained from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. To estimate the YPLL and the cost of productivity loss due to cancer-related premature mortality, the life expectancy method and the human capital approach were used, respectively. Results: There were 138,228 cancer-related deaths in Iran (without Tehran province) of which 76 % (106,954) were attributable to the top 10 ranked cancers. Some 63 % of total cancer-related deaths were of males. The top 10 ranked cancers resulted in 106,766,942 YPLL in total, 64,171,529 (60 %) in males and 42,595,412 (40%) in females. The estimated YPPLL due to top 10 ranked cancers was 58,581,737 during the period studied of which 32,214,524 (54%) was accounted for in males. The total cost of lost productivity caused by premature deaths because of top 10 cancers was 1.68 billion dollars (US$) from 2006 to 2010, ranging from 251 million dollars in 2006 to 283 million dollars in 2010. Conclusions: This study showed that the economic burden of premature mortality attributable to cancer is significant for Iranian society. The findings provide useful information about the economic impact of cancer for health system policy/decision makers and should facilitate planning of preventive intervention and effective resource allocation.