• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.193-198
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• 2011

This study aimed to provide basic data for permeable pavement application upon design and installation stages by analyzing the effect of permeable pavement used on the facility area rather than using non-point pollutants treatment facility upon development business in accordance with recent trend. To perform this study, the area of development target was separately applied as impermeable and permeable developments so as to compare and analyze the economics of cut pollution load and installation construction cost. Consequently, the processing amount and cut load of non-point pollutant sources are influenced much by permeable and impermeable developments, and it was turned out to be better to develop target river area as permeable area rather than installing non-point pollutants treatment facility of equipment type or natural type upon development to yield smaller discharge load. If we can prepare a countermeasure regulating impermeable area ratio to certain level to manage non-point pollutants upon development based on this result, we can minimize the source of pollution caused by the development.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of policies on water quality management based on the changes in pollutants and water quality in Special Water Preservation Area (SWPA) of Lake Paldang watershed from 1990 to 2016. The population, total sewage and flow rate of wastewater in SWPA continuously increased from 1990 to 2016, while the location of new facilities for industrial and livestock facilities has been restricted. However, unlike the buffer zone in which industrial and livestock facilities were continuously reduced after implementing of TMDL, it was found that the effect of land-use regulations on industrial and livestock facilities in SWPA were mitigated by the increase in the size of large facilities. Since 1999 when the emission standard of public sewage treatment plants (STP) was changed, the water quality of Lake Paldang has increased despite the increase of pollutant source. Since emission standard of STP changed in 2012 (BOD 5 mg/L, TP 0.2 mg/L), BOD concentration in Lake Paldang has also improved to the level of water quality in the early 1990s where as TP concentration has remained at its lowest since 1990. BOD and TP average discharge concentration of 43 STP (${\geq}500m^3/day$) in 2016 have been maintained $1.7{\pm}0.7mg/L$ and $0.06{\pm}0.02mg/L$ respectively. While the discharged load of STP in SWPA was decreased by the concentration management, the contribution rate to the total discharged load of non-point pollutants increased to 70 % in 2015, and the contribution rate to the point discharged load of individual treatment facilities increased to 80 %.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.905-913
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• 2011

This study was conducted to characterize the discharge feature of pollutant load from the upper and lower watershed influencing on the water quality of South Han River using the empirical equation and Factor Analysis. The results of regression analysis between flow rate and pollutant load were as follows. In the streams of the upper watershed of South Han river, $BOD_5$ and $COD_{Mn}$ were increased as the flow rate was increased. Also, steep increases in SS and TP were observed with positive correlation with the flow rate while change in TN was slightly shown. On the other hand, in the streams of the lower watershed of South Han river, $BOD_5$ was negatively correlated with the flow rate, being decreased with the increase in the flow rate. However, changes in $COD_{Mn}$, TN, SS, and TP showed a similar trend with those observed in the upper watershed. With Factor Analysis of the water quality and various components, it was appeared that the flow rate, SS, and TP were significantly correlated each other and they were indicated as the principal component influencing on water quality in the streams of the upper watershed. In contrast, $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$ and TOC were significantly correlated each other and they were included as the principal pollution component of the streams in the lower watershed. From these results, it was conclusive that the upper watershed of South Han River was mainly affected by non point source pollutants while the lower watershed was influenced by point source pollutants from the developed areas.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.131-139
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• 2024

This study investigated the chemical properties of Organic Soil Amendments (OSAs) made from organic waste. It also assessed the effectiveness of using these OSAs in the soil layer of Green Infrastructure (GI) to reduce stormwater runoff and non-point source pollutants. The goal was to improve the national environmental value through resource recycling and contribute to the circular economy transformation and carbon neutrality of urban GI. The OSAs used in this study consisted of spent coffee grounds and food waste compost. They were found to be nutrient-rich and stable as artificial soils, indicating their potential use in the soil layer of GI facilities. Applying OSAs to bio-retention cells and permeable pavement resulted in a reduction of approximately 11-17% in stormwater runoff and a decrease of about 16-18% in Total Phosphorus (TP) discharge in the target area. Increasing the proportion of food waste compost in the OSAs had a positive impact on reducing stormwater runoff and pollutant emissions. This study highlights the importance of utilizing recycled resources and can serve as a foundation for future research, such as establishing parameters for assessing the effectiveness of GI facilities through experiments. To enable more accurate analysis, it is recommended to conduct studies that consider both the chemical and biological aspects of substance transfer in OSAs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.581-590
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• 2017

