• 한국어업기술학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국어업기술학회 2001년도 춘계 수산관련학회 공동학술대회발표요지집
• /
• pp.439-439
• /
• 2001

Polykrikos kofoidii, one of the predatory dinoflagellates, commonly breaks out at worldwide coastal areas. few ecological behaviors, however, have been rovaled yet. We observed and described the feeding behavior of p. kofoidii. (omitted)

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
• /
• 제37권2호
• /
• pp.76-81
• /
• 2002

I investigated whether US naval pulp wastes (pulverized paper products), which is planned to be dumped into offshore waters, may affect the ecology of major components of marine zooplankton. The presence of slurry (0.6% concentration - wet weight ; wet weight) did not significantly affect the population growth rates of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Polykrikos kofoidii fed on Lingulodinium polyedrum, but significantly reduced the ingestion rates of the calanoid copepods Acartia spp. on L. polyedrum and those of the copepod Calanus pacificus on Akashiwo sanguinea (previously Gymnodinium sanguineum). However, C. pacificus, originally exposed to 0.6% slurry for 24 hour, can recover its feeding rates when slurry disappears. Therefore, if slurry is diluted quickly due to trubulence after being dumped at 0.6% concentration, its presence may not affect Calanus. Chemicals leached from slurry did not affect the feeding rate of Calanus. Therefore, mechanical interference by slurry on the feeding and/or swimming of copepods may be mainly responsible for the reduction of the ingestion rates.

• ALGAE
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.35-47
• /
• 2015

The marine sand-dwelling dinoflagellate Polykrikos lebourae possesses obvious gold-brown pigmented plastids as well as taeniocyst-nematocyst complex structures. Despite of the presence of the visible plastids, previous attempts to establish this species in culture all failed and thus the unavailability of cultures of this species has posed a major obstacle to further detailed exploration of ecophysiology of the dinoflagellate. Here, we isolated P. lebourae from sandy sediment of an intertidal flat on Korean western coast, successfully established it in culture, and have been maintaining the stock culture over the past 3 years. Using this stock culture, we explored phagotrophy and potential prey resources of P. lebourae, growth and grazing responses of P. lebourae to different prey organisms, the effect of prey concentration on growth and grazing rates and gross growth efficiency (GGE) of P. lebourae when fed three different prey organisms, and the growth kinetics of P. lebourae under different light regimes. P. lebourae captured prey cells using a tow filament and then phagocytized them through the posterior end. The dinoflagellate was capable of ingesting a broad range of prey species varying in size, but not all prey species tested in this study supported its sustained growth. GGE of P. lebourae was extremely high at low prey concentration and moderate or low at high prey concentrations, indicating that P. lebourae grows heterotrophically at high prey concentrations but its growth seems to be more dependent on a certain growth factor or photosynthesis of plastids derived from the prey. In the presence of prey in excess, P. lebourae grew well at moderate light intensity of $40{\mu}mol$ photons $m^{-2}s^{-1}$, but did not grow at dim and high (10 or $120{\mu}mol$ photons $m^{-2}s^{-1}$) light intensities. Our results suggest that the benthic dinoflagellate P. lebourae is an obligate mixotroph, requiring both prey and light for sustained growth and survival.

