• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.169-178
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 RC 중공슬래브교의 내하력을 향상시키기 위한 외부 프리스트레싱을 이용한 보강에 있어서 마이크로 유전알고리즘(${\mu}$-GA)을 이용한 최적보강방법을 제시하였다. 최적보강을 위한 보강 유형으로 Queen-post 유형과 King-post 유형이 고려되었다. 마이크로 유전알고리즘을 이용하여 RC 중공슬래브교의 최적보강을 위한 보강 유형과 편향재, 긴장재 면적, 필요한 앵커 개수 등을 산정 하였다. 목적함수는 보강에 사용된 긴장재와 강재비용을 무차원화하여 구성하였으며, 제약조건은 교량과 앵커설계를 위한 시방서 내용을 고려하여 형성하였다. RC 중공슬래브교의 보강설계를 실시한 후 그 결과를 분석하여 제안된 방법의 타당성을 제시하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.339-361
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• 2012

Large amplitude free vibration and thermal post-buckling of shear flexible Functionally Graded Material (FGM) beams is studied using finite element formulation based on first order Timoshenko beam theory. Classical boundary conditions are considered. The ends are assumed to be axially immovable. The von-Karman type strain-displacement relations are used to account for geometric non-linearity. For all the boundary conditions considered, hardening type of non-linearity is observed. For large amplitude vibration of FGM beams, a comprehensive study has been carried out with various lengths to height ratios, maximum lateral amplitude to radius of gyration ratios, volume fraction exponents and boundary conditions. It is observed that, for FGM beams, the non-linear frequencies are dependent on the sign of the vibration amplitudes. For thermal post-buckling of FGM beams, the effect of shear flexibility on the structural response is discussed in detail for different volume fraction exponents, length to height ratios and boundary conditions. The effect of shear flexibility is observed to be predominant for clamped beam as compared to simply supported beam.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.533-541
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was designed to test structural equation modeling of the quality of life of stroke survivors in order to provide guidelines for development of interventions and strategies to improve their quality of life. Methods: The participants in the study were patients who visited the neurology outpatient department of a tertiary hospital in Seoul between June 25 and October 15, 2009. Data collection was carried out through one-on-one interviews. Demographic factors, functional independence, social support, nutritional status, post-stroke biobehavioral changes and quality of life were investigated. Results: The final analysis included 215 patients. Fitness of the hypothetical model was appropriate (${\chi}^2$=111.5, p=.000, GFI=.926, AGFI=.880, RMSA=.068, NFI=.911, CFI=.953). Functional dependency, social support and post-stroke biobehavioral changes were found to be significant explaining variance in quality of life. Post-stroke biobehavioral changes had the strongest direct influence on quality of life. Nutritional status had an indirect effect on the quality of life. Conclusion: To improve the quality of life of stroke survivors, comprehensive interventions are necessary to manage post-stroke biobehavioral changes, and strengthening social support networks that can contribute to enhancing the quality of life of stroke survivors.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.847-866
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• 2014

This paper describes a formulation to predict optimum post-tensioning forces and cable dimensioning for self-anchored cable-stayed suspension bridges. The analysis is developed with respect to both dead and live load configurations, taking into account design constrains concerning serviceability and ultimate limit states. In particular, under dead loads, the analysis is developed with the purpose to calculate the post-tensioning cable forces to achieve minimum deflections for both girder and pylons. Moreover, under live loads, for each cable elements, the lowest required cross-section area is determined, which verifies prescriptions, under ultimate or serviceability limit states, on maximum allowable stresses and bridge deflections. The final configuration is obtained by means of an iterative procedure, which leads to a progressive definition of the stay, hanger and main cable characteristics, concerning both post-tensioning cable stresses and cross-sections. The design procedure is developed in the framework of a FE modeling, by using a refined formulation of the bridge components, taking into account of geometric nonlinearities involved in the bridge components. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can be easily utilized to predict the cable dimensioning also in the framework of long span bridge structures, in which typically more complexities are expected in view of the large number of variables involved in the design analysis.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제13권6호통권58호
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• pp.204-211
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 RC 중공슬래브 교량의 내하력을 향상시키기 위해 외부 프리스트레싱을 이용한 보강방법을 제시하였다. 효과적인 보강을 위해 Queen-post 형식과 King-post 형식이 고려되었으며, 축차무제 약 최소화 기법(SUMT)를 이용하여 목표 내하율을 달성하기 위한 최적의 형상과 긴장력을 구하였다. 최적보강을 위한 목적함수는 재료비용을 무차원화한 비용함수로 구성하였으며, 제약조건은 시방서 규정과 내하율을 고려하여 형성하였다. RC 중공슬래브 교량의 보강을 실행한 후 그 결과를 분석하여 제안된 방법의 타당성을 제시하였다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.279-288
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• 2020