For effective improvement of water quality in Seokmun reservoir, this study implemented various analyses including the tributary water quality and flowrate monitoring, contamination of sediment, investigation of pollution source, selection of priority management target tributary by stream grouping method. The COD concentration of the majority of tributaries in Seokmun reservoir watershed was relatively higher than BOD concentration. The concentration of water pollutants regardless of water quality parameters in Yeokcheon, Dangjincheon, Sigokcheon, Baekseokcheon, small stream in Jinkwanri and Janghangri were higher than the other tributaries. The pollution sources in the Seokmun reservoir watershed were mostly distributed in the population, livestock, and industry. The pollutants, which located in Yeokcheon, Dangjincheon, Baekseokcheon, and small stream in Janghangri selected as priority management target tributary, should be preferentially reduced for improving the water quality in Seokmun reservoir. As the evaluation results of water quality in Seokmun reservoir for the effect of water quality improvement according to various scenarios using water quality model, it was found that the water quality in Seokmun reservoir due to the construction of a wastewater treatment plant for management of pollutants in the watershed would be satisfied the class V of water environment standard in reservoir.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.91-98
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• 2013

Government introduces a Total Maximum Daily Loads(TMDL) which can be implemented for total pollutant amounts in 2004. Normally, the local governments have been calculated the amounts of pollutant discharge of each watershed using a water quality model. However, among the input data to use the water quality model, creating a schematic diagram of the stream or the modeling usually requires considerable amount of time and efforts due to the manual work. Therefore, this study tried to develop an algorithm which automates the creation of a schematic diagram for water quality modeling using the Korean Reach File capable of river network analysis. Further, this study creates a schematic diagram with the shape of a stream utilizing GIS capabilities. The diagram can be easily analyzed with overlapping various spatial information such as pollution sources and discharge points. This study mainly has automated element segmentation algorithm to divide streamflows into equal distance using line graphic data of Koran Reach File. Also, automated attribute input algorithm has also been developed to enable to insert element order and type into elements using point graphic data of Korean Reach File. For the verification of the developed algorithm, the algorithm was applied to kyungan stream basin to see the acceptable results. To conclude, it was possible to automate generating of schematic diagram of water quality model and it is expected to be able to save time and cost required for the water modeling. In future study, it is necessary to develop an automatic creation system of various types of input data for water quality modeling and this will lead to relatively easier and simple water quality modeling.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.45-57
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• 2008

The purpose of this research is to select an appropriate location of water pollution prevention facilities(WPPF) through evaluating location decision factor using environmental geographic information system. To do that, this research reviewed the current location policies of WPPFs and its related researches. And this paper builds water pollutant statistical databases, integrated them with the geographic information system of the administrative areas where water pollutants are generated, and gears it with statistical programs such as correlation and regression analysis in order to figure out the pollution factors which influence on the location decision of WPPF on the real time base. The volume of discharge of industrial wastewater is one of the most important water pollutants on the location decision of WPPF. And the number of industrial facilities also was the most important location decision factor in constructing the WPPFs. In addition, this paper noted that the number of population in each area makes a role to restraint the construction of WPPF. It identified that the disposal facility in Nackdong river upper-middle watersheds was insufficient in treating the livestock pollutants. Therefore, Gyeongbuk should concentrate on the construction of disposal facilities of livestock pollutant in these areas. The results of this research will contribute to decide what kinds of WPPF should be constructed on which watershed in Nackdong River, and to forecast the future water quality of each watershed.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.221-227
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• 2015

Urbanization increases the impervious cover, which affects the discharge of stormwater runoff and non-point source pollutants to the waterbodies. In order to improve the water quality and restore the aqua-ecosystem, the Ministry of Environment (MOE), Korea MOE introduced the Low Impact Development(LID) techniques on development projects. Therefore, research was performed to develop the bioretention technology for managing the stormwater runoff from urban areas. The test-bed was established on 2013 up to evaluate the performance of pollutant and runoff reduction. A total of 11 storm events have been monitored from November 2013 to present. Even though the SA/CA (surface area of bioretention/catchment area) is approximately 2.2%, the facility shows high pollutant and runoff reduction during storm events by increasing retention and infiltration capacities. The bioretention shows a 100% total runoff reduction at 0mm < R < 10mm rainfall range and more than 90% of runoff reduction at a rainfall range of 10mm < R < 20mm. Due to runoff volume reduction, more than 90% of nonpoint source pollutant were also removed by the bioretention.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.305-315
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• 2005