• ALGAE
• /
• 제32권3호
• /
• pp.199-222
• /
• 2017

Occurrence of Cochlodinium polykrikoides red tides have resulted in considerable economic losses in the aquaculture industry in many countries, and thus predicting the process of C. polykrikoides red tides is a critical step toward minimizing those losses. Models predicting red tide dynamics define mortality due to predation as one of the most important parameters. To investigate the roles of heterotrophic protists in red tide dynamics in the South Sea of Korea, the abundances of heterotrophic dinoflagellates (HTDs), tintinnid ciliates (TCs), and naked ciliates (NCs) were measured over one- or two-week intervals from May to Nov 2014. In addition, the grazing impacts of dominant heterotrophic protists on each red tide species were estimated by combining field data on red tide species abundances and dominant heterotrophic protist grazers with data obtained from the literature concerning ingestion rates of the grazers on red tide species. The abundances of HTDs, TCs, and NCs over the course of this study were high during or after red tides, with maximum abundances of 82, 49, and $35cells\;mL^{-1}$, respectively. In general, the dominant heterotrophic protists differed when different species caused red tides. The HTDs Polykrikos spp. and NCs were abundant during or after C. polykrikoides red tides. The mean and maximum calculated grazing coefficients of Polykrikos spp. and NCs on populations of co-occurring C. polykrikoides were $1.63d^{-1}$ and $12.92d^{-1}$, respectively. Moreover, during or after red tides dominated by the phototrophic dinoflagellates Prorocentrum donghaiense, Ceratium furca, and Alexandrium fraterculus, which formed serial red tides prior to the occurrence of C. polykrikoides red tides, the HTDs Gyrodinium spp., Polykrikos spp., and Gyrodinium spp., respectively were abundant. The maximum calculated grazing coefficients attributable to dominant heterotrophic protists on co-occurring P. donghaiense, C. furca, and A. fraterculus were 13.12, 4.13, and $2.00d^{-1}$, respectively. Thus, heterotrophic protists may sometimes have considerable potential grazing impacts on populations of these four red tide species in the study area.

• 환경생물
• /
• 제40권4호
• /
• pp.387-397
• /
• 2022

한국 남해역의 퇴적물에서 분리한 Pheopolykrikos hartmannii 휴면포자는 구형으로 밝은 갈색을 띠고 있으며, 표면에는 길고 날카로운 돌기물이 관찰되고 내부에는 원형질과 함께 한개의 붉은색 색소체(red accumulation)가 있다. 이 휴면포자는 5℃를 제외하고, 10℃에서 30℃ 사이의 온도에서 발아하였고, 15℃와 20℃에서 높은 발아율(>90%)을 보였다. 휴면포자로부터 발아한 유영세포는 2개의 세포로 된 콜로니(two-celled colony) 형태로 관찰되었고, 전방세포의 상추구에서 고리 모양의 apical groove가 관찰되었다. 그리고 분자계통 분석 결과, Pheopolykrikos hartmannii는 Polykrikos종과 근연 관계로 확인되었다.

• ALGAE
• /
• 제39권1호
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 2024

Many dinoflagellates produce bioluminescence. To estimate the intensity of bioluminescence produced by populations of the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Noctiluca scintillans and Polykrikos kofoidii and autotrophic dinoflagellate Alexandrium mediterraneum in Korean waters, we measured cellular bioluminescence intensity as a function of water temperature and calculated population bioluminescence intensity with cell abundances and water temperature. The mean 200-second-integrated bioluminescence intensity per cell (BL_cell) of N. scintillans satiated with the chlorophyte Dunaliella salina decreased continuously with increasing water temperature from 5 to 25℃. However, the BL_cell of P. kofoidii satiated with the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum continuously increased from 5 to 15℃ but decreased at temperatures exceeding this (to 30℃). Similarly, the BL_cell of A. mediterraneum continuously increased from 10 to 20℃ but decreased between 20 and 30℃. The difference between highest and lowest BL_cell of N. scintillans, P. kofoidii, and A. mediterraneum at the tested water temperatures was 3.5, 11.8, and 21.0 times, respectively, indicating that water temperature clearly affected BL_cell. The highest estimated population bioluminescence intensity (BL_popul) of N. scintillans in Korean waters in 1998-2022 was 4.22 × 10¹³ relative light unit per liter (RLU L^-1), which was 1,850 and 554,000 times greater than that of P. kofoidii and A. mediterraneum, respectively. This indicates that N. scintillans populations produced much brighter bioluminescence in Korean waters than the populations of P. kofoidii or A. mediterraneum.

