• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.211-219
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• 2012

The residue levels of ampicillin (AM) in cultured olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (average 300g) at $20{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ were studied by oral, intramuscular and dipping administration (routes). The concentrations of AM in the plasma were determined by HPLC-UV detector. The average recoveries of AM in spiked samples between 0.01~10 ppm were ranging from 84.45% to 91.26% for plasma. The limit of detection for AM was 0.05 ppm by using this method. Plasma concentrations of AM were determined after oral dosage (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg body weight), intramuscular injection (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight) and dipping (10, 20 and 40 ppm; 1 h). Samples were taken at 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 24, 30, 48, 96, 144, 216, 264 and 360 h post-administration. In oral dosage of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, it's peak concentrations were $3.62{\pm}0.97$, $5.20{\pm}0.70$ and $11.18{\pm}0.87{\mu}g/ml$, respectively at 10 h post-administration, but AM was not measurable at 144, 360 and 360 h post-administration, respectively. In intramuscular injection of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, it's peak concentrations were $6.92{\pm}1.29{\mu}g/m1$, $9.89{\pm}2.22{\mu}g/ml$ and $19.85{\pm}2.97{\mu}g/ml$, respectively at 5 h post-administration, but AM was not measurable at 216, 264 and 264 h post-administration, respectively. In dipping of 10, 20 and 40 ppm, it's peak concentrations were $4.39{\pm}1.10$, $9.57{\pm}1.51$ and $11.61{\pm}1.92{\mu}g/ml$, respectively at 3 h post-administration, but AM was not measurable at 264, 264 and 360 h post-administration, respectively. Therefore, the plasma distribution and elimination levels of AM in olive flounder were dosage-dependant manner in all administration routes.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.267-267
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• 1998

The fluorine doped silicon oxide (SiOF) intermetal dielectric (IMD) films have been of interest due to their lower dielectric constant and compatibility with existing process tools. However instability issues related to bond and increasing dielectric constant to water absorption when the SiOF films was exposured to atmospheric ambient. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to study the effect of post oxygen plasma treatment on the resistance of moisture absorption and reliability of SiOF film. Improvement of moisture absorption resistance of SiOF film is due to the forming of thin SiO₂layer at the SiOF film surface. It is thought that the main effect of the improvement of moisture absorption resistance was densification of the top layer and reduction in the number of Si-F bonds that tend to associate with OH bonds. However, the dielectric constant was increased when plasma treatment time is above 5 min. In this study, therefore, it is thought that the proper plasma treatment time is 3 min when plasma treatment condition is 700 W of microwave power, 3 mTorr of process pressure and 300℃ of substrate temperature.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1299-1307
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary antioxidant and energy density on performance and antioxidative status in transition cows. Forty cows were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments in a $2{\times}2$ factorial design. High or low energy density diets (1.43 or 1.28 Mcal $NE_L$/kg DM, respectively) were formulated with or without antioxidant (AOX, a dry granular blend of ethoxyquin and tertiary-butylhydroquinone; 0 or 5 g/cow per d). These diets were fed to cows for 21 days pre-partum. During the post-partum period, all cows were fed the same lactation diets, and AOX treatment followed as for the pre-partum period. Feeding a high energy diet depressed the DMI, milk yield, and 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) of cows. However, AOX inclusion in the diet improved the milk and 4% FCM yields. There was an interaction of energy density by AOX on milk protein, milk fat and total solids contents. Feeding a high energy diet pre-partum increased plasma glucose and ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate, whereas dietary AOX decreased plasma ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate value during the transition period. There were also interactions between time and treatment for plasma glutathione peroxidase activity and malondialdehyde content during the study. Cows fed high energy diets pre-partum had higher plasma glutathione peroxidase activity 3 days prior to parturition, compared with those on low energy diets. Inclusion of AOX in diets decreased plasma glutathione peroxidase activity in cows 3 and 10 days pre-partum. Addition of AOX significantly decreased malondialdehyde values at calving. Energy density induced marginal changes in fatty acid composition in the erythrocyte membrane 3 days post-partum, while AOX only significantly increased cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid composition. The increase in fluidity of the erythrocyte membrane was only observed in the high energy treatment. It is suggested that a diet containing high energy density pre-partum may negatively affect the anti-oxidative status, DMI and subsequent performance. Addition of AOX may improve the anti-oxidative status and reduce plasma ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate, eventually resulting in improved lactation performance; the response to AOX addition was more pronounced on the high energy diet.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.116-121
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• 2009

