• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.145-160
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• 2021

We provide trends on postal vehicles owned and operated by 10 overseas postal agencies, USPS, Postes Canada, Royal Mail, La Poste, Deutsche Post DHL, PostNL, Australia Post, China Post, Japan Post, and Thailand Post. This will be a useful asset to look into how the posts worldwide operate and manages their postal vehicles and service strategies. In this study, we provide the simple specifications of vehicles operated by each post, how to replace vehicles, how to service maintenance and repair, and modes of pick-up & delivery to be introduced soon. We expect this study to present appropriate policy implications for both postal agencies and logistics companies that are facing a major turning point in logistics to operate and evolve the delivery vehicles.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.894-902
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• 2022

This study investigated the effects of photoperiod (NL 12L:12D and LL 24L:0D) and body sizes (30 g and 50 g) on parr-smolt transformation, post-smolt growth and blood properties in the off-season parr-smolt stage of Atlantic salmon reared in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). Potential off-season salmon smolt were reared in a freshwater RAS for 80 days and then all experimental fish were transferred to seawater. In both LL groups (LL-30 and LL-50), we recorded and increase in specific growth rate and reduction in feed conversion, although there were no significant difference in body size. The values of osmolality, and serum Na⁺, Cl^- and cortisol concentrations in the LL groups were maintained at lower levels than in NL group fish, and LL group fish were observed to recover to the pre-seawater adaptation state more rapidly than those in the NL group. ID chips were inserted in all smolts reared in freshwater. These fish were subsequently transferred to full-strength seawater and thereafter individual growth rates were monitored for 120 days. The results indicated that compared with smolt reared under natural photoperiodic condition, 24 h lighting in freshwater contributed to enhancing post-smolt specific growth rate in seawater.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.151-163
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• 2012

Digestive cells of the bivalves have a highly developed lysosomal system and the system is known to be sensitive to changes in environmental qualities. In this study, we measured lysosomal responses of the digestive cells in wild oyster, Crassostrea gigas using frozen section. Oysters were collected in June 2010 from intertidal areas in the inner and outer bay of Gwangyang off the south coast of Korea. From the tissue sections, we measured the digestive cell lysosomal membrane stability (LMS), level of neutral lipids (NL), lipofuscin (LF) and the digestive gland atrophy (DGA). The DGA and condition index of oysters from the inner bay were significantly lower (P<0.05). The statistical test indicated that LMS levels of oysters in the inner bay and the outer bay were not significantly different since a shorter activity was displayed by oysters from the inner bay than that of oysters in outer bay. The LF deposition level of the oysters in the inner bay displayed significantly higher levels than the outer bay (P<0.05). In contrast, the NL accumulation measured from oysters in outer bay was significantly higher than the level observed in the inner bay (P<0.05). Different levels of DGA and LF that were observed in the inner and outer bays were thought to be associated to different level of environmental contamination and these two assays are considered to be good biomarkers.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.247-252
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• 1995

To investigate the food organisms of the Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) during the first feeding stage, the gut contents of anchovy, captured in Kwangyang Bay at June 1990, were observed. Anchovies started to eat from 3.0mm (NL) after finishing to absorb the yolk. The food organisms were composed of copepod eggs and nauplii tintinnids, and etc. The major food organisms of the anchovy larvae of 3.0-3.8mm (NL) were copepod eggs and nauplii, whereas those of larvae longer than 3.8mm(NL) were only copepod nauplii.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.153-168
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• 2024

Morphological and skeletal development in the cultured threeline grunt Parapristipoma trilineatum was studied from 1.96 to 61.39 mm notochord length (NL) or standard length (SL) specimens (n=360). After two days post-hatching (dph, 2.13 mm NL), the mouth opened, and melanophores formed in the eyes and egg yolk were absorbed. Oli globules were absorbed at 3 dph (2.71 mm NL). The total number of fin rays reached that of adults at 28 dph (10.58 mm SL). During skeletal development, the premaxillaray, dentary, opercle, preopercle, and cleithrum first began to ossify at 6 dph (3.51 mm NL). Ossification of all skeletal elements was completed at 28 dph (14.57 mm SL). The vertebrae began to ossify at 17 dph (5.63 mm SL) and were completed at 28 dph (8.48 mm SL), progressing from cranium to caudal bone. The centrum ossified from the dorsal to ventral direction. Vertebral fusion and separation were found to be common skeletal abnormalities.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.28.1-28.13
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• 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of the application method of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and its influence on the adhesion of fiberglass posts cemented with a self-adhesive resin cement. Materials and Methods: Sixty human mandibular premolars were endodontically treated and divided into 5 groups (n = 12), according to the canal irrigant and its application method: 2 groups with conventional syringe irrigation (CSI)-2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (control) and 2% CHX- and 3 groups with 2% CHX irrigation/activation-by passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), Easy Clean file, and XP-Endo Finisher file. Two roots per group were evaluated for smear layer (SL) removal by scanning electron microscopy. For other roots, fiber posts were luted using a self-adhesive resin cement. The roots were sectioned into 6 slices for push-out bond strength (BS) (7/group) and nanoleakage (NL) (3/group). Data from SL removal were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Student-Newman-Keuls tests (α = 0.05). Data from BS and NL were evaluated by 2-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Results: For SL removal and BS, the CHX irrigation/activation promoted better values than CSI with CHX (p < 0.05), but it was not significantly different from CSI with NaOCl (p > 0.05). For NL, the lowest values were obtained by the chlorhexidine irrigation/activation groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Active 2% CHX irrigation can be used to improve the post space cleaning and adhesion before fiber post cementation with self-adhesive resin cements.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.118-134
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• 2021