• 환경생물
• /
• 제27권2호
• /
• pp.205-215
• /
• 2009

화태도 연안의 식물플랑크톤 변동 특성을 파악하기 위한 조사는 화태도 북부해역 1개 정점을 대상으로, 2005년 6월부터 2006년 6월까지 고수온기(${\geq}20^{\circ}C$)에는 주1회, 저수온기 (${\leq}20^{\circ}C$)에는 격주로 실시하였다. 화태도 북부해역에서 출현한 식물플랑크톤은 총 77속 214종이 출현하였으며, 출현종수는 최저 27종(2006년 3월 15일)에서 최대 121종(2005년 8월 16일)으로 연중 출현종수의 변동이 매우 크게 나타났다. 연중 출현경향은 고수온기인 6월~9월 사이에 70종 이상의 높은 출현종수를 나타내었으나, $20^{\circ}C$ 이하로 수온이 내려가는 시기에는 40종 내외의 낮은 출현종수를 나타내었다. 연중 우점종은 Skeletonema costatum이며, 고수온기인 여름철에는 와편모조류인 Cochlodinium polykrikoides와 Polykrikos kofoidii, 저수온기에는 규조류인 Chaetoceros속인 C. curvisetus, C. debilis와 Eucampia zodiacus인 것으로 나타났다. 화태도 북부해역에에서 출현한 와편모조류 현존량은 표층에서는 최저 $3.0{\times}10^5\;cells\;L^{-1}$ (2006년 4월 17일)~최대 $7.3{\times}10^5\;cells\;L^{-1}$ (2005년 8월 2일)를 나타내 시기별로 매우 큰 변동특성을 나타내었다. 저층에서는 $1.5{\times}10^3\;cells\;L^{-1}$ (2005년 1월 9일)~최대 $3.9{\times}10^5\;cells\;L^{-1}$ (2005년 8월 16일)로 나타나, 표층이 저층보다 큰 변동특성을 나타내었다. 현존량의 연중 출현경향은 종수와 마찬가지로 고수온기인 6월~9월 사이에 높은 현존량을 나타내었다. 우점종인 C. polykrikoides의 출현양상은 종속영양 편모조류인 P. kofoidii에 의해 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다.

• ALGAE
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.309-324
• /
• 2017

Recently, the heterotrophic nanoflagellate Katablepharis japonica has been reported to feed on diverse red-tide species and contribute to the decline of red tides. However, if there are effective predators feeding on K. japonica, its effect on red tide dynamics may be reduced. To investigate potential effective protist predators of K. japonica, feeding by the engulfment-feeding heterotrophic dinoflagellates (HTDs) Oxyrrhis marina, Gyrodinium dominans, Gyrodinium moestrupii, Polykrikos kofoidii, and Noctiluca scintillans, the peduncle-feeding HTDs Luciella masanensis and Pfiesteria piscicida, the pallium-feeding HTD Oblea rotunda, and the naked ciliates Strombidium sp. (approximately $20{\mu}m$ in cell length), Pelagostrobilidium sp., and Miamiensis sp. on K. japonica was explored. We found that none of these heterotrophic protists fed on actively swimming cells of K. japonica. However, O. marina, G. dominans, L. masanensis, and P. piscicida were able to feed on heat-killed K. japonica. Thus, actively swimming behavior of K. japonica may affect feeding by these heterotrophic protists on K. japonica. To the contrary, K. japonica was able to feed on O. marina, P. kofoidii, O. rotunda, Miamiensis sp., Pelagostrobilidium sp., and Strombidium sp. However, the specific growth rates of O. marina did not differ significantly among nine different K. japonica concentrations. Thus, K. japonica may not affect growth of O. marina. Our findings suggest that the effect of predation by heterotrophic protists on K. japonica might be negligible, and thus, the effect of grazing by K. japonica on populations of red-tide species may not be reduced by mortality due to predation by protists.