The 2-step low temperature plasma processes (the combined carburizing and post-nitriding) offer the increase of both surface hardness and thickness of hardened layer and corrosion resistance than the individually processed low temperature nitriding and low temperature carburizing techniques. The 2-step low temperature plasma processes were carried out for improving both the surface hardness and corrosion resistance of AISI 316L stainless steel. The influence of gas compositions on the surface properties during nitriding step were investigated. The expanded austenite (${\gamma}_N$) was formed on all of the treated surface. The thickness of ${\gamma}_N$ and concentration of N on the surface increased with increasing both nitrogen gas and Ar gas levels in the atmosphere. The thickness of ${\gamma}_N$ increased up to about $20{\mu}m$ and the thickness of entire hardened layer was determined to be about $40{\mu}m$. The surface hardness was independent of nitrogen and Ar gas contents and reached up to about 1200 $HV_{0.1}$ which is about 5 times higher than that of untreated sample (250 $HV_{0.1}$). The corrosion resistance in 2-step low temperature plasma processed austenitic stainless steels was also much enhanced than that in the untreated austenitic stainless steels due to a high concentration of N on the surface.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.2-8
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• 2013

PURPOSE. Autoclaves and UV sterilizers have been commonly used to prevent cross-infections between dental patients and dental instruments or materials contaminated by saliva and blood. To develop a dental sterilizer which can sterilize most materials, such as metals, rubbers, and plastics, the sterilization effect of an atmospheric pressure non-thermal air plasma device was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS. After inoculating E. coli and B. subtilis the diamond burs and polyvinyl siloxane materials were sterilized by exposing them to the plasma for different lengths of time (30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and, 240 seconds). The diamond burs and polyvinyl siloxane materials were immersed in PBS solutions, cultured on agar plates and quantified by counting the colony forming units. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and significance was assessed by the LSD post hoc test (${\alpha}$=0.05). RESULTS. The device was effective in killing E. coli contained in the plasma device compared with the UV sterilizer. The atmospheric pressure non-thermal air plasma device contributed greatly to the sterilization of diamond burs and polyvinyl siloxane materials inoculated with E. coli and B. subtilis. Diamond burs and polyvinyl siloxane materials inoculated with E. coli was effective after 60 and 90 seconds. The diamond burs and polyvinyl siloxane materials inoculated with B. subtilis was effective after 120 and 180 seconds. CONCLUSION. The atmospheric pressure non-thermal air plasma device was effective in killing both E. coli and B. subtilis, and was more effective in killing E. coli than the UV sterilizer.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.408-414
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• 2018

PURPOSE. This study aimed to assess the effect of non-thermal plasma on the shear bond strength of resin cements to polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) in comparison to other surface treatment methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Eighty PEKK discs were subjected to different surface treatments: (1) Untreated (UT); (2) Non-thermal plasma (NTP); (3) Sandblasting with $50{\mu}m$ $Al_2O_3$ particles (SB); and (4) Sandblasting + Non-thermal plasma (SB+NTP). After each surface treatment, the contact angle was measured. Surface conditioning with Visio.Link was applied in all groups after pre-treatment. RelyX Unicem resin cement was bonded onto the PEKK specimens. After fabrication of the specimens, half of each group (n=10) was initially tested, while the other half was subjected to thermocycling ($5^{\circ}C$ to $55^{\circ}C$ at 10,000 cycles). Shear bond strength (SBS) testing was performed using a universal testing machine, and failure modes were assessed using stereomicroscopy. The SBS results were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Independent t-test was used to examine the effect of thermocycling (P<.05). RESULTS. The highest SBS values with or without thermocycling were observed with PEKK specimens that were treated with SB+NTP followed by the SB group. The lowest SBS results were observed in the UT groups. CONCLUSION. The shear bond strength between PEKK and resin cements was improved using non-thermal plasma treatment in combination with sandblasting.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.792-799
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• 2022

