• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.221-231
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• 2023

박새는 도시생태계 내 환경변화를 측정할 수 있는 생물지표종이자 대표적인 식충성 조류로 건전성 유지와 같은 중요한 역할을 맡고 있다. 연구자들은 박새과 조류의 번식생태 파악을 위해 인공새집 조사방법을 활용하고 있으나, 공간적·시간적 한계로 거시적 관점의 연구를 진행하기에는 어려움이 있다. 본 연구는 전문가 중심으로 수행된 기존 인공새집 모니터링이 갖는 한계를 벗어나고자 시민참여 인공새집 모니터링 프로젝트를 설계하였다. '수원시 앞마당 조류 모니터링단'은 시민조사원들의 자발적인 참여를 통해 경기도 수원시 내 녹지공간에 인공새집을 설치하고 박새과 조류의 번식생태를 관찰하는 프로젝트이다. 2021년 2월 9일부터 2월 22일까지 온라인 설문조사를 통해 참가자를 모집하였고, 시민조사원은 2021년 2월 23일부터 8월 31일까지 인공새집 설치부터 관찰까지 직접 수행하였다. 비전문가인 시민조사원들의 진입장벽을 낮추고 일관된 데이터를 수집하기 위해 모니터링 과정 전반에 대한 온라인 교육을 수행하였고 모바일 애플리케이션을 이용하여 인공새집 관찰기록을 수집하였다. 시민참여 인공새집 모니터링 프로젝트에는 98명의 시민조사원이 참여하였고 배포된 206개의 인공새집 중 175(84.95%)개가 수원시 내 녹지공간에 설치되었다. 설치된 인공새집 중 위치 좌표 생성 오류가 발생한 2건을 제외한 173(83.98%)개를 대상으로 시민과학 프로젝트 결과를 확인했다. 시민조사원으로부터 수집한 인공새집 관찰기록은 총 987회이며, 최솟값은 1회, 최댓값은 26회, 평균은 5.71±4.37회로 나타났다. 월별 인공새집 관찰 횟수는 2월 70회(7.09%), 3월 444회(44.98%), 4월 284회(28.77%), 5월 133회(13.48%), 6월 46회(4.66%), 7월 6회(0.61%), 8월 4회(0.41%)로 조사되었다. 설치된 173개의 인공새집 중 57개(32.95%)에서 조류의 이용을 관찰할 수 있었고 박새 12개소(21.05%), 곤줄박이 7개소(12.28%), 미동정 조류 38개소(66.67%)로 확인되었다. 본 연구는 박새과 조류의 번식생태를 조사방법으로 활용되는 인공새집 모니터링에 시민의 참여 가능성을 처음으로 검토한 연구로 향후 시민과학을 접목한 생태모니터링 설계의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제39권5_1호
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• pp.637-654
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• 2023

최근 지구관측 위성이 급격히 발전함에 따라 사용자의 수가 증가하고 있다. 이에 따라 지구관측위성위원회(Committee on Earth Observation Satellites, CEOS)에서는 분석준비자료(Analysis Ready Data, ARD)라는 개념을 제안하고 분석준비자료의 요구 조건을 CEOS ARD for Land (CARD4L)로 정의하여 사용자 친화적인 위성영상을 제공하기 위해 노력하고 있다. 분석준비자료에는 육상분석에 불필요한 픽셀이 식별된 마스크(Unusable Data Mask, UDM)가 영상과 함께 제공되어야 한다. UDM의 종류는 구름, 구름 그림자, 지형그림자 등이 있다. 지형그림자는 지형기복이 큰 산악지형에서 발생되며 지형그림자가 생긴 지역은 복사조도가 낮기 때문에 분석 결과에 오류를 야기시킨다. 기존 지형그림자 탐지연구는 지형그림자 보정을 위해 지형그림자 픽셀을 탐지하는데 목적을 두었지만, 이것은 지형보정 기법으로 대체 가능하다. 따라서 지형그림자 탐지 목적을 확장할 필요가 있다. 산림과 농업분석을 목적으로 한 차세대중형위성 4호(CAS500-4)의 활용을 위해 본 연구에서는 지형그림자 탐지 범위를 태양의 영향을 적게 받는 지역까지 확장하였다. 본 논문은 남북한을 대상으로 지형그림자 마스크 생성을 위해 지형그림자 탐지 가능성을 분석하는데 목적이 있다. 지형그림자 탐지를 위해서 태양의 위치, 지표면의 경사와 경사방향을 이용한 음영기복 알고리즘을 사용하였다. 한반도를 촬영한 5 m급 공간해상도의 RapidEye 영상과 10 m급 공간해상도의 Sentinel-2 영상들을 대상으로 참값과 비교하며 최적의 음영기복 임계값을 결정하였다. 결정된 임계값을 사용하여 지형 그림자 탐지를 수행하고 결과를 분석하였다. 정성적 결과로는 전체적으로 참값과의 형상이 유사함을 확인하였다. 정량적 실험결과는 F1 score가 대부분 0.8에서 0.94 사이인 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 남북한을 대상으로 자동적인 지형그림자 탐지가 잘 수행됨을 확인하였다.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.99-106
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• 2007

목 적: 방사선치료 중 환자의 자세나 해부학적 구조상 장기의 움직임과 치료 시 환자를 조준하면서 치료부위의 변화가 다양하게 발생할 수 있다. 이와 같은 요인은 종양부위나 정상조직에 대한 선량분포에 영향을 미치게 된다. 이는 치료계획용전산 화장비에 의해 계산된 선량이 실제임상 치료 시 서로 다른 선량이 조사될 수 있다. 인체의 생리학적인 움직임과 장기 내의 움직임 등은 고정기구나 정확한 환자의 치료준비에 의해서 치료조준의 정확성을 높일 수 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 토모영상을 통해 육안적종양체적(Gross tumor volume, GTV)과 장기의 치료 간에 발생하는 차이점을 평가하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 본원환자로서 직장풍선을 이용하여 치료하는 전립선암 환자 3명을 대상으로 하였고, 3달 동안 영상 자료를 수집 하였다. 각 환자마다 치료횟수 26회에 대한 토모영상을 획득하였고, 총 76회의 토모영상을 수집하였다. 각각의 토모영상은 전산화단층촬영모의치료(Computed tomography simulation, CT-simulation) 시의 중심점을 이용하였고, 매 치료 시 직장풍선에 60 cc의 공기주입 후 항문 가장자리에서 6 cm 깊이에 고정하여 전립선의 움직임을 고정시킨 후 치료 전에 토모영상을 획득하였다. 토모영상은 5 mm 두께로 영상을 획득하였다. 본 연구의 분석방법으로 CT-simulation와 MVCT (Megavoltage computed tomography, MVCT)의 융합을 위하여 납 볼을 이용하여, 토모치료의 3가지 영상융합방법으로 Bone technique, bone/tissue technique, full image technique을 이용하여 치료준비(setup)의 오차를 분석하였다. 영상융합은 눈에 보이는 납 볼 기준으로 융합하고, CT-simulation 시 획득한 영상에 MVCT에서 얻어진 영상을 융합하여, 뼈와 직장풍선, GTV을 매 치료 시 각각 비교하였다. 최초 CT-simulation 시 기준점을 중심으로 평균과 표준편차는 X, Y, Z, Roll에 대하여 각각의 환자를 분석하였다. 결 과: 분석결과 각각의 방법에 위해서 직장풍선의 변화는 확연히 다르게 나타났다. 정량적으로 뼈를 이용한 영상융합 결과 X방향으로 최대 8 mm, Y방향으로 4 mm의 움직임을 보였다. 직장풍선 기준으로 영상융합 한 결과 X, Y 방향으로 6 mm, 16 mm로 분석 되었다. 한 환자의 경우 16 mm 이상의 움직임을 보였는데, 이는 직장내의 공기나 분비물에 의한 움직임으로 분석 되었다. GTV 기준분석 결과 X 방향으로 2.7$\sim$6.6 mm, 4.3$\sim$7.8 mm가 Y방향으로 움직임을 보였다. 본 연구에서 Roll에 대한 분석결과 영상융합과 분석상에서 확연한 차이점은 없었다. 분석결과 뼈 기준의 분석결과 0.37$\pm0.36^{\circ}$, GTV 기준분석 결과 0.34$\pm0.38^{\circ}$의 회전을 보였다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.3642-3654
