• Title/Summary/Keyword: Post-Hoc

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A Study on the Effect of Doula's Roles including Therapeutic Touch on Labor and Delivery Process (치료적 터치를 병용한 듀라 (Doula)의 역할이 분만 제 요인에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Gum-Juing;Yoo, Eun-Kwang
    • Women's Health Nursing
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    • v.5 no.2
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    • pp.262-277
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    • 1999
  • The purpose of this study is to define the effects of the roles played by the Doulas : one group educated on the conventional Lamaze method known to have effects on birth pang during delivery process and the other group educated both on Lamaze and therapeutic touch. On the various factors of delivery, and thereby, provide for some basic data to develop an effective nursing intervention to relieve women of their birth pang. 136 mothers who were hospitalized in a general hospital from June 13, 1998 to May 13, 1998 to May 13, 1999 to deliver their first babies were sampled to be divided into control group, test group I and test group II and thus be subject to interviews and observations. As for the tool of study, melzack's(1975) 'pain scale', McCaffery's(1972) and Mcrachlan's(1974) 'pain expression scales' and Spielberger's (1975) 'anxiety scale' were used. The preparatory educational programs consisted of 5week Lamaze method and therapeutic touch. The research, design was quasi-experimental, non equivalent, posttest only control group design. The collected data were processed using the SPSS/PC statistics software for frequencies, means and one-way Anova as well as Tukey HSD and Scheffe test as post hoc for individual comparison. Moreover, chi-square test was used to test the differences between groups, while Pearson's correlation coefficients were analyzed to determine the correlations between anxiety and variables. The findings are as follows ; 1. The birth pain of the mothers delivering first babies scored in a subjective and objective pain scale; 1) There was a significant difference of subjective birth pain at 8~10cm opening of cervix between control group and two test groups. 2) There was no significant difference of objective birth pain as per opening of cervex among three groups in terms of sweating, facial movement, bodily posture and vocal changes. 2. There was no significant difference of trait anxiety among three groups. however, there was a significant difference of state anxiety during labor process between control group and two test groups. On the other hand, all the three groups showed a significantly lower level of anxiety during labor process than when they were carried to the hospital. 3. There was a significant difference of the time of total and first-stage labor among three groups, while there was a significant but small difference of the time elapsed from 8~10cm cervix open to the full among three groups. 4. Two test groups showed a higher frequency of natural deliveries than the control group. 5. Two test groups were subject to these drugs than the control group. In conclusion, it was found that the test group I and II showed a shorter delivery time than the control group, a higher frequency of natural delivery and a lesser use of anodyne or epidural. In particular, this study is significant to develop a nursing intervention service or a therapeutic touch which the nursing administrators can apply to their hospitals in marketing programs.

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Parenting Stress, Parenting Guilt Feelings, Separation Anxiety and Alternative Care in Hospital-Nurses (종합병원 간호사의 양육스트레스, 양육죄책감, 격리 불안 및 대리양육)

  • Park, Yun-Kyung;Yi, Juyoun;Lim, Sora;Jang, Heeran;Kang, Hyo-Jeong;Kim, Ji-Soo
    • The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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    • v.14 no.7
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    • pp.302-311
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    • 2014
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate on parenting stress, parenting guilt feelings and separation anxiety and alternative care in nurses. Data were collected from nurses with preschooler at 2 hospitals from August 2013 to January 2014. Self reported questionnaires were used to collect data from 163 nurses. There were significant differences according to the age, satisfaction of work place and co-worker, spouse support of parenting in parenting stress, parenting guilt feelings and separation anxiety in common. The majority type of alternative care was surrogate foster home when they went to work. However, there were significant differences according to type of alternative care in parenting stress, parenting guilt feelings and separation anxiety. Particularly, those who use child day-care center and surrogate foster home showed more parenting guilt feelings and separation anxiety in Scheffe post-hoc comparison. As a result, it is needed to be improvement of working conditions and policy for nurses' parenting support to continue work.

