• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.239-247
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship among body image, depression and sexual function in Korean postmenopausal women. Methods: Subjects were 96 postmenopausal women who have lived in Korea. Data was collected using Semantic Differential scale, CES-D, and FSFI. Results: The level of body image was positive, depression was mild, and sexual function was moderate. There were no significant correlation between depression and sexual function. The subjects who had more positive body image experienced higher sexual function and less depressed mood. Conclusion: These findings showed the need for a knowledge development program for nurses regarding women's sexual function. Also, nurses must do counseling with sexual partner's and consider patients' body image when counseling those who complain of sexual dysfunction.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.13
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• pp.5355-5358
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• 2014

Background: To assess the role of sonographic endometrial thickness and hysteroscopic polyp size in predicting premalignant and malignant polyps in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: A total of 328 postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding and thickened endometrium underwent operative hysteroscopy due to detection of endometrial polyps were included in this retrospective study. Preoperative endometrial thickness measured by transvaginal ultrasonography and polyp size on hysteroscopy were noted. Hysteroscopic resection with histology was performed for endometrial polyps. Endometrial thickness and polyp size were evaluated on the basis of final diagnosis established by histologic examination. Receiver operator characteristic curves were calculated to assess the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of endometrial thickness and polyp size for detecting pemalignant and malignant polyps. Results: Premalignant and malignant polyps were identified in 26 (7.9%) of cases. Sonographic measurement showed a greater endometrial thickness in cases of premalignant and malignant polyps when compared to benign polyps. On surgical hysteroscopy, premalignant and malignant polyps were also larger. Endometrial thickness demonstrated a sensitivity of 53.8%, specificity of 85.8%, PPV of 24.6% and NPV of 95.6% at a cut-off limit of 11.5 mm with diagnostic accuracy of 83.2%. Polyp size has a diagnostic accuracy of 94.8% with a sensitivity of 92.3%, specificity of 95.0%, PPV of 61.5% and NPV of 99.3% at a cut-off point of 19.5mm. Conclusions: Endometrial thickness measured by transvaginal ultrasonography is not sufficient in predicting premalignant and malignant endometrial polyps in postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding and thickened endometrium. Polyp size on hysteroscopy is a more accurate parameter, because of better sensitivity and specificity. However, while polyp size ${\geq}19.5mm$ seems to have a great accuracy for predicting premalignancy and malignancy, histologic evaluation is still necessary to exclude premalignant and malignant polyps.

• The Journal of the Korean life insurance medical association
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• v.17
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• pp.9-15
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• 1998

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.933-941
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• 2006

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of soybean intake on bone mineral density and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal rural Korean women. Method: This study was carried out during nine months from Oct. 25 2004 to Aug. 31 2005. The subjects of this study were female patients over 50 living in rural areas diagnosed with osteoporosis. There were 18 women in the experimental group and 20 in the control group. In this study, the experimental group received 100 mg of isoflavone (soybean) and calcium 1,500 mg for nine months while the control group received 1,500mg of calcium only. Results: After the soybean intake, the change of bone mineral density between the experimental group and control group was statistically significant. However, the bone turnover markers of osteocalcin and deoxypyridinoline between the experimental group and control group were not significantly different statistically. In the Pearson Correlation between bone mineral density and bone turnover markers, the osteocalcin and deoxypyridinoline of the experimental group had a positive correlation, and osteocalcin and DPD/osteocalcin ratio had anegative correlation. In the control group, osteocalcin and DPD/osteocalcin ratio had a negative correlation. Conclusions: This result showed that soybean intake changed bone mineral density in postmenopausal woman.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3229-3234
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• 2016

Background: Bone mineral density (BMD) is a lifetime marker of estrogen in a woman's body and has been associated with increased breast cancer risk. Nonetheless the actual association is still debatable. Furthermore, estrogen is very crucial in maintaining human bone density and gradually decreases over age. A systematic search was conducted to assess any association of BMD with breast cancer risk factors among premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: Review identification was performed through databases searching on MEDLINE, CINAHL and SCOPUS and 19 qualified studies were elected. The keywords used were "bone mineral density", "breast cancer", and "breast density". Results: A total of 19 articles showed variation with the majority of the studies focused on postmenopausal and a few focused on premenopausal women. Overall there was no concensus on effects. Conclusions: An enormous effort is being undertaken by researchers to prove that BMD might be one of the significant risk factors for breast cancer.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.238-246
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• 2002

Recently we observed and treated a 49-year-old postmenopausal female with enlarged uterine myoma who taking through the hormone replacement therapy(H.R.T). We regard the cause of this case as insufficiency of kidney-yin(腎陰虛), stagnation or the phlegm and pathologic blood(痰瘀阻滯) and H.R.T. ln general cases, myomas grow in size if estrogen and progesterone is present and do not increase in size if estrogen and progesterone levels are low. So if a woman can get to menopause without having symptoms from the myomas, then it is likely that she will never have problems from the growths that require treatment. But Taking postmenopausal estrogen and progestin replacement therapy can cause myomas to grow. So we recommended her to stop the H.R.T. gave herbal-medicine and acupuncture therapy. Thus we could get a good result as follows. The uterine myomas were significantly declined but no change on it's characters. Hot flush and general conditions were also significantly improved And body weight was lessened for about 4.7kg. But vaginal dryness was appeared, So we planed another therapy for that symptom.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.208-214
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• 2019