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• 1975

The purpose of this thesis is to derive a unit hydrograph which may be applied to the ungaged watershed area from the relations between directly measurable unitgraph properties such as peak discharge(qp), time to peak discharge (Tp), and lag time (Lg) and watershed characteristics such as river length(L) from the given station to the upstream limits of the watershed area in km, river length from station to centroid of gravity of the watershed area in km (Lca), and main stream slope in meter per km (S). Other procedure based on routing a time-area diagram through catchment storage named Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph(IUH). Dimensionless unitgraph also analysed in brief. The basic data (1969 to 1973) used in these studies are 9 recording level gages and rating curves, 41 rain gages and pluviographs, and 40 observed unitgraphs through the 9 sub watersheds in Nak Oong River basin. The results summarized in these studies are as follows; 1. Time in hour from start of rise to peak rate (Tp) generally occured at the position of 0.3Tb (time base of hydrograph) with some indication of higher values for larger watershed. The base flow is comparelatively higher than the other small watershed area. 2. Te losses from rainfall were divided into initial loss and continuing loss. Initial loss may be defined as that portion of storm rainfall which is intercepted by vegetation, held in deppression storage or infiltrated at a high rate early in the storm and continuing loss is defined as the loss which continues at a constant rate throughout the duration of the storm after the initial loss has been satisfied. Tis continuing loss approximates the nearly constant rate of infiltration (${\Phi}$-index method). The loss rate from this analysis was estimated 50 Per cent to the rainfall excess approximately during the surface runoff occured. 3. Stream slope seems approximate, as is usual, to consider the mainstreamonly, not giving any specific consideration to tributary. It is desirable to develop a single measure of slope that is representative of the who1e stream. The mean slope of channel increment in 1 meter per 200 meters and 1 meter per 1400 meters were defined at Gazang and Jindong respectively. It is considered that the slopes are low slightly in the light of other river studies. Flood concentration rate might slightly be low in the Nak Dong river basin. 4. It found that the watershed lag (Lg, hrs) could be expressed by Lg=0.253 (L.Lca)0.4171 The product L.Lca is a measure of the size and shape of the watershed. For the logarithms, the correlation coefficient for Lg was 0.97 which defined that Lg is closely related with the watershed characteristics, L and Lca. 5. Expression for basin might be expected to take form containing theslope as {{{{ { L}_{g }=0.545 {( { L. { L}_{ca } } over { SQRT {s} } ) }^{0.346 } }}}} For the logarithms, the correlation coefficient for Lg was 0.97 which defined that Lg is closely related with the basin characteristics too. It should be needed to take care of analysis which relating to the mean slopes 6. Peak discharge per unit area of unitgraph for standard duration tr, ㎥/sec/$\textrm{km}^2$, was given by qp=10-0.52-0.0184Lg with a indication of lower values for watershed contrary to the higher lag time. For the logarithms, the correlation coefficient qp was 0.998 which defined high sign ificance. The peak discharge of the unitgraph for an area could therefore be expected to take the from Qp=qp. A(㎥/sec). 