• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2012

The habitats characteristics of Polypodium vulgare L. in Ulleung-do were investigated to compile basic data for conservation and restoration. Natural habitats were located at altitudes of 410~748m with inclinations of $12{\sim}80^{\circ}$. Sixty six vascular plants were identified from 10 quadrats in 4 habitats. Dominant species among the woody plants, based on importance value, were Acer pictum subsp. mono(49.52%) in the tree (T1) layer, Sorbus amurensis(28.99%) in the subtree (T2) and Schizophragma hydrangeoides(51.99%), Ligustrum foliosum(8.82%), Fagus engleriana(7.25%) in the shrub (S) layer. Importance value for members of the herb (H) layer were as follows: Polypodium vulgare 23.23%; Maianthemum dilatatum 9.65%; Phryma leptostachya var. asiatica 9.23%; Dryopteris crassirhizoma 8.40%; Carex shimidzensis 6.75% and Dystaenia takesimana 5.42%. The importance value of the last five species were high, so they were at affinity with Polypodium vulgare in their habitats. Species diversity was 1.18, and dominance and evenness were found to be 0.11 and 0.84, respectively. The soil types were sandy loam. Average field capacity was 30.42%, and the organic matter and pH were 17.95%, and 4.70. Correlation coefficients based on environmental factors, vegetation and soil analysis were showed that positive correlations between species diversity and species richness, whereas between species diversity and dominance, coverage of Polypodium vulgare and species richness were showed negative correlations.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09b
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• pp.213-217
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• 2003

Antioxidants have been used in cosmetic industry for treatment of aged skin and recently have been also introduced as additives in photoprotection products. In order to determine among the Brazilian botanical species presenting interesting antioxidant activities we have screened several extracts from plants from Rain and Amazonical Tropical Forests, as well as some endemic species, using both TBARs and DPPH methods. Extracts with antioxidant activities were found with Jacaranda caroba, Veloso DL, Spilanthes oleracea (Spilanthes acmella var. oleracea), Orbignya phalerata, Pothomorphe umbellata, Chiococca brachiata and Polypodium lepidopteris. Other extracts such as Camelia sinensis, Sambucus australis, Rosmarinus officinalis L. were also studied, and showed some antioxidant activity.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.216-230
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• 2005

Although the field of study in immune enhancing compounds is relatively new, natural products from plants represent a rich and promising source of novel molecules with immunomodulating properties, Microglial cells, the main immune effector cells of the brain, usually display a ramified morphology and low expression levels of immunologically relevant antigens such as MHC class I and class II. Since any compound which participates in activation of phagocytic cells contributes to the production of potentially toxic factors, the search for convenient in vitro test-systems and study of mechanisms of action of these agents are of great interest. Human blood polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells and primary microglial cells isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats were used as cellular screening tests for study of phagocytosis-stimulating action of immunomodulating agents. Numbers of phagocytic activity were evaluated by the phagocyte ingestion of yeast cells and NO-synthase activity, nitrite production, and nitroblue tetrazolium test were determined after phagocyte stimulation. It was possible to demonstrate that indexes of phagocytic activity can be used as quantitative indicators for measurement immunomodulating activity. As a positive control, Zymosan A-induced phagocytosis in both PMN cells and primary microglial cells was used. $IFN-{\gamma}$ (0.1 -1 U/ml) stimulated phagocytosis in PMN cells 1.2 times after 2 - 3 h incubation, although at higher concentrations (10 - 100 U/ml) it strongly inhibited phagocytosis. In a similar way, at higher concentrations, $IFN-{\gamma}$ (100 - 500 U/ml) suppressed phagocytosis in zymosan-A stimulated microglial cells. When Polypodium leucotomus, cambricum and vulgare extracts were tested alone, increased levels of phagocytosis were observed in PMN. In addition, microglial cells showed both increased phagocytosis and MHC class-II antigen expressions. Surprisingly, when PMN and microglia were treated with a combination of Polypodium and $IFN-{\gamma}$, phagocytosis was not inhibited. We did not find changes in NO-synthase activity and nitrite production in both microglia and PMN cells activated by different immunomodulating agents. These results indicate that primary microglial cell cultures as well as human PMN cells can provide reproducible quantitative results in screening phagocytic activity of different immunoactive compounds. Furthermore, both inhibitory or activation mechanisms might be studied using these in vitro experimental approaches.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2006