The Study of HR and Energy Expenditure Change according to Walking Types (걷기유형에 따른 심박수 및 에너지소비량 변화에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, hyung-kook
    • Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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    • 2009.05a
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    • pp.405-409
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    • 2009
  • There are many types of walking exercise. We have choice the way according to the walking exercise purpose. Nordic walking(NW) is one of walking types with nordic poles. Also, power walking(PW) has motion of large swing the arm in walking, and dumbbell walking(DW) way is walking with 3-pound dumbbell. This study compared the physiological response(heart rate, energy expenditure) of general walking(GW) to another types(nordic, power, and 3-pound hand weights walking way). Seven apparently male health volunteers between the ages 19 and 24 years participated. Each complete a treadmill test. The tests were assigned randomly, as submaximal walking trials on separate days. Each walking trial was conducted on a level treadmill, for 40 minutes(3-5mile/hour 5min warm-up, 6mile/hour speed for 15min walking and 7mile/hour speed for 15min Jogging exercise, and 5-3mile/hour cool down 5min), at an same pace. Heart rate in beats per minute(bpm), and energy expenditure in kcal per minute(kcal/min) were recorded each minute. Results between trials were compared using repeated measures analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests. In slow walking, it was found that walking with 3-pound hand weight way resulted in and average of ($127.8{\pm}8.27bpm$) the highest score HR, Caloric expenditure($85.4{\pm}14.51kcal/min$), responses compared to regular walking way($117.4{\pm}7.27bpm$ and $70.4{\pm}10.99kcal/min$). Nordic walking way($121.4{\pm}11.74bpm$, and $77.0{\pm}16.83kcal/min$) is second, power walking way($118.5{\pm}9.98bpm$, and $68.7{\pm}20.62kcal/min$) is next. In fast walking, it was found that walking way with 3-pound hand weight resulted in and average of ($160.1{\pm}8.72bpm$) the highest score HR, caloric expenditure($126.1{\pm}13.86kcal/min$), responses compared to regular walking way($148.4{\pm}11.94bpm$, and $109.0{\pm}4.70kcal/min$). Nordic walking way($156.7{\pm}10.82bpm$, and $113.5{\pm}14.51kcal/min$) is second, power walking way($149.7{\pm}12.56bpm$, and $109.2{\pm}17.64kcal/min$) is next. Thus, it is the unavoidable conclusion that, comparing with general walking, 3-pound hand weight walking, nordic walking, and power walking methods have the advantage of high exercise intensity and energy expenditure to meet the purpose of performers without the problem. Furthermore, 3-pound hand weight walking ways were proved to be a useful aerobic exercise method as whole body that achieves high-energy efficiency. To this extent, 3-pound hand weight walking ways can be recommended as a continuous and regulative aerobic exercise for some people.

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The Relationship with Internet Addiction, VDT Syndrome and Health Behavior of Elementary School Students (초등학생의 인터넷 중독과 VDT 증후군 및 건강행위 간의 관련성)