7. Using the unitgraph parameter Lg, the base length of the unitgraph, in days, was adopted as {{{{ {T}_{b } =0.73+2.073( { { L}_{g } } over {24 } )}}}} with high significant correlation coefficient, 0.92. The constant of the above equation are fixed by the procedure used to separate base flow from direct runoff. 8. The width W75 of the unitgraph at discharge equal to 75 per cent of the peak discharge, in hours and the width W50 at discharge equal to 50 Per cent of the peak discharge in hours, can be estimated from {{{{ { W}_{75 }= { 1.61} over { { q}_{b } ^{1.05 } } }}}} and {{{{ { W}_{50 }= { 2.5} over { { q}_{b } ^{1.05 } } }}}} respectively. This provides supplementary guide for sketching the unitgraph. 9. Above equations define the three factors necessary to construct the unitgraph for duration tr. For the duration tR, the lag is LgR=Lg+0.2(tR-tr) and this modified lag, LgRis used in qp and Tb It the tr happens to be equal to or close to tR, further assume qpR=qp. 10. Triangular hydrograph is a dimensionless unitgraph prepared from the 40 unitgraphs. The equation is shown as {{{{ { q}_{p } = { K.A.Q} over { { T}_{p } } }}}} or {{{{ { q}_{p } = { 0.21A.Q} over { { T}_{p } } }}}} The constant 0.21 is defined to Nak Dong River basin. 11. The base length of the time-area diagram for the IUH routing is {{{{C=0.9 {( { L. { L}_{ca } } over { SQRT { s} } ) }^{1/3 } }}}}. Correlation coefficient for C was 0.983 which defined a high significance. The base length of the T-AD was set to equal the time from the midpoint of rain fall excess to the point of contraflexure. The constant K, derived in this studies is K=8.32+0.0213 {{{{ { L} over { SQRT { s} } }}}} with correlation coefficient, 0.964. 12. In the light of the results analysed in these studies, average errors in the peak discharge of the Synthetic unitgraph, Triangular unitgraph, and IUH were estimated as 2.2, 7.7 and 6.4 per cent respectively to the peak of observed average unitgraph. Each ordinate of the Synthetic unitgraph was approached closely to the observed one.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.4296-4311
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• 1977

This study was conducted to derive an Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph for the accurate and reliable unitgraph which can be used to the estimation and control of flood for the development of agricultural water resources and rational design of hydraulic structures. Eight small watersheds were selected as studying basins from Han, Geum, Nakdong, Yeongsan and Inchon River systems which may be considered as a main river systems in Korea. The area of small watersheds are within the range of 85 to 470$\textrm{km}^2$. It is to derive an accurate Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph under the condition of having a short duration of heavy rain and uniform rainfall intensity with the basic and reliable data of rainfall records, pluviographs, records of river stages and of the main river systems mentioned above. Investigation was carried out for the relations between measurable unitgraph and watershed characteristics such as watershed area, A, river length L, and centroid distance of the watershed area, Lca. Especially, this study laid emphasis on the derivation and application of Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH) by applying Nash's conceptual model and by using an electronic computer. I U H by Nash's conceptual model and I U H by flood routing which can be applied to the ungaged small watersheds were derived and compared with each other to the observed unitgraph. 1 U H for each small watersheds can be solved by using an electronic computer. The results summarized for these studies are as follows; 1. Distribution of uniform rainfall intensity appears in the analysis for the temporal rainfall pattern of selected heavy rainfall event. 