Description of spore morphology of Korean Polypodiaceae has on LM and SEM and key to the genera are provided. Korean Polypodiaceae monad, monolete with bilateral symmetry, bipolar and oblete spore except for Loxogramme grammitoides having trilete spore with radial symmetry. In spore wall structure, exopore showed variable patterns enough to distinguish genera. Perispore was found in all the species examined. The patternof perispore and exospore was most similar in all the species examined except Crypsinus, Pyrrosia hastata ans P. linearifolia. The perispores of Crypsinus, Pyrrosia hastata and P. linearifolia were echinate and gemmate, rugulate, and verrucate respectively. In term of exospore wall sculpturing, Polypodium and Loxogramme showed fossulate, Lepisorus, rugulate with irregular verrucate, Crypsinus ans Coloysis showed psilate or rarely verrucate in the latter, Neocheiropteris ensata showed dense small verrucate, Lemmaphyllum microphyllum showed complex reticulate and Pyrrosia showed verrucate or psilate.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.61-89
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• 2006

Algific talus slopes are local cold micro-environmental habitats where cool air escapes through vents and fissures of talus layer, and ice forms in summer. To access the phytogeographical significance and to develop the conservation strategy on vegetation of the algific talus, plant species composition on seven algific talus in South Korea was investigated. As a results, phytogeographically significant northern elements such as Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh., Diplazium sibiricum (Turcz. ex Kunze) Sa.Kurata, Polypodium virginianum L., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. and Hackelia deflexa (Wahlenb.) Opiz were distributed in these algific talus slopes (below $N37^{\circ}43^{\prime}$). In addition, subalpine species such as Woodsia subcordata Turcz, Rosa suavis willd., Clematis fusca var. coreana ($H.L{\acute{e}}v.$ & Vaniot) Nakai, Calamagrostis langsdorfii (Link) Trin. and Carex vaginata var. petersii (C.A.Mey.) Akiyama were also distributed as typical relictual species of these algific talus (less than alt. 400m). The algific talus slopes in Korean peninsular can be regarded as the insular refugia that northern plant species advanced southward during the latest glacial age have been isolated and adapted in some local microhabitats. Because the algific talus slopes as paleorefugia are very important in terms of phytogeography as well as meteorology ans geology, developments of strategies for in situ and ex situ conservation on these small isolated and threatened populations associated with the algific talus urgently needed.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.309-332
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• 2015

To investigate the distribution of vascular plants growing in Mt. Taebaeksan, a survey was conducted from April, 2014 to October, 2014. The flora of Mt. Taebaeksan was classified as a total of 406 taxa comprising of 79 families, 238 genus, 352 species, 4 subspecies, 43 varieties and 7 forma. Among them, 8 taxa were identified as endemic plants in Korea including Salix koriyanagi Kimura, Aconitum pseudolaeve Nakai, Anemone koraiensis Nakai, etc. 16 taxa of Korean rare plants species were identified including 4 taxa in the degree of VU (Asplenium spinulosum (Maxim.) Milde, etc.) and 12 taxa in the degree of LC (Clematis koreana Kom., Eranthis stellata Maxim., Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom., etc.) The floristic special plants were a total of 107 taxa which consist of 3 taxa in degree V(Polypodium virginianum L., etc.), 14 taxa in degree IV(Asplenium otophorum (Miq.) Koidz., etc.), 31 taxa in degree III (Abies nephrolepis (Trautv.) Maxim., etc.), 32 taxa in degree II(Lycopodium chinense H.Christ, etc.) and 27 taxa in degree I(Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai, etc.). For the naturalized plants, 16 taxa were identified (Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Rumex crispus L., Cerastium glomeratum Thuill). Also, the percentage of urbanization index was 5 %, and the naturalized plant index was 3.9 % respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.589-614
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• 2019

