• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.665-670
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• 2001

The solvent extraction of polyethylene glycol (PEG) by ethanol has been studied for the powder injection molded compacts of Sr-ferrite/PEG/carnauba wax/HDPE. The extraction rate of PEG is sensitively proportional to the solvent temperature whereas it is inversely proportional to the contents of PEG, the molecular weight of PEG. and the specimen thickness. The high extraction rate of PEG is achieved under the following conditions: solvent temperature of $70^{\circ}C$, PEG contents of 30%, and PEG molecular weight of 400 g/mol. In the early stage of solvent extraction, the non-linear relationship between the extraction rate and the square root of the extraction time indicates that the extraction of PEG does not follow the Fickian behavior. At extraction times longer than 180 min. however, the extraction of PEG follows the Fickian behavior. The extraction fate of PEG by ethanol is about$1.0{ imes}10^{-6}g/cm^2sec$ enough for common applications.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.3073-3074
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• 2010

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

The purpose of the present study was to formulate the aqueous solution of 1-cyclopent-3-enylmethyl-6(3,5-dimethyl-benzoyl)-5-ethyl-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione (CPD), a novel antivirus compound containing pirimidine structure. For this purpose, the effects of various solubilization agents such as cosolvents [ethanol, propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol 300 (PEG 300), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), glycerin], surfactants (Tween 80, Cremophor$^{(R)}$ RH40, Cremophor$^{(R)}$ EL, Poloxamer 407, Poloxamer 188) and a complexation agent [hydroxypropyl-${\beta}$-cyclodextrin (HPBCD)] , on the solubility of CPD in aqueous solution were evaluated. The solubility of CPD in water was under $1\;{\mu}g/ml$ at $20^{\circ}C$. Cosolvents such as ethanol, PG, PEG 300, PEG 400 and glycerin did not enhance the solubility of CPD at the $0{\sim}40\%$ concentration range. The solubility of CPD was significantly elevated by the addition of cosolvents over the $80\%$ concentration range. On the other hand, tween 80, Cremophor$^{(R)}$ L, Cremophor$^{(R)}$ RH40, and HPBCD showed enhanced effects on the solubility of CPD. The enhanced effects of Poloxamer 407 or Poloxamer 188 on the CPD solubility were less pronounced compared with tween 80, Cremophor$^{(R)}$ L or Cremophor$^{(R)}$ RH40. As a results, tween 80 aqueous solution was selected as an optimum solvent system. The aqueous solutions containing $20\%$ tween 80 were formulated as a dosing solution containing CPD for its intraperitoneal and intrahypodermic administration, respectively, The formular showed physical stability after stored for 7 days at $4^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.385-391
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• 2004

The purpose of the present study was to formulate the aqueous solution of $20-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol\;(IH-901)$, an intestinal bacterial metabolic derivative from Ginseng protopanaxadiol saponin. For this purpose, the effects of various solubilization agents such as cosolvents [ethanol, propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol 300 (PEG 300), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), glycerin], surfactants $(Tween\;80,\;Cremophor^{\circledR}\;RH40,\;Cremophor^{\circledR}\;EL,\;Poloxamer\;407,\;Poloxamer\;188)$ and a complexation agent $[hydroxypropyl-{\beta}-cyclodextrin\;(HPBCD)]$, on the solubility of IH-90l in aqueous solution were evaluated. The solubility of IH-901 in water was under $1\;{\mu}g/ml\;at\;20^{\circ}C$. Cosolvents such as ethanol, PG, PEG 300, PEG 400 and glycerin did not enhance the solubility of IH-901 at the 0 - 40% concentration range. The solubility of IH-901 was significantly elevated by the addition of cosolvents over the 80% concentration range. On the other hand, tween 80, $Cremophor^{\circledR}\;EL,\;Cremophor^{\circledR}\;RH40$ and HPBCD showed enhanced effects on the solubility of IH-901. The enhanced effects of Poloxamer 407 or Poloxamer 188 on the IH-901 solubility were less pronounced compared with $Cremophor^{\circledR}\;EL\;or\;Cremophor^{\circledR}\;RH40$. As a results, $Cremophor^{\circledR}$ aqueous solution was selected as an optimum solvent system. The aqueous solutions containing 10% $Cremophor^{\circledR}\;EL$ and 7% $Cremophor^{\circledR}\;RH40$ were formulated as dosing solutions containing 5.0 mg/ml of IH-901 for its intravenous and oral administration, respectively. The formular showed physical stability after stored for 7 days at $4^{\circ}C$.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.379-392
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• 2015