2. Mean value of recession constants, Kl, is 0.931 in all watersheds observed. 3. Time to peak discharge, Tp, occurs at the position of 0.02 Tb, base length of hlrdrograph with an indication of lower value than that in larger watersheds. 4. Peak discharge, Qp, in relation to the watershed area, A, and effective rainfall, R, is found to be {{{{ { Q}_{ p} = { 0.895} over { { A}^{0.145 } } }}}} AR having high significance of correlation coefficient, 0.927, between peak discharge, Qp, and effective rainfall, R. Design chart for the peak discharge (refer to Fig. 15) with watershed area and effective rainfall was established by the author. 5. The mean slopes of main streams within the range of 1.46 meters per kilometer to 13.6 meter per kilometer. These indicate higher slopes in the small watersheds than those in larger watersheds. Lengths of main streams are within the range of 9.4 kilometer to 41.75 kilometer, which can be regarded as a short distance. It is remarkable thing that the time of flood concentration was more rapid in the small watersheds than that in the other larger watersheds. 6. Length of main stream, L, in relation to the watershed area, A, is found to be L=2.044A0.48 having a high significance of correlation coefficient, 0.968. 7. Watershed lag, Lg, in hrs in relation to the watershed area, A, and length of main stream, L, was derived as Lg=3.228 A0.904 L-1.293 with a high significance. On the other hand, It was found that watershed lag, Lg, could also be expressed as {{{{Lg=0.247 { ( { LLca} over { SQRT { S} } )}^{ 0.604} }}}} in connection with the product of main stream length and the centroid length of the basin of the watershed area, LLca which could be expressed as a measure of the shape and the size of the watershed with the slopes except watershed area, A. But the latter showed a lower correlation than that of the former in the significance test. Therefore, it can be concluded that watershed lag, Lg, is more closely related with the such watersheds characteristics as watershed area and length of main stream in the small watersheds. Empirical formula for the peak discharge per unit area, qp, ㎥/sec/$\textrm{km}^2$, was derived as qp=10-0.389-0.0424Lg with a high significance, r=0.91. This indicates that the peak discharge per unit area of the unitgraph is in inverse proportion to the watershed lag time. 8. The base length of the unitgraph, Tb, in connection with the watershed lag, Lg, was extra.essed as {{{{ { T}_{ b} =1.14+0.564( { Lg} over {24 } )}}}} which has defined with a high significance. 9. For the derivation of IUH by applying linear conceptual model, the storage constant, K, with the length of main stream, L, and slopes, S, was adopted as {{{{K=0.1197( {L } over { SQRT {S } } )}}}} with a highly significant correlation coefficient, 0.90. Gamma function argument, N, derived with such watershed characteristics as watershed area, A, river length, L, centroid distance of the basin of the watershed area, Lca, and slopes, S, was found to be N=49.2 A1.481L-2.202 Lca-1.297 S-0.112 with a high significance having the F value, 4.83, through analysis of variance. 