The computational post-buckling strength of the tilted sandwich composite shell structure is evaluated in this article. The computational responses are obtained using a mathematical model derived using the higher-order type of polynomial kinematic in association with the through-thickness stretching effect. Also, the sandwich deformation behaviour of the flexible soft-core sandwich structural model is expressed mathematically with the help of a generic nonlinear strain theory i.e. Green-Lagrange type strain-displacement relations. Subsequently, the model includes all of the nonlinear strain terms to account the actual deformation and discretized via displacement type of finite element. Further, the computer code is prepared (MATLAB environment) using the derived higher-order formulation in association with the direct iterative technique for the computation of temperature carrying capacity of the soft-core sandwich within the post-buckled regime. Further, the nonlinear finite element model has been tested to show its accuracy by solving a few numerical experimentations as same as the published example including the consistency behaviour. Lastly, the derived model is utilized to find the temperature load-carrying capacity under the influences of variable factors affecting the soft-core type sandwich structural design in the small (finite) strain and large deformation regime including the effect of tilt angle.

• 교육시설 논문지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2019

Concrete wedge anchor is one of structural components to transfer load of an object attached to a primary structure. Recently, as retrofitting concrete structure is becoming a main issue, mechanical capacity of the anchor should be secured enough. In spite of the structural safety of Cast-in-place anchor, Post-installed anchor is more widely used with ease of placement or change of construction method. However, the post-installed anchors domestically produced have excessive coefficient of variation over 15% of ultimate tensile strength, which yields deteriorated quality in tensile strength. In this research, tensile strength test of anchors, which have improved sleeve and header and produced by a domestic company, was conducted for two variables, concrete strength and effective embedment depth. As a result, enough coefficients of variations were secured in all specimens. Also, in comparison to foreign products, the domestic ones have equal or higher performance.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.281-294
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• 2019

The post-fire behavior of structural elements and the cooling process has always been one of the main concerns of the structural engineers. The structures can be cooled at different rates, where they affect the structure's behavior. In the present study, a numerical model has been developed using the Abaqus program to investigate the effect of cooling rate on the post-fire behavior of the CFST column. To verify the model, results of an experimental study performed on CFST columns within a full heating and cooling cycle have been used. In this model, coMParison of the residual strength has been employed in order to examine the behavior of CFST column under different cooling rates. Furthermore, a parametric study was carried out on the strength of steel and concrete, the height of the specimens, the axial load ratio and the cross-sectional shape of the specimen through the proposed model. It was observed that the cooling rate affects the behavior of the column after the fire, and thus the higher the specimen's temperature is, the more effect it has on the behavior. It was also noticed that water cooling had slightly more residual strength than natural cooling. Furthermore, it was recognized from the parametric study, that by increasing the strength of steel and concrete and the load ratio, as well as modifying the cross-sectional shape from circular to square, residual strength of column at the cooling phase was less than that of the heating phase. In addition, with reducing column height, no change was witnessed in the column behavior after the cooling phase.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제83권4호
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• pp.435-449
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• 2022

Constitutive modeling that could reasonably predict and effectively evaluate the post-peak structural behavior while eliminating the mesh-dependency in numerical simulation remains to be developed for general engineering applications. Based on the previous work, a simple one-dimensional modeling procedure is proposed to predict and evaluate the post-peak response, as characterized by the evolution of localized strain field, of a steel member to monotonically uniaxial tension. The proposed model extends the classic one-dimensional softening with localization model as introduced by (Schreyer and Chen 1986) to account for the localization length, and bifurcation and rupture points. The new findings of this research are as follows. Two types of strain-softening functions (bilinear and nonlinear) are proposed for comparison. The new failure criterion corresponding to the constitutive modeling is formulated based on the engineering strain inside the localization zone at rupture. Furthermore, a new mathematical expression is developed, based on the strain rate inside and outside the localization zone, to describe the displacement field at which bifurcation occurs. The model solutions are compared with the experimental data on four low-carbon cylindrical steel bars of different lengths. For engineering applications, the model solutions are also compared to the experimental data of a cylindrical steel bar system (three steel bars arranged in series). It is shown that the bilinear and nonlinear softening models can predict the energy dissipation in the post-peak regime with an average difference of only 4%.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제84권2호
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• pp.285-293
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• 2022

Lumped damage mechanics (LDM) is a recent nonlinear theory with several applications to civil engineering structures, such as reinforced concrete and steel buildings. LDM apply key concepts of classic fracture and damage mechanics on plastic hinges. Therefore, the lumped damage models are quite successful in reproduce actual structural behaviour using concepts well-known by engineers in practice, such as ultimate moment and first cracking moment of reinforced concrete elements. So far, lumped damage models are based in the strain energy equivalence hypothesis, which is one of the fictitious states where the intact material behaviour depends on a damage variable. However, there are other possibilities, such as the energy equivalence hypothesis. Such possibilities should be explored, in order to pursue unique advantages as well as extend the LDM framework. Therewith, a lumped damage model based on the energy equivalence hypothesis is proposed in this paper. The proposed model was idealised for reinforced concrete structures, where a damage variable accounts for concrete cracking and the plastic rotation represents reinforcement yielding. The obtained results show that the proposed model is quite accurate compared to experimental responses.