  • Lee, Gyeong-Ran;Hwang, Mi-Hye
    • The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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    • v.9 no.2
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    • pp.65-80
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    • 2008
  • Objectives: To identify the relationship between the internet addition of elementary school students, and their health behavior and VDT syndrome, and thereby to detect the impact of internet addiction on the health behavior of elementary school students, to get the basic information necessary to develop a prevention program for internet addiction and to plan for VDT syndrome prevention program. Methods: We conducted this study during the period from jun 27, 2007 through July 8, 2007. The subjects of this study were 416 children whose grades were in 4th through 6th grades of elementary schools located in the city A in Kyung Pook Providence. Data were obtained from self-rating questionnaires. The questionnaires were composed of Korean Internet Addiction Self-examination on Internet Use Patterns (K-scale), Health Behavior Profile, VDT Syndrome, and general characteristics. We used t-test, AVOVA with Ducan method for Post-hoc comparison in means comparison between groups, $X^2$-test for frequency analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficient. We used SPSS/PC(12.0 ver) program and the LISREL 8.53 Win program for covariance structural analysis. Results: Major results were as follows. 1. The internet addiction propensity distribution based on the distribution of scores were investigated according to the self diagnosis scale on internet addiction. 6.5% of them were high risk user group, 14.4% were potential risk users and 79.1% of them were common user groups. 2. Internet addictions by sex, internet use duration, frequency (days/week), time(hours/day), purpose, position, brightness of internet, attitude of parents and frequency of conversation of family members were statistically significant(p<0.01). 3. There was a statistically significant difference in VDT syndrome according to internet addiction groups(p<0.001) besides ocular symptoms, dry mouth and GI troubles. 4. The health behavior score was the lowest in high risk user group(p<0.001). There were significant differences between internet addiction groups in personal hygiene and habits of daily living(p<.002), the prevention of accidents(p<.002), the practice concerned with the prevention of infectious disease(p=.002), and mental health(p<.001). 5. There was also a significant negative correlation between internal addiction and health profile(r=-0.365, p<0.01) and a significant positive correlation between internal addiction and VDT syndrome(r=0.331, p<0.01). 6. As the result of structural model analysis, internet use time(/day), days of internet use(/1week), conversation frequency among family members, degree of brightness of internet use had significant direct effects on internet addiction. Conclusions: The results will help the development of an effective intervention program for the prevention and treatment of internal addiction by clarifying the effect of the internal addiction upon elementary school students' VDT syndrome and health behavior.

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Exploring Navigation Pattern and Site Evaluation Variation in a Community Website by Mixture Model at Segment Level (커뮤니티 사이트 특성과 navigation pattern 연관성의 세분시장별 이질성분석 - 믹스처모델의 구조방정식 적용을 중심으로 -)

  • Kim, So-Young;Kwak, Young-Sik;Nam, Yong-Sik
    • Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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    • v.13
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    • pp.209-229
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    • 2004
  • Although the site evaluation factors that affect the navigation pattern are well documented, the attempt to explore the difference in the relationship between navigation pattern and site evaluation factors by post hoc segmentation approach has been relatively rare. For this purpose, this study constructs the structure equation model using web-evaluation data and log file of a community site with 300,000 members. And then it applies the structure equation model to each segment. Each segment is identified by mixture model. Mixture model is to unmix the sample, to identify the segments, and to estimate the parameters of the density function underlying the observed data within each segment. The study examines the opportunity to increase GFI, using mixture model which supposes heterogeneous groups in the users, not through specification search by modification index from structure equation model. This study finds out that AGFI increases from 0.819 at total sample to 0.927, 0.930, 0.928, 0.929 for each 4 segments in the case of the community site. The results confirm that segment level approach is more effective than model modification when model is robust in terms of theoretical background. Furthermore, we can identify a heterogeneous navigation pattern and site evaluation variation in the community website at segment level.

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MECHANICAL AND HISTOMORPHOLOGIC CHANGES OF THE RAT FEMUR AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF SODIUM FLUORIDE (불화물에 의한 백서 대퇴골의 강도 및 조직형태학적인 변화)

  • Lee, Soo-Koung;Song, Keun-Bae;Jang, Hyun-Jung
    • Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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    • v.26 no.4
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    • pp.363-368
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    • 2000
  • The purposes of the study was to examine changes in thickness and strength of the rat femur after administration of sodium fluoride in the drinking water. 48 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, and they were supplied with 0(control), 1, 5 and 50 ppm of fluoride in the drinking water ad libitum for 6 weeks. Rats were killed and both sides of femur were dissected. Bone strength was measured as the stress of failure of femur at the middle point and femoral neck with Instron. Histologic slides were prepared from the femur shaft with routine processing of fixing, demineralizing, embedding and HE staining. Thickness and area of cortical bone and medullary cavity were measured by using Camera Lucida and Image Analyzer. All the collected data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test for post-hoc tests and ANCOVA using the SAS 6.12 package at the level of 0.05. Bone strength increased significantly in the animals given 1 and 5 ppm of fluoride in the water, as compared to the control group. There were significant decreases of stress at fracture in 50 ppmF group compared to the 1 and 5 ppmF groups. The similar trends of bone strength at the femoral neck fracture test, but there were no statistical significances. Cortical bone thickness and area of the femur increased in the 1 and 5 ppmF groups compared to the control. However, the thickness of 50 ppmF group also decreased significantly as compared to 1 and 5 ppmF groups. On the other hand, medullary thickness and area increased in all fluoride groups than control group. All of the findings presented support the conclusion that, low fluoride dosage used in water fluoridation could increase the bone strength and might have preventive effect on femur fracture.

