• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.71-81
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• 2008

A macroscopic finite element model is applied to investigate the effect of fire induced spalling on the response of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. Spalling is accounted for in the model through pore pressure calculations in concrete. The principles of mechanics and thermodynamics are applied to compute the temperature induced pore pressure in the concrete structures as a function of fire exposure time. The computed pore pressure is checked against the temperature dependent tensile strength of concrete to determine the extent of spalling. Using the model, case studies are conducted to investigate the influence of concrete permeability, fire scenario and axial restraint on the fire induced spalling and also on the response of RC beams. Results from the analysis indicate that the fire induced spalling, fire scenario, and axial restraint have significant influence on the fire response of RC beams. It is also shown that concrete permeability has substantial effect on the fire induced spalling and thus on the fire response of concrete beams. The fire resistance of high strength concrete beams can be lower that that of normal strength concrete beams due to fire induced spalling resulting from low permeability in high strength concrete.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2000년도 추계학술대회 논문집 학회본부 C
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• pp.425-427
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• 2000

We describe the preparation of a cobalt oxide in which the solid-pore architecture of the material is controllably varied. All $CoO_2$ gels derived from $CoCl_2$-based sol-gel synthesis, but exhibit markedly different final pore structures based on how the pore fluid is removed from forces that result from extraction are either low or nonexistent. These nanoscale mesoporous materials have higher $CoO_2$ crystallites. Controlling both the pore and solid architecture on the nanoscale offers a strategy for the design of new supercapacitor and charge-storage materials.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.1078-1084
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• 2002

Cotton fabrics were treated with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid(BTCA) to impart durable press performance, which is formaldehyde-free DP finishing reagent. The pore structures of BTCA treated cottons were compared using a reverse gel permeation chromatographic technique(reverse GPC). A series consisting 4 kinds of water soluble sugars was used to study the elution characteristics of columns prepared from cotton fibers. From these data, differences in pore size distribution in the control and BTCA treated cottons were distinguished. BTCA crosslinks cellulose molecules provided wrinkle resistance to the treated cotton fabrics through ester linkages. Although crosslinking of cotton with BTCA reduced accessible internal volume across the entire range of pore size, differences in line pores were larger than in small pores. BTCA treated cotton exhibited reductions over 40% in large pore sizes.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.83-92
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• 2011

무질서하고 불균질한 형상을 갖는 지반 재료 내 간극 구조는 하중에 의한 재료의 변형 및 간극 내 유체의 흐름 등 물리 역학적 거동에 중요한 영향 인자이다. 최근 들어 X-ray CT에 의한 비파괴 검사를 통해 지반 재료의 내부 구조를 마이크로미터 단위의 높은 해상도를 통해 평가하는 기법이 사용되고 있다. CT 이미지는 재료의 많은 정보를 포함하고 있음에도 그에 따른 이미지 해석 기법의 개발이 다소 미흡하여 2, 3차원 이미지의 정성적 관찰 및 간극비와 같은 거시적인 물성치 획득만이 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 연속적으로 획득된 글라스 비드의 2차원 CT 이미지에 기반하여 3차원 입자 및 간극 구조를 형성하고, 복잡한 간극구조를 간극셀과 간극채널로 정량적 분리를 실시하였다. 이를 위해 좌표 변환법, 이진화, 들로네 삼각망, 그리고 유클리디안 거리변환법과 같은 이미지 프로세싱 기법을 3차원 CT 이미지에 적용하였고 불균질한 글라스 비드의 간극구조에 대해 정량적으로 간극셀의 분포 및 간극간의 연결도 평가가 가능함을 확인하였다.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.35-39
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• 2019

현재까지 다공성 알루미나 구조물은 대표적으로 양극산화 방법으로 구현되어 오고 있다. 양극산화 방법을 통해 규칙적인 배열을 가진 알루미늄 산화 피막은 쉽게 만들 수 있지만, 복합 구조물 형태를 가진 산화피막은 상대적으로 구현하기가 어렵다. 본 연구는 인산용액에서 양극산화 인가전압에 따른 피막 기공 크기, 두께 및 구조물 형태 변화를 관찰하고자 한다. 다층 복합 산화물 구조물 구현을 위해 양극산화 인가전압 조건을 조절하였고, 실험 조건은 10% 인산용액에서 양극산화 인가전압 100 V와 120 V로 각각 수행하였다. 실험 결과는 각 조건에 따라 다공성 구조물과 복합 구조물 형태의 산화물 구조를 구현할 수 있었다.

