• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.71-78
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• 2008

Purpose: This study standardizes the position and direction of devices based on general user expectations and stereotypes. Population stereotypes are cognitive structures that contain the perceiver's knowledge, beliefs, and expectations about human groups. In this paper, the stereotypes that people typically expect when manipulating 'cylindrical key-in-knob locks' and 'lever-type water faucet handles' were investigated and data regarding their expectations were collected. Methods: Two sets of 600 participants, between 13 and over 60 years old, were recruited for the experiment. Each group was evenly subdivided into six age groups. Each participant was presented with cylindrical door locks mounted on a miniature door and actual lever-type water faucet handles mounted on a mockup sink. Results: If the cylindrical lock was positioned 'vertically,' 59.2% of the participants expected the device to be locked, and if the lever type faucet handle was positioned 'up,' 63.0% of the participants expected the device to be turned on. Thus, daily-use devices should be designed consistent with user expectations of operation. There was a significant difference between genders for manipulating the faucet handle between up and down. Conclusion: A more general stereotype may be defined by repetitive measurements under the same test conditions with fixed time intervals, as well as accounting for people with cognitive problems.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.81-89
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• 2011

It is presumable that properly designed earcons given simultaneously with visual information could enhance the situation awareness of operators when they are involving in highly complicate process control activities. In this study, population stereotypes of earcons with respect to process control information were identified using 60 Korean subjects. To do this, 11 most distinctive earcons were selected from various earcons having different pitch, rhythm, and timbre. Associations between the selected earcons and 40 pairs of adjectives used to describe the state of control in process were gathered from 37 subjects using a semantic differential method. Based on the results from multivariate analyses, the 40 pairs of adjectives were aggregated into three distinctive semantic dimensions. The emotional maps of the 11 earcons matched with the semantic dimensions were presented in this study. On the basis of these results, a general guideline was suggested for designing earcons to deliver process control information.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.87-94
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• 2009

Today's driver information system often features a rotary control type as a main controller for menu navigation. Population stereotype should be clearly understood in designing those systems to minimize the misunderstanding by the operator. This paper investigates stereotypes for rotary controlled menu interfaces and influences of contributing principles. A human factors experiment was conducted using various configurations of control-display layouts, cursor shapes/positions, and movement directions. The results showed that the control should be on the left of the display, with a rightward icon on the right side of the cursor, in order to match the stereotype. Regression analysis indicated that Warrick's principle was the most influential principle, followed by Icon shape, Icon position, Clockwise away, and Clockwise up principles. This study provides valuable information to designers of menu-based systems such as driver information systems and main control rooms that uses rotary controls.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.187-199
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• 2004

To suggest a more efficient way of delivering information for process control under computerized environment, population stereotypes of colors were tested with 57 Korean subjects. The subjects were asked to associate 11 colors salient at electronic video displays with 55 pairs of adjectives that might be used when they explain the current state of process. The levels of association were evaluated with semantic differential methods by 7 point scales. Based on the multivariate analyses, the 55 pairs of adjectives were grouped into three distinct dimensions. The emotional maps of the 11 colors with respect to each dimension were presented. The Quantitative relationships between the colors and subjective impressions were also calculated by quantification theory I. On the basis of these color associations, it was suggested a general guideline for color coding when delivering process information

• Proceedings of the Korean Reliability Society Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.385-387
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• 2001

This is a brief report oil the characteristics of elderly persons in Korea for product liability and product safety. Recently. the elderly persons rapidly go on increasing in number. So, the considerations of their characteristics in product design become more and more important not only for product safety but for the commercial target. We describe a result from the survey on some of the characteristics such as Stereotypical or common expectations in type, size, motion characteristics, and direction of control operation(i.e., population stereotypes), depth perception, and tracking performance through a structured interview and experiments. This basic study will go on.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.267-271
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• 2013

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the test-retest reliability of paper-pencil test for investigating population stereotype of burner-control linkages of four-stove gas ranges. Background: Much of the research on gas-range stereotype strength has been performed using the paper-pencil test. While the use of the paper-pencil tests has the advantage of collecting data in a large group of subjects against reasonable costs, concerns regarding the reliability of the paper-pencil test has also been stated. Method: Three paper-pencil tests classified by intervals of test-retest were performed, in which eight types of burner-control arrangements were investigated. Sixty eight subjects were test-retested within two weeks, 85 subjects were test-retested within four weeks and 58 subjects were test-retested three times in series with interval of two and four weeks. Results: Chi-square test showed that three intervals of test-retest including two, four and two & four weeks have not statistically significant effect on subjects' responses irrespective of eight types of burner-control linkages dealt with in this study(p>0.10). Concordance rates of subjects' responses ranged between 73.5% and 100.0% for two-week test-retest, between 67.1% and 97.6% for four-week test-retest, and between 65.5% and 100.0% for two- and four-week serial test-retest. The concordance rates were linearly correlated with proportion of subjects' responses for stereotypes of burnercontrol linkages. Conclusion: It is concluded that the paper-pencil tests for investigating gas range relevant stereotypes could reproduce reliable results compared to baseline test within interval of four weeks. Application: The results of this study would be useful as an ergonomic guideline when designing the paper-pencil tests for stereotype relevant studies.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.177-188
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• 2020