10. According to the linear conceptual model, Formular established in relation to the time distribution, Peak discharge and time to peak discharge for instantaneous Unit Hydrograph when unit effective rainfall of unitgraph and dimension of watershed area are applied as 10mm, and $\textrm{km}^2$ respectively are as follows; Time distribution of IUH {{{{u(0, t)= { 2.78A} over {K GAMMA (N) } { e}^{-t/k } { (t.K)}^{N-1 } }}}} (㎥/sec) Peak discharge of IUH {{{{ {u(0, t) }_{max } = { 2.78A} over {K GAMMA (N) } { e}^{-(N-1) } { (N-1)}^{N-1 } }}}} (㎥/sec) Time to peak discharge of IUH tp=(N-1)K (hrs) 11. Through mathematical analysis in the recession curve of Hydrograph, It was confirmed that empirical formula of Gamma function argument, N, had connection with recession constant, Kl, peak discharge, QP, and time to peak discharge, tp, as {{{{{ K'} over { { t}_{ p} } = { 1} over {N-1 } - { ln { t} over { { t}_{p } } } over {ln { Q} over { { Q}_{p } } } }}}} where {{{{K'= { 1} over { { lnK}_{1 } } }}}} 12. Linking the two, empirical formulars for storage constant, K, and Gamma function argument, N, into closer relations with each other, derivation of unit hydrograph for the ungaged small watersheds can be established by having formulars for the time distribution and peak discharge of IUH as follows. Time distribution of IUH u(0, t)=23.2 A L-1S1/2 F(N, K, t) (㎥/sec) where {{{{F(N, K, t)= { { e}^{-t/k } { (t/K)}^{N-1 } } over { GAMMA (N) } }}}} Peak discharge of IUH) u(0, t)max=23.2 A L-1S1/2 F(N) (㎥/sec) where {{{{F(N)= { { e}^{-(N-1) } { (N-1)}^{N-1 } } over { GAMMA (N) } }}}} 13. The base length of the Time-Area Diagram for the IUH was given by {{{{C=0.778 { ( { LLca} over { SQRT { S} } )}^{0.423 } }}}} with correlation coefficient, 0.85, which has an indication of the relations to the length of main stream, L, centroid distance of the basin of the watershed area, Lca, and slopes, S. 14. Relative errors in the peak discharge of the IUH by using linear conceptual model and IUH by routing showed to be 2.5 and 16.9 percent respectively to the peak of observed unitgraph. Therefore, it confirmed that the accuracy of IUH using linear conceptual model was approaching more closely to the observed unitgraph than that of the flood routing in the small watersheds.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.101-142
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• 1998

1. 연구 목적 및 배경 사상의학(四象醫學)에서의 대소음양인(太少陰陽人)의 체질 구분의 근거는 폐비간현(肺脾肝賢)의 각기 다른 장리로 인한 것으로 이는 폐비간현(肺脾肝賢)의 위치와 사상인(四象人) 구분의 근거인 체형기상(體形氣像)까지 이어진다. 이러한 각기 다른 체형기상(體形氣像)은 사상인 체질 구분의 가장 중요한 단서중의 하나로 이를 측정하여 각 체질의 사초(四焦) 체간부(體幹部)를 수기로 측정한 연구가 있었으나 이는 측정상의 오류가 많아 본 연구에서는 삼차원계측기를 이용하여 각 체질별 체간의 삼차원적인 특징을 해부학적 위치를 중심으로 측정하고 둘레, 단면적, 체적 등의 입체적 측정을 통해 체간부의 정량적인 특정을 살펴 체질 구분에 이용하고자 하였다. 2. 연구 방법 체질진단용 설문지 1번, QSCC(II), 맥진, 침진의 진단 방법을 이용하고 사상의학 전문의에 의해 체질 진단된 건강한 20대에서 40대까지의 성인 남자 40명과 여자 20명을 대상으로 Rapid 3D Color Scanner Model 3030 RGB/PS를 사용하여 삼차원 영상을 촬영한 후 해부학적 구조를 근거로 31항목의 체적, 전표 면적, 높이를 측정하고 25가지의 사초 가설을 설정하여 각 체질별 사초의 삼차원적인 특징을 구하였다. 3. 연구 결과 및 결론 1) 체간부 측정 항목의 절대치 (1) 여자의 특징 태음인이 다른 체질에 비해 체간부가 큰 편이고 소음인이 대개의 경우 가장 작은 경향을 나타내었다. 그러나 갑상연골점의 목둘레, 흉골상단의 단면적과 전둘레, 경폭에서 소양인이 가장 작은 것으로 나타나 소양인이 경부 즉, 체간의 최상부가 가장 둘레가 가는 것을 알 수 있다. 유두선 높이의 단면적, 전둘레, 깊이와 중완선높이의 전후둘레의 체간부에서 태음인이 소음인보다 큰 것으로 나타나 체간부의 상부는 소음인이 가장 작은 것으로 나타났다. 치골상단의 폭은 소양인이 가장 작은 것으로 나타났다. (2) 남자의 특징 갑상연골점, 흉골상단, 액와, 유두, 검상돌기, 중완, 하완, 제부, 상전장골극, 치골결합상단 부위에 이르기까지 전 항목에서 태음인의 체형이 가장 크며 소음인의 체형이 가장 작은 것으로 나타났다. 갑상연골점 높이에서 전후둘레, 폭, 깊이에서 태음인이 가장 크고 소음인이 가장 작은 것으로 나타났다. 유두와 유하간의 수직거리는 소양인이 가장 크고 소음인이 가장 작은 것으로 나타났다. 2) 사초부위의 절대치의 비교 (1) 여자 상초의 항목 중에서 갑상연골점 높이에서 액와선높이까지의 체적과 흉골상단높이에서 유두높이까지의 체간 상부 체적이 소양인이 가장 작았다. 소양인이 체간 상부가 다른 체질에 비해 작다. 중상초 : 중상초의 항목 중 흉골상단에서 중완까지의 체적과 흉골상단에서 검상돌기까지의 체적에서 태음인이 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. (2) 남자 상초, 중상초, 중하초, 하초의 경우 태음인이 소음인보다 체적이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 3) 체간에서 사초가 차지하는 비율에 대한 고찰 (1) 상초 : 액와에서 상전장골극까지를 사초로 설정할때 상초에 해당하는 액와에서 유두선까지의 높이가 태음인이 소양인보다 큰 것으로 나타나 소양인이 액와점에서 유두선 까지의 거리가 체간에서 차지하는 비율이 가장 짧은 것으로 나타났다. (2) 중상초 : 갑상연골점에서 치골결합상단을 사초로 설정할때 흉골상단에서 유두까지의 높이와 액와에서 유두까지의 높이에서 태음인이 소양인보다 큰 것으로 나타났으며 갑상연골점에서 상전장골극까지를 사초로 설정한 경우 흉골상단높이에서 유두까지와 액와에서 유두까지의 높이에서 태음인이 소양인보다 큰 것으로 나타나 소양인이 중상초의 높이가 체간에서 차지하는 비율이 가장 짧은 것으로 나타났다. (3) 중하초 : 흉골상단에서 상전장골극을 사초로 설정할 때 중완에서 제부까지의 체적과 액와에서 상전장골극까지를 사초로 설정할 때 중완에서 제부까지의 체적이 차지하는 비율이 태음인이 소음보다 큰 것으로 나타나 중완에서 제부가 체간에서 차지하는 비율이 소음인이 가장 작은 것으로 나타났다. 4) 각 체질별 사초의 상관관계 태음인은 상초와 중하초의 상관관계를 체적, 표면적, 높이로 나누어 살펴 보아 대개의 경우 역상관관계를 얻었으며 특히도 표면적의 경우는 상관계수가 -0.9~-1로 나타나 상관정도가 높았다. 소음인과 소양인은 중상초와 하초의 상관관계를 체적, 표면적, 높이로 나누어 살펴 보아 대개의 경우 역상관관계를 얻었다.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