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ultrafiltration membrane was prepared by blending 12 wt.% of PVC in N, N-dimethylacetimide (DMAc) with polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) as an additive. The influence of PEG400 concentration on the PVC membrane morphology, permeability, fouling and rejection were investigated. Fouling and rejection of the PVC membrane were characterized by dextran T-100 filtration. The results showed that membrane water flux was increased up to $682Lm^{-2}h^{-1}$ when 28 wt.% of PEG400 was added into the PVC membrane solution. The best membrane performance with a low fouling and a high selectivity was achieved by adding 12 wt.% concentration of PEG400, which resulted in 90% rejection of dextran and 90% of flux recovery ratio. At further addition of PEG400 concentration, irreversible fouling was starting to increase. A 90% of irreversible fouling was formed in the PVC membrane when more than 22 wt.% of PEG400 is added.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.345-353
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• 2008

Organic/inorganic composite electrolyte membranes were prepared for dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)s with various molecular weight (400, 600, 1,500 and 3,400) was ethoxysilated to fabricate organic/inorganic composite materials through sol-gel processes. The electrolyte membranes were produced by doping the composite materials with NaI and $I_2$, and their ionic conducting behavior was investigated. The ionic conductivity of the composite electrolyte was highly affected by the PEG molecular weight, and the highest conductivity was shown by the composite membrane prepared with PEG with the molecular weight of 1,500. The composite electrolyte membranes showed considerable improvement of ionic conductivity. Compared to PEO electrolyte membranes, the composite electrolyte membrane prepared by PEG, MW 1,500, showed much higher ionic conductivity.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.33-36
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• 2010

Wood charcoal was investigated to determine its potential as an alternative matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization of various samples. Wood charcoal was an effective matrix for analyzing glucose, sucrose, arginine, and polyethylene glycols (PEGs), with detection levels of 100 pmol for glucose, 1 nmol for sucrose, 100 pmol for arginine, 100 pmol for PEG 400, 1 pmol for PEG 1540, and 10 pmol for PEG 3350. No analyte signal was observed for peptides or proteins.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.263-271
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• 2000

In an attempt to develop an injectable form of practically insoluble biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate (DDB), the effect of various vehicles, cosolvents and hydrotropic agents was investigated. It was found that polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 revealed the best solvency toward DDB (17.7 mg/ml at $37^{\circ}C$), and decreasing order of the solubility was as follows: PEG 400>PEG 300>diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DGME)>PEG-8 glyceryl caprylate/caprate. Among the hydrotropes used, sodium salicylate, sodium benzoate and nicotinamide were effective in increasing the solubility in water. The solubility of DDB in 2 M sodium salicylate, sodium benzoate and nicotinamide solutions was increased 44.3, 23.5 and 44.0 times than that in water, respectively. The addition of sodium salicylate and sodium benzoate to PEG 300-water PEG 400-water and DGME-water cosolvents remarkably increased the solubility of DDB, and significantly retarded precipitate formation when mixed with water Hemolytic properties of DDB injections (2 mg/4~10 ml) in PEG 300-water or DGME-water (60:40 v/v) cosolvents containing sodium benzoate (0.14~0.35 M) were very low. It was concluded from the results that these solutions would be applied to the design of new DDB injections.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1343-1351
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• 2008

The activated sludge obtained from wastewater coke oven plant was immobilized by entrapment with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The effects of several factors on the biodegradation of $CN^-$ from. synthetic wastewater were investigated using batch and continuous reactors. The degradation rate of $CN^-$ increased with increasing of the immobilized bead volume in the reactor. Approximately 7.65mg/L of $NH_4-N$ was produced upon the degradation of 35mg/L of $CN^-$. When high concentrations of the toxic cyanide complex were used in the testing of cyanide degradation, the free activated sludge could be inhibited more than that of the immobilized activated sludge. When the phenol concentration was higher than 400mg/L in the synthetic wastewater, approximately 98.4% of $CN^-$ was removed within 42 hours by the immobilized activated sludge. However, the cyanide was not completely degraded by the tree activated sludge. This indicates that high phenol concentrations can act as a toxic factor for the free activated sludge. A $CN^-$ concentration of less than 1mg/L was achieved by the immobilized sludge at the loading rate of 0.025kg $CN^-/m^3-d$. Moreover, it was found that the HRT should be kept for 48 hours in order to obtain stable treatment conditions.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.300-305
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• 1999

A sensitive and efficient assay method was applied to determine the level of glutamic acid (GA) and ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid (GABA) in frontal cortex and hippocampus of rat administrated with ethanol and drugs. The compounds were derivatized with ο-phthalaldehyde (OPA) and 2-mercaptoethanof for precolunm analysis. The condition for the simultaneous determination of GA, GABA and $\beta-aminobutyric$ acid (BABA) by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection was reverse phase $C_{18}$ column as stationary phase, 0.1 M phosphate buffer containing 0.1 mM $Na_4EDTA$ : methanol = 55:45 (v+v) pH 3.8 as mobile phase and 0.7V electrode voltage. The stability of reaction product of GA, GABA and BABA with OPA could be increased by adding the same volume of polyethylene glycol 400 to reaction mixture. The GABA level in frotal cortex of rat was significantly decreased by the administration of picrotoxin and diazepam, but it was significantly increased by the administration of red ginseng total saponin, N-methyl-D-glucamine and (-)-deprenyl.