The scheme to classify pollution sources in Korean TMDL planning has been pointed out too much complex to implement practically because of requiring a wide range of items to be collected from a field. Within a deficient situation to collect field data, the mathematical scheme that focuses only on counting an uniform area ratio of the different land uses to estimate of pollutant loads from individual sub-catchments has been used without taking into account of the spatial characteristics of major land uses as well as the locations of pollution sources in each sub-catchment. It would cause to significant level of errors to estimate the pollution loads. Therefore, this study proposes a renovated scheme that can be adopted more easily to classify pollution sources in the watershed and reduce the estimation errors in the spatial distribution of pollution sources by introducing a spatial analysis based on digital land cover maps. In order to estimate a unit area to calculate the uniform pollution load, the pollution response unit area that is locating spatially at the same place and having same land use is identified through the application of GIS overlay technique. Unlikely existing conventional method to calculate the pollution load based on equal distribution of pollutants for each administrative boundary, it is assumed that the pollution load from household and livestock sources are generated and washed off from only residential areas. While, pollution from business population comes from commercial area and industrial load from wastewater discharge facilities are from industrial areas. From comparison of the calculated results from the existing the method and the proposed one, it is found that although the estimation of pollution load from sub-catchment in the case of the existing conventional method application results in negligible difference in total pollution amounts from the whole area of Wangsook watershed as a study area, significant difference of pollution load among sub-catchment in which pollution response unit areas are diverse, however, appears in the case of the application of the renovated scheme.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.242-254
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• 1995

The Hadano Basin is located at a distance of about 70kms and 60kms from Tokyo and Yokohama and lies in the south-west part of the Kanto region in Japan. The basin area, which correspoends to the catchment of the Kaname River, is about areal size of 60.7$\textrm{km}^2$ and extends about length of 8kms in E-W direction and about width of 5kms in N-S direction (Fig.1). The Hadano basin is filled with thick pile of the alluvum from deposits composed of volcanic materials, mostly came from the Hakone Volcano and overlain by Fuji Volcanic ashes. Fluvial deposits form the good aquifer, therefore water resources of Handano City has been largely depending upon the eroundwater. Urbanization and industrialization of the basin has been rapid in the last thirty years, after activation of "Factory Attraction Policy of Hadano City" in 1956. Growth in population and number of factory due to urbanization changed the land-use pattern of the basin rapidly and increased the water demands. Therefore, Hadano City exploited a new source of water supply, and have introduced the prefectureal waterworks since 1976. On the other hand, the rapid urbanization has brought about the pollution of streams in the basin by domestic sewage and industrial waste water. Diffusion rate of sewerage systems in Hadano City is 38% in 1993. In ordcr to examine the impact of anthropogenic factors on river environments, the author took up the change of land-use and diffusion area of sewerage as parameters, and performed field surveys on water discharge and quality. The survey has been made at upstream and downstream of the main stream regularly per month, to get informati ons about the variation of discharge and water quality aiong the stream and its diurnal fluctuation. Annual variation has been analyzed based the data from Hadano City Office. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Stream discharge has been increasing by urbanization (Fig.3). Water quality (C $l^{-10}$ , N $H^{+}$$_{ 4}$-N, BOD) has been improving gradually after the application of sewerage service, yet water pollution load at the lower station has increased than that at the upper one because of the larger anthropogenic discharge volumes (Fig.4). 2. Corrclation coefficient of discharges between upper and lower was 0.81-0.92. Pollutant loads of the R. Kamame after the confluence with R. Kuzuha grew up by 2.4-3.7 times as compared with its upper reaches, and it increased to 3.7-6.9 times after the confluence with the R. Muro (Fig.5). 3. The changes of water quality along the stream can be divided into two groups (Fig.6a). First: water quality of the R. Kaname and R. Shijuhachisse is becoming worse towards the lower reaches because the water from branches are polluted. Second: water quality are improved in the lower where spring and small branch streams supply clear water, for example R. Mizunashi, R. Muro and R. Kuzuha. 4. Measured discharge at the upper station in the R. Shijuhachisse is 0.153㎥/sec, and about 55% of this is recharged until it reaches to the lower point. The R. Mizunashi has a discharge of 1.155㎥/sec at the upper point, is recharged 0.24㎥/sec until the midstream and groundwater spring 0.2㎥/sec at the lower reaches. R. Kuzuha recharged all the mountain runoff (0.2㎥/sec) at the upper reaches. The R. Muro is supplied by many springs and the estimated discharge of spring was 0.47㎥/sec (Fig.6b). 5. Diurmal variations in discharge and water quality are influenced clearly by domestic and industrial waste waters (Fig.7, 8).ed clearly by domestic and industrial waste waters (Fig.7, 8).