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• 제24권
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• pp.289-332
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• 1993

In china, six bibliographies of offical historical books are evaluated at the most important things among the systematically-editing bibliographies. These bibliographies would be usful to study the orign of classical sciences and their development, bibliographic research of Chinese classics, bibliographic judgement on genuine books, titles, authors, volumes. They could be refered to research into graving, correcting, and existence of ancient books. therefore, these bibliographies would be applied to estimation the phase of scientific and cultural development. The study of these bibliographies has been not yet made in Korea. This thesis lays its importance on the background of their appearance, their classification norms, organizing system of their catalogue, and comparison between their difference. 1. Editing and compiling of Chilyak (칠약) by Liu Chin (유흠) and official histories played an important role of entering an apperance of historical book's bibliographies. Chilyak has been lost. However, its classification and compiling system of classical books would be traced by Hansoyemunji(한서예문지) of which basic system is similar to Chilyak. It classified books according to their scientific characteristic. If a few books didn't have their own categories, they were combined by the circles parallel to the books' characteristic. With the books classified under the same scientific characteristic, they were again divided into the scientific schools or structures. It also arranged the same kinds of books according to the chronology. The some books wi th duplicate subjects were classified multiplely by their duplicate subject. 2. Ssu-ma Chon's (사마천) The Historical Records (Saki, 사기) and Pan Ku's (반고) The History of the Former Han Dynasty (Hanso, 한서) has also took effects on appearance of historical books' bibliographies. Covering overall history, Saki was structured by the five parts: The basic annals(본기), the chronological tables (표), the documents (서), the hereditary houses (세가), biographies (열전). The basic annals dealt with kings and courts' affairs according to the chronology. The chronological tables was the records of the annals. The documents described overall the social and cultural systems. The hereditary houses recorded courts' meritorious officials and public figures. The biographies showed exemplars of seventy peoples selected by their social status. Pan Ku(반구)'s The History of the Former Han Dynasty(한서) deserved to be called the prototype for the offical histories after Saki's (사기; The Historical Records) apperance. Although it modelled on Saki, it had set up its own cataloguing system. It was organized by four parts; the basic annals (본기), the chronological tables (표), treatises(지), biographies (열전). The documents in the Hanso(한서) was converted into treatises(지). The hereditary houses and biographies were merged. For the first time, the treatise with The Yemunji could operate function for historical bibliographies. 3. There were six historical bibliographies: Hansoyemunji(한서예문지), Susokyongjeokji (수서경적지), Kudangsokyongjeokji(구당서경적지), Shindangsoyemunji (신당서예문지), Songsayemunji (송사예문지), Myongsayemunji (명사예문지). 