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2003년도 춘계학술발표강연 및 논문개요집
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• pp.53-53
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• 2003

There has been increasing interest in the fabrication of nano-sized structures because of their various advantages and applications. Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO) is one of the most successful methods to obtain highly ordered nano pores and channels. Also It can be obtained diverse pore diameter, density and depth through the control of anodization condition. The three types of substrates were used for anodization; sheets of Aluminum on Si wafer and Aluminum on Mo-coated Si wafer. In Aluminum sheet, a highly ordered array of nanoholes was formed by the two step anodization in 0.3M oxalic acid solutions at 10$^{\circ}C$ After the anodization, the remained aluminum was removed in a saturated HgCl$_2$ solution. Subsequently, the barrier layer at the pore bottom was opened by chemical etching in phosphoric acid. Finally, we can obtain the through-channel membrane. In these processes, the effect of various parameters such as anodizing voltage, anodizing time, pore widening time and pre-heat treatment are characterized by FE-SEM (HITACH-4700). The pore size. density and growth rate of membrane are depended on the anodizing voltage and temperature respectively. The pore size is proportional to applied voltage and pore widening time The pore density can be controlled by anodizing temperature and voltage.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.362-366
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• 2015

The effect of sublimable vehicle composition in the camphor-naphthalene system on the pore structure of porous Cu-Ni alloy is investigated. The CuO-NiO mixed slurries with hypoeutectic, eutectic and hypereutectic compositions are frozen into a mold at $-25^{\circ}C$. Pores are generated by sublimation of the vehicles at room temperature. After hydrogen reduction at $300^{\circ}C$ and sintering at $850^{\circ}C$ for 1 h, the green body of CuO-NiO is completely converted to porous Cu-Ni alloy with various pore structures. The sintered samples show large pores which are aligned parallel to the sublimable vehicle growth direction. The pore size and porosity decrease with increase in powder content due to the degree of powder rearrangement in slurry. In the hypoeutectic composition slurry, small pores with dendritic morphology are observed in the sintered Cu-Ni, whereas the specimen of hypereutectic composition shows pore structure of plate shape. The change of pore structure is explained by growth behavior of primary camphor and naphthalene crystals during solidification of camphor-naphthalene alloys.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제59권3호
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• pp.221-225
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• 2016

Tolaasin은 Pseudomonas tolaasii에 의해 생성되어 pore를 형성하는 펩티드 독소이며, 인공재배 버섯의 막 구조를 파괴하여 갈반병을 일으킨다. Tolaasin이 막에서 pore를 형성하는 기작이나 특성은 자세히 알려지지 않았으나, 인공 지질이중막에서 tolaasin에 의한 pore 형성은 제시되었다. Tolaasin에 의한 지질막에서의 pore 형성은 드물게 나타났고, 형성된 pore는 불안정하기에 tolaasin pore의 길이와 지질막의 두께가 서로 일치하지 않을 수 있음이 제안되었다. 그러므로, 탄소수가 다른 지방산으로 이루어진 인지질들을 첨가하여 tolaasin에 의한 용혈활성 변화를 측정하였다. 두 개의 decanoic acids (C10:0, 1,2-didecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine; DDPE)와 myristic acids (C14:0, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine), stearic acids(C18:0, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine)로 이루어진 phosphatidylethanolamine들을 적혈구와 tolaasin 펩티드가 포함된 반응용액에 가했을 때, DDPE만이 tolaasin에 의한 용혈활성을 촉진하였으며, 나머지 두 인지질은 효과를 보이지 않았다. DDPE를 다양한 농도로 처리하였을 때, tolaasin에 의한 용혈활성은 농도의존적으로 증가하였다. 중간길이의 지방산으로 구성된 인지질은 tolaasin pore 구조와 막지질 사이에 결합하여 pore 주변의 막을 얇게 함으로써 tolaasin pore를 안정화시킬 것으로 여겨진다. 본 연구의 결과는 중간 크기의 지방산으로 구성된 인지질이 tolaasin pore를 막 구조에서 안정화시킴으로써 활성을 증가시키며, 이것은 적혈구 막에서 tolaasin pore의 길이가 막의 두께보다 조금 짧을 것이라는 사실을 제안한다.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.502-507
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• 2019

Macro-porous carbon foams are fabricated using cured spherical phenolic resin particles as a matrix and furfuryl alcohol as a binder through a simple casting molding. Different sizes of the phenolic resin particles from 100-450 ㎛ are used to control the pore size and structure. Ethylene glycol is additionally added as a pore-forming agent and oxalic acid is used as an initiator for polymerization of furfuryl alcohol. The polymerization is performed in two steps; at 80℃ and 200℃ in an ambient atmosphere. The carbonization of the cured body is performed under Nitrogen gas flow (0.8 L/min) at 800℃ for 1 h. Shrinkage rate and residual carbon content are measured by size and weight change after carbonization. The pore structures are observed by both electron and optical microscope and compared with the porosity results achieved by the Archimedes method. The porosity is similar regardless of the size of the phenolic resin particles. On the other hand, the pore size increases in proportion to the phenol resin size, which indicates that the pore structure can be controlled by changing the raw material particle size.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2006년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.970-979
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• 2006

Construction of underground structure requires higher standard of planning and design specifications than in surface construction. However, high construction cost and difficult working environment limit design level and construction quality. One of the most sensitive factors to be considered are infiltration and external pore-water pressures. Development of pore-water pressure may accelerate leakage and cause deterioration of the lining. In this paper, the development of pore-water pressure and its potential effect on the linings are investigated using physical model tests. A simple physical equipment model with well-defined hydraulic boundary conditions was devised. The deterioration procedure was simulated by controlling both the permeability of filters and flowrate. Development of pore-water pressure was monitored on the lining using pore pressure measurement cells. Test results identified the mechanim of pore-water pressure development on the tunnel lining which is the effect of deterioration of drainage system. The laboratory tests were simulated using coupled numerical method, and shown that the deterioration mechanism can be reproduced using coupled numerical modelling method.