Trigonella foenum-graceum L. (fenugreek) is a phytoestrogen, a nonsteroidal organic chemical compound from plants which has similar mechanism of action to sex hormone estradiol-$17{\beta}$. This study aims to assess the effectivity of fenugreek seeds extract on collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1) and collagen type III alpha 1 (COL3A1) which are both decreased in aging skin and become worsen after menopause. This in vitro experimental study used old human dermal fibroblast from leftover tissue of blepharoplasty on a postmenopausal woman (old HDF). As a control of the fenugreek's ability to trigger collagen production, we used fibroblast from preputium (young HDF). Subsequent to fibroblast isolation and culture, toxicity test was conducted on both old and young HDF by measuring cell viability on fenugreek extract with the concentration of 5 mg/mL to $1.2{\mu}g/mL$ which will be tested on both HDF to examine COL1A1 and COL3A1 using ELISA, compared to no treatment and 5 nM estradiol. Old HDF showed a 4 times slower proliferation compared to young HDF (p<0.05). Toxicity test revealed fenugreek concentration of $0.5-2{\mu}g/mL$ was non-toxic to both old and young HDF. The most significant fenugreek concentration to increase COL1A1 and COL3A1 secretion was $2{\mu}g/mL$ (p<0.05).

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2003

Currently bone biochemical markers are considered to be the best indicators of present and the future state of bone turnover. A recent study has reported that chlorella increases the bone mineral density (BMD) on postmenopausal women, but presently there are no studies on bone biochemical markers treated with chlorella dietary supplementation. The purpose of the present study was to assess the bone biochemical markers for the short term and long term treatment groups, and non-treatment group as a control. Twenty two postmenopausal woman were treated for four months and eighteen for one year with 4 gm of chlorella dietary supplementation per day, and then assessed bone biochemical markers from serum and urine samples. Bone turnover rates calculated with Osteocalcin (OC), bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) as a bone formation markers and deoxypyridinoline (DP), cross-linked N-telopeptides of type I collagen (NTx) as a bone resorption markers, showed 1131$\pm$87% for control group, 61$\pm$11% for short term treated group and 190$\pm$101% for long term treated group. We conclude that chlorella dietary supplementation enhances the bone formation, and NTx as a single markers, OC/Dp as a single markers of bone turnover rate were very useful tools for determine the effectiveness of chlorella dietary supplementation (or the postmenopausal women.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.44 no.7 s.221
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• pp.85-98
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of dietary and serum phospholipid fatty acids composition and serum lipid levels in postmenopausal women. Data about anthropometry, dietary intake, physical activities, serum lipid profile and serum phospholipid fatty acid composition were collected from eighty-five postmenopausal women. The subjects were classified as normocholesterolemia (NC), moderate hypercholesterolemia(MC) and phyperchollesterolemia(HC) according to their serum total cholesterol (TC) levels based on The Guideline for Korean Hyperlipidemia set/published by The Committee for Hyperlipidemia in Korea. The results were as follows. Total energy intake and the ratio of energy intake to energy expenditure were positively related, while dietary fiber intake was negatively related, with serum TC level. Dietary fat intake was positively related with serum LDL-C level. Dietary cholesterol, saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) intake and the ratio of ingested saturated fat and cholesterol to calories (RISCC) were positively related, while the P/S ratio of dietary fat was negatively related, with serum TC and LDL-C levels. Serum phospholipid fatty acids composition was not significantly different among the three groups. SFA of serum phospholipid fatty acids was positively related, while P/S and M/S ratios of serum phospholipid fatiy acids were negatively correlated, with serum TC and LDL-C levels. We recommend that the dietary P/S ratio of postmenopausal women is increased by reducing their dietary SFA intake. With these changes in the diet, serum phospholipid fatty acid composition could be also changed, and serum lipids levels could be improved.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.28-37
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to address the difference menopausal symptoms according to sasang constitution and menopausal status among perimenopausal women. Methods: Data for this cross-sectional study was collected by administering questionnaires that elicited general information. The menopause rating scale (MRS) and Questionnaire for the Sasang Constitution Classification II (QSCC II) was given to 284 perimenopausal women who met the eligibility criteria and agreed to participate in the study. Results: The study subjects were composed of 27.5% so-yangin, 24.6% so-eumin, 18.7% tae-eumin, and 29.6% undefined category. The total MRS and all subscales were significantly higher for postmenopausal women in comparison to premenopausal women. Especially, so-eumin and tae-eumin displayed significantly higher scores in urogenital symptoms. The MRS score in postmenopausal women who belonged to the group of tae-eumin and so-eumin was significantly higher than those for premenopausal women. However, so-yangin displayed higher scores in psychological and urogenital symptoms than tae-eumin for premenopausal women. So-eumin presented significantly higher scores in urogenital symptoms in comparison to the undefined category for postmenopausal women. Conclusion: These findings suggest that sasang constitution could be an important factor in understanding the woman's menopausal symptoms and identify the best treatment.