1) Modelling on Liu Chin's Chilyak except Chipryak(집략), Hansoyemunji divided the characteristic of the books and documents into six parts: Yukrye(육예), Cheja(제자), Shibu(시부), Pyongsoh(병서), Susul(수술), Pangki(방기). Under six parts, there were thirty eight orders in Hansoyemunji. To its own classification, Hansoyemunji applied the Chilyak's theory of classification that the books or documents were managed according to characteristic of sciences, the difference of schools, the organization of sentences. However the overlapped subjects were deleted and unified into one. The books included into an unsuitable subject were corrected and converted into another. The Hansoyemunji consisted of main preface (Taesoh 대서), minor preface (Sosoh 소서) , the general preface (Chongso 총서). It also recorded the introduction of books and documents, the origin of sciences, the outline of subjects, and the establishment of orders. The books classified by the subject had title, author, and volumes. They were rearranged by titles and the chronological publication year. Sometimes author was the first access point to catalogue the books. If it was necessary for the books to take footnotes, detail notes were formed. The Volume number written consecutively to order and subject could clarify the quantity of books. 2) Refering to Classfication System by Seven Norms (칠분법) and Classification System by Four Norms(사분법), Susokyongjeokji(수서경적지) had accomplished the classification by four norms. In fact, its classification largely imitated Wanhyosoh(완효서)'s Chilrok(칠록), Susokyongjeokji's system of classification consisted of four parts-Kyung(경), Sa(사), Cha(자), Chip(칩). The four parts were divided into 40 orders. Its appendix was again divided into two parts, Buddihism and Taiosm. Under the two parts there were fifteen orders. Totally Susokyongjeokji was made of six parts and fifty five orders. In comparison with Hansoyemunji(한서예문지), it clearly showed the conception of Kyung, Sa, Cha, Chip. Especially it deserved to be paid attention that Hansoyemunji laied history off Chunchu(춘추) and removed history to Sabu(사부). However Chabu(사부) put many contrary subjects such as Cheja(제자), Kiye(기예), Sulsu(술수), Sosol(소설) into the same boundary, which committed errors insufficient theoretical basis. Anothor demerit of Susokyongjeokji was that it dealt with Taiosm scriptures and Buddism scriptures at the appendix because they were considered as quasi-religion. Its compilation of bibliographical facts consisted of main preface(Taesoh 대서), minor preface(Sosoh 소서), general preface (Chongsoh 총서), postscript (Husoh 후서). Its bibliological facts mainly focused on the titles. Its recorded authors' birth date and their position. It wrote the lost and existence of books consecutive to total number of books, which revealed total of the lost books in Su Dynasty. 3) Modelling on the basis of Kokumsorok(고분서록) and Naewaekyongrok(내외경록), Kudangsokyongjeokji(구당서경적지) had four parts and fourty five orders. It was estimated as the important role of establishing basic frame of classification by four norms in classification theory's history. However it had also its own limit. Editing and compling orders of Kudangsokyongjeokji had been not progressively changed. Its orders imitated by and large Susokyongjeokji. In Its system of organizing catalogue, with its minor preface and general preface deleting, Kudangsokyongjeokji by titles after orders sometimes broke out confusion because of unclear boundaries between orders. 4) Shindangsoyemunji(신당서예문지), adding 28,469 books to Kudangsokyongjeokji, recorded 82,384 books which were divided by four parts and fourty four orders. In comparison with Kudangkyongjeokj, Sindangsoyemunji corrected unclear order's norm. It merged the analogical norms four orders (for instance, Kohun 고훈 and Sohakryu 소학류) and seperated the different norms four orders (for example, Hyokyong 효경 and Noneuhryu 논어류, Chamwi 참위 and Kyonghaeryu 경해류, Pyonryon 편년 and Wisaryu 위사류). Recording kings' behaviors and speeches (Kikochuryu 기거주류) in the historical parts induced the concept of specfication category. For the first time, part of Chipbu (집부) set up the order of classification norm for historical and literatural books and documents (Munsaryu 문사류). Its editing and compiling had been more simplified than Kudangsokyongjeokji. Introduction was written at first part of bibliographies. Appendants except bibliographic items such subject, author, title, volume number, total were omitted. 