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Mediating Effects of Self Leadership on the Relationship between Childcare Teachers' Support and Beginning Early Childhood Teachers' Role Performance (보육교직원의 지지가 초임유아교사의 역할수행에 미치는 영향에 대한 셀프리더십의 매개효과)

  • Kim, Jung Hee
    • Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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    • v.11 no.6
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    • pp.199-219
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    • 2015
  • The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship among beginning early childhood teachers' role performance and self leadership, and childcare teachers's supports. The subjects in this study were 491 beginning early childhood teachers working in kindergartens and child care centers across the country. Childcare teachers' support questionnaire(Jae-Young Lee, 2012) role performance questionnaire(Bog-Mae Park, 2011), and self-leadership questionnaire(Dong-Hyen Park,2014) were used for this study. For the research analysis, frequency, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficient, ANOVA test, $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ post-hoc analysis and Pearson's correlation were calculated and regression analysis were conducted. The results are as follows. Firstly, it was revealed that there are statistically meaningful differences in beginning early childhood teachers 'role performance and self leadership, and childcare teachers's support which were related to early childhood teachers' salary, education background, and age. Also, there are statistically meaningful differences in beginning early childhood teachers' role performance and childcare teachers's support, which were related to type of child-care center role performance, but there were no differences in beginning early childhood teachers' self leadership. Secondly, childcare teachers's support have statistically meaningful positive influences on beginning early childhood teachers' role performance through the mediation of self leadership. Through this study, it is possible to provide basic information to seek ways to enhance beginning early childhood teachers' role performance and self leadership under the considerations of their individual background characteristics, and to promote the practical support for the director or colleagues.

A Study on the Effects of Airborne LiDAR Data-Based DEM-Generating Techniques on the Quality of the Final Products for Forest Areas - Focusing on GroundFilter and GridsurfaceCreate in FUSION Software - (항공 LiDAR 자료기반 DEM 생성기법의 산림지역 최종산출물 품질에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 - FUSION Software의 GroundFilter 및 GridsurfaceCreate 알고리즘을 중심으로 -)

  • PARK, Joo-Won;CHOI, Hyung-Tae;CHO, Seung-Wan
    • Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.154-166
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    • 2016
  • This study aims to contribute to better understanding the effects of the changes in the parameter values of GroundFilter algorithm(GF), which performs filtering process, and of GridsurfaceCreate algorithm(GC), which creates regular grid, provided in Fusion software on the accuracy of elevation of the final LiDAR-DEM products through comparative analysis. In order to test whether there are significant effects on the accuracy of the final LiDAR-DEM products due to the changes of GF(1, 3, 5, 7, 9) parameter levels and GC(1, 3, 5, 7, 9) parameter levels, two-way ANOVA is conducted based on residuals. The residuals are calculated using the differences between each sample plot's paired field-measured and DEM-derived elevation values given each individual GF and GC level. After that, Tukey HSD test is conducted as a post hoc test for grouping the levels. As a result of two-way ANOVA test, it is found that the change in the GF levels significantly affects the accuracy of LiDAR-DEM elevations(F-value : 27.340, p < 0.01), while the change in the GC levels does not significantly affect the accuracy of LiDAR-DEM elevations(F-value : 0.457). It is also found that the interaction effect between GF and GC levels is not likely to exist(F-value : 0.247). From the results of the Tukey HSD test in the GF levels, GF levels can be divided into two groups('7', '5', '9', '3' vs '1') by the differences of means of residuals. Given the current conditions, LiDAR-DEM can achieve the best accuracy when the level '7' and '3' are given as GF and GC level, respectively.