To investigate the distribution of vascular plants growing at Mt. Guryong, we surveyed from March in 2016 to October in 2017. The flora of Mt. Guryong was classified as a total of 526 taxa comprising of 87 families, 298 genus, 449 species, 4 subspecies, 63 varieties, 10 forma. Among them, the endemic plants in Korea were investigated as 10 taxa of including Pseudostellaria coreana (Nakai) Ohwi. The Korean rare plants species were investigated as 16 taxa, among them degree of CR investigated as 1 taxa of Cypripedium macranthum Sw., VU investigated as 5 taxa of including Rhododendron micranthum Turcz., degree of LC investigated 9 taxa of including Clematis koreana Kom., degree of DD investigated 1 taxa of Adenophora grandiflora Nakai. Endemic plants were investigated as 14 taxa of including seudostellaria coreana (Nakai) Ohwi and The floristic special plants were a total of 84 taxa such as 2 taxa in degree V(in cluding Polypodium virginianum L.), 7 taxa in degree IV (including Anemone reflexa Steph. & Willd.), 21 taxa in degree III(including Celtis aurantiaca Nakai), 22 taxa in degree II (including Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Sloss.) and 31 taxa in degree I (including Cimicifuga simplex (DC.) Turcz.) was carried out to provide basic data. The naturalized plants were investigated as 37 taxa of including Chenopodium ficifolium Smith., Thlaspi arvense L., Rumex crispus L. and the percentage of urbanization index was 11.53%, the naturalized ratio was 6.99% respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.365-380
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• 2009

Flora of vascular plants in mountains located at Wonju-si and Hoengseong-gun areas such as Chiak-san(1,288m), Taegi-san(1,261.4m), Obong-san(1,126.2m), Eungbong-san(1,094.9m), Eodab-san(789.4m), Deokgo-san(521.2m), Deokga-san(700.5m) and Seongji-bong(791m) was investigated from April, 2008 to May, 2009, and results from the previous researches in which voucher specimens had been presented from Balgyo-san(998.4m), Oeum-san(930.4m), Baekun-san(1,037.1m) and Chiak-san(1,288m) were included in the list of vascular plants from these areas. This investigations resulted in 804 taxa consisted of 680 species, 1 subspecies, 111 varieties, and 12 forms of 383 genera under 97 families, and totally in 973 taxa (21.14% of all vascular plants in Korea) of 818 species, 1 subspecies, 138 varieties and 16 forms of 418 genera under 105 families on addition of voucher specimens in the previous researches. Forests of the investigated areas were generally mixed of Pinus densiflora and deciduous trees. The areas with comparatively excellent vegetation were valley from Guryong-sa (temple) to Biro-bong (summit) via Seryeom-pokpo (fall) in Mt. Chiak-san, and Keunseong-gol (valley) and eastern slope from Taegibungyo-teo to Naksu-dae (fall) in Mt. Taegi-san. 10 families with abundantly collected species were Compositae, Graminae, Rosaceae, Ranunculaceae, Leguminosae, Cyperaceae, Liliaceae, Saxifragaceae, Umbelliferae and Labiatae in order, and they occuied 49.12% of all collected taxa. Endemic plants found in these areas were 38 taxa including Hanabusaya asiatica, Megaleranthis saniculifolia, and Pyrus ussuriensis var. diamantica, and rare and endangered ones were 24 taxa including Hanabusaya asiatica, Viola websteri, Viola diamantica, and Patrina saniculaefolia. Specially designated plants by the Ministry of Environment were 88 taxa including 12 taxa of 5th degree such as Woodsia intermedia, Hanabusaya asiatica, Equisetum pratense, Iris koreana, Lilium cernum, Trillium tschonoskii, Magnolia kobus(cultivated), Gastrodia elata, Polypodium virginianum, Cimicifuga heracleifolia, Megaleranthis saniculifolia and Viola websteri. 47 taxa of alien plants were found. As to 609 taxa (13.23% of all vascular plants in Korea) of useful plants, 334 taxa for the edible, 269 taxa for the medicinal, 127 taxa for the ornamental, 332 taxa for the forage, 3 taxa for the industrial raw material, 31 taxa for the timber and 13 taxa for the fiber were classified, respectively.