• ALGAE
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.49-58
• /
• 2003

The short-term dynamics of the summer phytoplankton community structure were investigated in coastal waters around Namhae Island, the Southern Sea of Korea. The study was based on a comprehensive survey constituting 39 collections from 13 stations on July 18-22, August 1-2, 14-16 and 27-30, respectively. The community structure was analysed using cluster analysis and important environmental correlates of the assemblage structure were identified with canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Water temperature, salinity, NO₂, NO₃, NH₄, PO₄, chlorophyll a and transparency were measured as physico-chemical environmental factors which may be associated with the phytoplankton community structure. Variations of salinity and concentrations of NO₃ and chlorophyll a were not significant. In addition to warmer water temperature, concentrations of NO₂, NO₄and PO₄ decreased at the beginning of August. And transparency was deeper and water column became very unstable after the middle of August. A wide taxonomic diversity was encountered during the survey, including a total of 121 taxa which was composed of 72 diatoms, 48 dinoflagellates and 1 euglenoid species. Cluster analysis showed that the Phytoplankton community could be divided into 4 distinct groups, indicating rapid changes of the community in the short course of this survey. These phytoplankton groups also showed distinctive dispersion patterns in 2-dimensional canonical space, indicating distinct groupings for stations at each survey. Dominant taxa of diatoms (Chaetoceros curvisetus, Chaetoceros spp., Leptocylindrus danicus, Leptocylindrus mediteraneus, Skeletonema costanum, and Pseudo-nitzschia pungen) clustered in region of CCA space corresponding to stations surveyed at the middle of July. Dominant taxa of dinoflagellates were tightly associated with stations surveyed at the middle (Karenia breve) and end (Cochlodinium polykrikoides and Polykrikos schwartzii) of August. The CCA also showed that the phytoplankton community compositions were highly associated with water temperature, transparency, NO₂, NH₄ and PO₄, suggesting that gradients in physical and nutrient conditions affect short-term changes in phytoplankton composition.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제36권2호
• /
• pp.151-156
• /
• 2003

Spatio-temporal distribution of dinoflagellate cysts was monthly investigated at 6 stations in Gamak Bay, the southern Korea from April 2000 to April 2001. A total of 37 species of dinoflagellate cysts belonging to 22 genera were identified. The temporal changes of species number fluctuated with an annual mean of 8 species, 1 species at Stn. 6 in July in the middle Gamak Bay and 17 species at Stn. 2 in June southern Gamak Bay, but 11 to 20 species occurred in the northwestern Gamak Bay all the year round. The major species were Brigantedinium cariacoense, Brigantedinium simpler, Brigantedinium spp., Protoperidinium americanum, Quinquecusphix concretum, Selenopemphix quanta, Scrippsiella trochoidea, Spiniferites bulloideus, Spiniferites spp., Stelladinium reidii, Votadinium carvum, and Polykrikos sp. of kofoidii. The dominant species of dinoflagellate cysts was not evident in the over-all study areas, but in the northwestern Gamak Bay Brigantedinium spp. and Protoperidinium americanum were dominant $(50.4-76.0\%)$ during the study periods. Abundance of dinoflagellate cysts on the surface sediment in the Gamak Bay ranged from 21 cysts/g dry at Stn. 6 in July to 4,322 cysts/g dry at Stn. 4 in August with an annual mean of 688 cysts/g dry. Especially, the highest value occurred in the northwestern Gamak Bay. Heterotrophic species was more abundant than autotrophic species on the surface sediment. In particular, the former occurred in $75-94\%$ in the northwestern Gamak Bay throughout the year. The northwestern area was very different from other area in species number, dominant species and abundance of dinoflagellate cysts. It is mainly due to water stagnation and eutrophication in the area. And the seasonal abundance of dinoflagellate cysts in Gamak Bay was inversly related to water temperature.