The Muslim population is growing significantly in Asian countries. By conducting an experiment, this study examines the cultural differences between South Korean and Indonesian female, young adults, and their perception of hijabis who are represented in the media. The main goal of this study is to compare the perception towards hijabis in a homogenous country new to Muslims against a Muslim-majority country. Results showed that non-hijabis were deemed more physically attractive, empathetic, and enjoyable among Koreans when compared to Indonesians. Through this study, we provide a theoretical explanation using cultivation theory and (parasocial) contact hypothesisto clarify the differences between South Korea and Indonesia. Thisstudy provides a baseline of understanding to determine where both cultures are at in perceiving hijabis. Our results suggest that it will be compelling to correct media representation in order to reduce stereotypes and lead to a successful understanding of both cultures.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.463-467
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• 2012

This study aims to empirically investigate population stereotype of burner-control linkage of four-stove gas range for Koreans. Background: The previous studies' results for gas range stereotypes were different depending upon methods adopted, i.e., whether using questionnaires, computer simulation or physical models. It is known that the physical model experiment should not be methodologically replaced by the computer simulation or paper-and-pencil tests. Stereotype of gas range for Koreans was surveyed based on questionnaires, but has not been dealt with by using physical models. Method: An experiment was conducted to investigate stereotype of four-burner gas range, in which 32 subjects participated and a real gas range available in the market was bought and used. Four types of burner-control linkage were used as independent variable, and reaction time as dependent variable. Results: ANOVA revealed that four types of burner-control linkage and subjects' gender were not significant on reaction time. Duncan's multiple range test showed that reaction times for type III was significantly lower than those for the other three types of burner-control linkage(${\alpha}$=0.05). Conclusion: It is concluded based on the results of this study that stereotype of gas range for Koreans is type III. This is in agreement with results of existing studies using questionnaire survey, while different from those based on physical models. Application: The results of this study would be useful as an ergonomic guideline when designing gas ranges or similar equipments for minimizing operation errors.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.1023-1039
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• 2012

The rising urban space in the United States at the turn of the twentieth century was an exemplary site of struggles between the dominant white population and those who migrated from the imperial peripheries. By setting up the space of Chinatown as a segregated sphere within the urban space, the dominant white American society attempted to recreate the sense of distance between themselves and the racial "others." Accordingly, the dominant narrative representations of San Francisco Chinatown at the turn of the century endeavored to produce and maintain the spatial dichotomies between the orderly spaces of natives and the disruptive immigrant communities within the larger boundary of modern American city space. As a Eurasian woman writer, Sui Sin Far attempted to provide distinctive portrayals of the space of Chinatown and its inhabitants that were far different from those of her contemporaries. Through her portrayals of San Francisco Chinatown in her collection of short-stories, Mrs. Spring Fragrance and Other Writings (1912), Far challenges against the false stereotypes and misreading of this unique immigrant space within and efforts to present the Chinatown as a heterotopic diaspora space where the "insiders" and the "outsiders" of the American urban space intermingle and influence each other.

• 한국노년학
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.329-352
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• 2009

This study examined life in old age and images of the aged perceived by middle-aged and old-aged generations through indepth interviews with 30 persons aged 40s through 80s residing in three areas (city or county) in capital region in Korea to use it as basic information in planning social welfare policy and reorganizing social services in response to population aging in capital region in Korea. In terms of economic life of the middle-aged and olde-aged generations perceived older people's opportunities for work were rarely given to the aged due to ageism and negative stereotypes of aging and the aged, and the aged tended to regard themselves less able or unable to work. In terms of social life of the aged both middle-aged and old-aged generations perceived that the frequency of social participation was low, and the daily life of the aged was found mostly aimless, unorganized and unplanned. In terms of psycho-social life of the aged both generations still felt that they were not alienated from the family, neighbors, and the society. In terms of social welfare services both generations thought the aged needed basic services such as income maintenance, health care, housing services, and particularly they felt lack of social services. The old-aged generation was willing to travel to the distance taking more than one hour to receive social services that they would need. Both the middle-aged and the old-aged agreed upon the necessity of preparation for old age and the benefits of earlier preparation, however, they said that they could not prepare for their old age due to lack of social programs to help preparation for old age and due to spending for rearing and education of their children. In terms of perceived life in old age both middle-aged and old-aged generations tended to be slightly positive, but the degree of positiveness differed between respondents from urban area and those from rural area regardless of generations. Images of the aged were perceived to be overwhelmingly negative while positive images were very few in number regardless of generations. This finding may suggests that negative stereotypes on aging and the aged are also prevalent in Korean society like in Western societies. Based on findings of this study some implications for social policies in response to population aging in capital region were suggested.