Dopamine (DA) is known to be a key modulator of animal behaviors. Thus, the plasma concentration of DA might be used as a biomarker for the behavioral characteristics of horses. The behavioral characteristics of horses vary depending on the breed, age, and sex. Moreover, the DA receptor genotypes are also related to horse behaviors. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the DA concentration variations of horse plasma by breed, age, sex, or genotype of its receptor. The horses were divided by breed into Thoroughbred (n = 13), Pony (n = 9), Warmblood (n = 4), and Haflinger (n = 5). The age variable was divided into three different groups: post-pubertal (2-5 years, n = 6), adult (6-13 years, n = 19), and aged horses (15-24 years, n = 6). The sex variable was divided into geldings (n = 8) and mares (n = 23). Approximately 10 mL of blood was collected, and an ELISA kit was used to measure the plasma concentration of DA. Polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to identify the genetic variation in the DA D4 receptor gene (DRD4). SPSS statistical software was used for statistical analysis. The DA concentrations in geldings were significantly lower than those in mares. There was no significant difference in DA concentrations among breed and age groups. Horses with the GG and GA genotypes had significantly higher plasma concentrations of DA compared to horses with the AA genotype for the G292A gene. Briefly, the plasma concentration of DA varied depending on the sex and genotype of G292A. These factors should be considered when the concentration of DA is used as a biomarker for the behavioral characteristics of horses. In conclusion, the DA concentration or DRD4 genotype of horse plasma has the potential to be used as a biomarker that can predict the behavioral characteristics of horses.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2006

A method determining the plasma concentration of clotiazepam was developed by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with an ion-trap detector and was validated for applying pharmacokinetics to human volunteers orally taken 5 mg dose of clotiazepam. The detection limit was 1 ng/ml and the limit of quantitation was 5 ng/mt. Intraday reproducibility and accuracy bias % were less than 8.2 and 10.2% with inter-day variations for those being within 7.0 and 13.8%, respectively. The recovery of clotiazepam was higher than 87%. The principal pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from the plasma concentration-time plot by non-compartmental or two-compartmental analysis. In non-compartmental analysis, the elimination half-life of 10.4 hr and the area under the curve of 651.3 ng hr/ml were determined, and the maximal concentration (158.6 ng/ml) in the plasma was obtained at 0.56 hr post-dose. The developed method can be appropriate to apply pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of clotiazepam.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.91-100
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• 2018

Development of biodegradable implants for treatment of complex bone fractures has recently become one of the priority areas in biomedical materials research. Multifunctional corrosion resistant and bioactive coatings containing hydroxyapatite $Ca_{10}(PO_4)_6(OH)_2$ and magnesium oxide MgO were obtained on Mg-Mn-Ce magnesium alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation. The phase and elemental composition, morphology, and anticorrosion properties of the coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The PEO-layers were post-treated using superdispersed polytetrafluoroethylene powder. The duplex treatment considerably reduced the corrosion rate (>4 orders of magnitude) of the magnesium alloy. The use of composite coatings in inducing bioactivity and controlling the corrosion degradation of resorbable Mg implants are considered promising. We also applied the plasma electrolytic oxidation method for the formation of the composite bioinert coatings on the titanium nickelide surface in order to improve its electrochemical properties and to change the morphological structure. It was shown that formed coatings significantly reduced the quantity of nickel ions released into the organism.

• Journal of Information Display
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.109-112
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• 2010

The solid phase compositions and dielectric properties of silicon nitride ($SiN_x$) films prepared using the plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) technique at a low temperature ($200^{\circ}C$) were studied. Controlling the source gas mixing ratio, R = $[N_2]/[SiH_4]$, and the plasma power successfully produced both silicon-rich and nitrogen-rich compositions in the final films. The composition parameter, X, varied from 0.83 to 1.62. Depending on the film composition, the dielectric properties of the $SiN_x$ films also varied substantially. Silicon-rich silicon nitride (SRSN) films were obtained at a low plasma power and a low R. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of these films revealed the existence of nano-sized silicon particles even in the absence of a post-annealing process. Nitrogen-rich silicon nitride (NRSN) films were obtained at a high plasma power and a high R. These films showed a fairly high dielectric constant ($\kappa$ = 7.1) and a suppressed hysteresis window in their capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics.