• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.271-278
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• 1999

Soil filters are commonly used to protect the soil structures from eroding and piping. When filters are clogged by fine particles which are progressively accumulated, these may lead to buildup of excessive pore pressures also leading to instability in subsurface infrastructure. A filter in the backfill of a retaining wall, a filter adjacent to the lining of a tunnel, or a filter in the bottom of an earth dam can be clogged by transported fine particles. This causes reduction in the permeability, which in turn may lead to intolerable decreases in their drainage capacity. In this thesis, the extent of this reduction is addressed using results from both experimental and theoretical investigations. In the experimental phase, the permeability reduction of a filter is monitored when an influent of constant concentration flows into the filter (uncoupled test), and when the water flow through the soil-filter system to simulate an in-situ condition (coupled test), respectively. The results of coupled and uncoupled test are compared with among others. In the theoretical phase of the investigation, a representative elemental volume of the soil filter was modeled as an ensemble of capillary tubes and the permeability reduction due to physical clogging was simulated using basic principles of flow in cylindrical tubes. In general, it was found that the permeability was reduced by at least one order of magnitude, and that the results from the uncoupled test and theoretical investigations were in good agreement. It is observed that the amount of deposited particles of the coupled test matches fairly well with that of the uncoupled test, which indicates that the prediction of permeability reduction is possible by preforming the uncoupled test instead of the coupled test, and/or by utilizing the theoretical model.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.1033-1041
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• 2012

Performance evaluation of a direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) was conducted according to coals and a graphite particle. Several fuel properties such as thermal reactivity, textural structure, gas adsorption characteristic, and functional groups on the surface of fuels were investigated and their effects on electrochemistry were discussed. The strong carbon structure inside of fuels led the rapid potential decreasing in high current density region, because it caused small surface area and low pore volume. The functional groups on the surface were related to the low current density region. The maximum current density and power density of fuels were affected by the total carbon content in fuels. The effect of operating conditions such as stirring rate and operating temperature was investigated in this study.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.92-98
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• 2015

In this study, phenol-based activated carbons (ACs) were fluorinated at various fluorine partial pressures (0.01~0.03 MPa) and the $Cr^{6+}$ ion adsorption of fluorinated ACs was investigated. According to BET and XPS results, the specific surface area and total pore volume of fluorinated ACs increased by 24.7 and 55.8%, respectively, and fluorine functional groups were introduced to AC surface. The most optimized condition of $Cr^{6+}$ ion adsorption was confirmed at the fluorine partial pressure of 0.02 MPa. And also the removal efficiency of $Cr^{6+}$ ion was up to 98% at 300 mg/L of the initial concentration, and these results showed an approximately three-fold increase compared to that of using untreated ACs. Furthermore, the $Cr^{6+}$ ion adsorption of fluorinated ACs was completed in less than 30 min in contrast with untreated ACs, which was expected to be an increase of the affinity between $Cr^{6+}$ ions and ACs surfaces by fluorination.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.62-67
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• 2016

In this study, a pellet-type adsorbent was prepared by using the water-treatment sludge as a raw material, and its physical and chemical properties were analyzed through $N_2$-adsorption, XRD, XRF, and $NH_3$-TPD measurements. Adsorption performance for gaseous ammonia and formaldehyde was compared between the pellet-type adsorbents prepared from water-treatment sludge and the impregnated activated carbon. Although the surface area and pore volume of the pellet-type adsorbent produced from water-treatment sludge were much smaller than those of the impregnated activated carbon, the pellet-type adsorbent produced from water-treatment sludge could adsorb ammonia gas even more than that of using the impregnated activated carbon. The pellet-type adsorbent prepared from water-treatment sludge showed a superior adsorption capacity for ammonia which can be explained by chemical adsorption ascribed to the higher amount of acid sites on the pellet-type adsorbent prepared from water-treatment sludge. In the case of formaldehyde adsorption, the impregnated activated carbon was far superior to the adsorbent made from the water-treatment sludge, which can be attributed to the increased surface area of the impregnated activated carbon.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.312-317
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• 2018

In this study, activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were treated by oxy-fluorination to improve the adsorption property of benzene gas, one of the gases causing sick house syndrome. Surface properties and pore characteristics of oxyfluorinated activated carbon fibers were confirmed by X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and adsorption properties of benzene gas were evaluated by gas chromatography (GC). As a result of XPS data, it was confirmed that the fluorine functional groups on activated carbon fibers surface increased with increasing the fluorine partial pressure. The specific surface area of all samples decreased after the oxyfluorination treatment, but the micropore volume ratio increased when the fluorine partial pressure was at 0.1 bar. The oxyfluorinated activated carbon fibers adsorbed 100 ppm benzene gas for an 11 h, it was found that the adsorption efficiency of benzene gas was improved about twice as much as that of untreated ones.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.473-478
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• 2017

In this study, the guanidine compound, 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) was impregnated to three kinds of silica to prepare $CO_2$ adsorbents, and the $CO_2$ adsorption and physicochemical properties of the resulting adsorbents were investigated. The TBD amount of impregnation was changed and its effect on adsorption capacity and characteristics were studied. The physicochemical properties of TBD-impregnated silica were evaluated with $N_2$ adsorption/desorption, FT-IR, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. The TBD-impregnated silica lowered the surface area and pore volume, and the increased impregnation amount of TBD made them further decrease. When TBD was 6 mmol/g, the $CO_2$ adsorption capacity was the highest at 7.3 wt%, and the adsorption capacity decreased due to the blocking phenomenon when the TBD amount increased.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 1999

The studies on the adsorption properties and the antibacterial effects of the Cd and Cu-treated activated carbon were carried out. From the adsorption studies on the series of these metal-treated activated carbons, typical Type-I isotherm was observed. The surface areas of the treated carbon obtained from BET equation were in the range of $1101-1418m^2/g$ for Cd-AC and of $1084-1361m^2/g$ for Cu-AC. Using ${\alpha}_s$-plot, the micropore volumes and pore size distribution were obtained. From the SEM study, it is also observed that many of micropores in activated carbon are blocked by window blocking effect of metals after the impregnation. Finally, antibacterial effects of M-activated carbon against Escherichia coli was discussed. From the study, the area of antibacterial activity becomes larger with the increase of the amount of metal treated.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.449-453
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• 2016

$HA(hydroxyapatite)/{\beta}-TCP$ (tricalcium phosphate) biomaterial (BCP; biphasic calcium phosphate) is widely used as bone cement or scaffolds material due to its superior biocompatibility. Furthermore, $NH_4HCO_3$ as a space holder (SH) has been used to evaluate feasibility assessment of porous structured BCP as bone scaffolds. In this study, using a spark plasma sintering (SPS) process at 393K and 1373K under 20MPa load, porous $HA/{\beta}-TCP$ biomaterials were successfully fabricated using $HA/{\beta}-TCP$ powders with 10~30 wt% SH, TiH2 as a foaming agent, and MgO powder as a binder. The effect of SH content on the pore size and distribution of the BCP biomaterial was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a microfocus X-ray computer tomography system (SMX-225CT). The microstructure observations revealed that the volume fraction of the pores increased with increasing SH content and that rough pores were successfully fabricated by adding SH. Accordingly, the cell viabilities of BCP biomaterials were improved with increasing SH content. And, good biological properties were shown after assessment using Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS).

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.285-292
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• 2014

Commercial activated-carbon used as the electrode material of an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) was posttreated with various acids and alkalis to increase its capacitance. The carbon samples prepared were then heat-treated in order to control the amount of acidic functional groups formed by the acid treatments. Coin-type EDLC cells with two symmetric carbon electrodes were assembled using the prepared carbon materials and an organic electrolyte. The electrochemical performance of the EDLC was measured by galvanostatic charge-discharge, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Among the various activated carbons, the carbon electrodes (CSsb800) prepared by the treatments of coconutshell-based carbon activated with NaOH and $H_3BO_5$, and then heat treated at $800^{\circ}C$ under a flow of nitrogen gas, showed relatively good electrochemical performance. Although the specific-surface-area of the carbon-electrode material ($1,096m^2/g$) was less than that of pristine activated-carbon ($1,122m^2/g$), the meso-pore volume increased after the combined chemical and heat treatments. The specific capacitance of the EDLC increased from 59.6 to 74.8 F/g (26%) after those post treatments. The equivalent series resistance of EDLC using CSsb800 as electrode was much lower than that of EDLC using pristine activated carbon. Therefore, CSsb800 exhibited superior electrochemical performance at high scan rates due to its low internal resistance.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.53-61
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• 2011

This study examined evaluation on stabilization of major and trace elements in tailings by various surface water-preventing materials. Six columns were filled with tailings of the Sinlim mine, then covered with tailings only, compacted soils, clay, soil-bentonite mixture, pozzolan and bentonite mat. After injection of artificial rain water, the leachate was sampled with times (3, 6, 9 and 12 pore volume) and analysed for major (Ca, Na, Mg, K) and trace elements (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) by ICP-AES. With exception to pozzolan type, the pH values of leachate from the other types became stabilized from 5.5 to 7.5, and EC (electric conductivity) of leachate from them decreased with times. For the pozzolan type, however, the pH and EC of leachate increased with time due to its alkalinity producing system. Concentrations of most major and trace elements in leachate decreased and stabilized with time. Consequently, soil-bentonite mixed cover shows the best ability of water-preventing and reducing mobility of elements in tailings site.