5) Songsayemunji(송사예문지) were edited in the basis of combining Puksong(북송) and Namsong(남송), depending on Sabukuksayemunji(사부국사예문지). Generally Songsayemunji had lost a lot of bibliographical facts of many books. They were duplicated and wrongly classified books because it committed an error of the incorrectly annalistic editing. Particularly Namsong showed more open these defaults. Songsayemunji didin't include the books published since the king Youngchong(영종). Its system of classification was more better controlled. Chamwiryu(참위류) in the part of Kyongbu(경부) was omitted. In the part of history(Sabu 사부), recordings of kings' behaviors and speeches more merged in the annals. Historical abstract documents (Sachoryu 사초류) were seperately arranged. In the part of Chabu(자부), Myongdangkyongmaekryu(명당경맥류) and Euisulryu(의술류) were combined. Ohangryu(오행류) were laied off Shikuryu(시구류). In the part of Chipbu(집부), historical and literatural books (Munsaryu 문사류) were independentely arranged. There were the renamed orders; from Wisa(위사) to Paesa(패사), Chapsa (잡사) to Pyolsa(열사), Chapchonki(잡전기) to Chonki(전기), Ryusoh(류서) to Ryusa(류서). Introduction had only main preface. The books of each subject catalogued by title, the volume number, and author and arranged mainly by authors. Annotations were written consecutively after title and the volume number. In the afternote the number of not-treated books were revealed. Difference from Singdangsohyemunji(신당서예문지) were that the concept and boundary of orders became more clearer. It also wrote the number of books consecutive to main subject. 6) Modelling on Chonkyongdangsomok (경당서목), Myongsayemunji(명사예문지) was compiled in the basis of books and documents published in the Ming Danasty. In classification system, Myongsayemunji partly merged and the seperated some orders for it. It also deleted and renamed some of orders. In case of necessity, combining of orders' norm was occured particulary in the part of Sabu(사부) and Chabu(자부). Therefore these merging of orders norm didn't offer sufficient theretical background. For example, such demerits were seen in the case that historical books edited by annals were combined with offical historical ones which were differently compiled and edited from the former. In the part of Chabu(자부), it broke out another confusion that Pubga(법가), Meongga(명가), Mukga(묵가), Chonghweongka's(종횡가) thoughts were classified in the Chapka(잡가). Scriptures of Taiosim and Buddhism were seperated from each other. There were some deleted books such as Mokrokryu(목록류), Paesaryu(패사류) in the part of history (Sabu 사부) and Chosaryu(초사류) in the part of Chipbu(집부). The some in the each orders had been renamed. Imitating compiling system of Songsayemunji(송사예문지), with reffering to its differ-ence, Myongsayemunji(명사예문지) wrote the review and the change of the books by author. The number of not-treated books didn't appear at the total. It also deleted the total following main subject.

• 중소기업연구
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.209-223
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• 2010

본고에서는 일본 중견기업의 위상, 특징, 관련 정책을 검토함으로써 우리나라에서의 중견기업 정책의 방향을 모색하고자 한다. 일본의 경쟁우위업종인 기계, 전자부품업의 출하와 고용비중은 여타 업종보다 높아, 그 저변에 두터운 중견기업이 존재하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 일본의 중견기업 육성정책은 연구개발과 환경대책을 위한 기업간 제휴 유도라는 측면에서 간접적으로 지원하고 있다. 우리나라도 특정 정책사업에 있어서 기업간 협력 유도를 통하여 중견기업을 육성할 수 있을 것이다.