In this study, we provide trends on alternative fuel vehicles promoted by postal agencies in 10 countries in North America, the EU, and Asia. It describes the specifications of most EV vehicles in operation, plans, and strategies to replace existing internal combustion engines with new vehicles in the future and provides the current status of alternative vehicle charging networks in each postal agency. This paper will help postal agencies, logistics companies, automobile companies, motorcycle companies, and even individuals who want to use vehicles with alternative fuels, such as electric vehicles, on strategies to establish and implement before introducing and operating the vehicles.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.471-480
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• 1995

The modification of Nl -N2 Audiograms before and after loudtone exposure onto the tympanic membrane of guinea pigs was examined. The exposure was a loud continuous tone of 106 dB SPL intensity at 10 KHz for 10 minutes. The comparison between Wl-H2 Audiograms pre and post loudtone exposure indicates that the exposed cochlea permanently lost its normal hearing function. The largest threshold shifts wore found between 12-13.2KHz. The functional change of the cochlea after the loudtone exposure depends on the state of the cochlea before the trauma. More sensitive cochlea is more critically damaged in its function after the trauma than less sensitive cochlea.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.2484-2498
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• 2017

Various types of social media make the people share their personal experience in different ways. In some social networking sites. Some users post their reviews, some users can support these reviews with comments, and some users just rate the reviews as kind of support or not. Unfortunately, there is rare explicit negative comments towards other reviews. This means if there is a link between two users, it must be positive link. Apparently, the negative link is invisible in these social network. Or in other word, the negative links are redundant to positive links. In this work, we first discuss the feature extraction from social media data and propose new method to compute the distance between each pair of comments or reviews on social media. Then we investigate whether we can predict negative links via regression analysis when only positive links are manifested from social media data. In particular, we provide a principled way to mathematically incorporate multi-facet data in a novel framework, Constructing Negative Links, CsNL to predict negative links for discovering the hidden information. Additionally, we investigate the ways of solution to general negative link predication problems with CsNL and its extension. Experiments are performed on real-world data and results show that negative links is predictable with multi-facet of social media data by the proposed framework CsNL. Essentially, high prediction accuracy suggests that negative links are redundant to positive links. Further experiments are performed to evaluate coefficients on different kernels. The results show that user generated content dominates the prediction performance of CsNL.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.228-242
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• 2023

We examined the osteological development of the cranium, visceral skeleton, pectoral girdle, vertebral column, fins, and pterygiophore of small yellow croaker Larimichthys polyactis cultured at the Jeju Fisheries Research Institute. At 5.89 mm NL (notochord length), the larvae already had ossified frontal and basioccipital bones, parasphenoids, and vomer in the cranium. All elements of the visceral skeleton except the metapterygoid were ossified at 5.89 mm NL. Preorbital bone was ossified at 8.11 mm SL (standard length), and suborbital bones were ossified at 12.90 mm SL. In the vertebral column, ossification proceeded from the first to last centrum. The urostyle ossified at 7.41 mm SL. The caudal skeleton ossified at 6.78 mm NL, along with three hypural bones. In the pectoral girdle, the cleithrum, supracleithrum, postcleithrum, and post-temporal bones ossified at 5.89 mm NL. Caudal fin ossification began at 6.19 mm SL and was complete at 7.16 mm SL. Dorsal and anal fin ossification began at 7.16 mm SL and was complete at 8.62 mm and 8.11 mm SL, respectively. Anal and dorsal pterygiophore bone ossification was complete at 9.86 mm and 11.54 mm SL, respectively, and that of the supraneural bones was complete at 9.60 mm SL.