Influence of shape and finishing on the corrosion of palladium-based dental alloys

  • Milheiro, Ana;Muris, Joris;Kleverlaan, Cornelis J.;Feilzer, Albert J.
    • The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.56-61
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    • 2015
  • PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the surface treatment and shape of the dental alloy on the composition of the prosthetic work and its metallic ion release in a corrosive medium after casting. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Orion Argos (Pd-Ag) and Orion Vesta (Pd-Cu) were used to cast two crowns and two disks. One of each was polished while the other was not. Two as-received alloys were also studied making a total of 5 specimens per alloy type. The specimens were submersed for 7 days in a lactic acid/sodium chloride solution (ISO standard 10271) and evaluated for surface structure characterization using SEM/EDAX. The solutions were quantitatively analysed for the presence of metal ions using ICP-MS and the results were statistically analysed with one-way ANOVA and a Tukey post-hoc test. RESULTS. Palladium is released from all specimens studied (range $0.06-7.08{\mu}g{\cdot}cm^{-2}{\cdot}week^{-1}$), with the Pd-Cu alloy releasing the highest amounts. For both types of alloys, ion release of both disk and crown pairs were statistically different from the as-received alloy except for the Pd-Ag polished crown (P>.05). For both alloy type, disk-shaped pairs and unpolished specimens released the highest amounts of Pd ions (range $0.34-7.08{\mu}g{\cdot}cm^{-2}{\cdot}week^{-1}$). Interestingly, in solutions submerged with cast alloys trace amounts of unexpected elements were measured. CONCLUSION. Shape and surface treatment influence ion release from dental alloys; polishing is a determinant factor. The release rate of cast and polished Pd alloys is between $0.06-0.69{\mu}g{\cdot}cm^{-2}{\cdot}week^{-1}$, which is close to or exceeding the EU Nickel Directive 94/27/EC compensated for the molecular mass of Pd ($0.4{\mu}g{\cdot}cm^{-2}{\cdot}week^{-1}$). The composition of the alloy does not represent the element release, therefore we recommend manufacturers to report element release after ISO standard corrosion tests beside the original composition.

Evaluation of shear bond strength between dual cure resin cement and zirconia ceramic after thermocycling treatment

  • Lee, Jung-Jin;Kang, Cheol-Kyun;Oh, Ju-Won;Seo, Jae-Min;Park, Ju-Mi
    • The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.1-7
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    • 2015
  • PURPOSE. This study was performed to evaluate shear bond strength (SBS) between three dual-cured resin cements and silica coated zirconia, before and after thermocycling treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Sixty specimens were cut in $15{\times}2.75mm$ discs using zirconia. After air blasting of $50{\mu}m$ alumina, samples were prepared by tribochemical silica coating with $Rocatec^{TM}$ plus. The specimens were divided into three groups according to the dual-cure resin cement used: (1) Calibra silane+$Calibra^{(R)}$, (2) Monobond S+$Multilink^{(R)}$ N and (3) ESPN sil+$RelyX^{TM}$ Unicem Clicker. After the resin cement was bonded to the zirconia using a Teflon mold, photopolymerization was carried out. Only 10 specimens in each group were thermocycled 6,000 times. Depending on thermocycling treatment, each group was divided into two subgroups (n=10) and SBS was measured by applying force at the speed of 1 mm/min using a universal testing machine. To find out the differences in SBS according to the types of cements and thermocycling using the SPSS, two-way ANOVA was conducted and post-hoc analysis was performed by Turkey's test. RESULTS. In non-thermal aged groups, SBS of Multilink group (M1) was higher than that of Calibra (C1) and Unicem (U1) group (P<.05). Moreover, even after thermocycling treatment, SBS of Multilink group (M2) was higher than the other groups (C2 and U2). All three cements showed lower SBS after the thermocycling than before the treatments. But Multilink and Unicem had a significant difference (P<.05). CONCLUSION. In this experiment, Multilink showed the highest SBS before and after thermocycling. Also, bond strengths of all three cements decreased after thermocycling.