• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.221-244
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• 2024

This study examines how the independence of monetary policy changes in situations where the interest rate differential between domestic and foreign rates inverts, utilizing the trilemma indices. For analysis, this paper uses the trilemma indices developed by Kim et al. (2017) to analyze the relationship between the monetary policy independence index and the other two trilemma indices, namely the capital account openness index and the exchange rate stability index, across 45 countries from 2002 to 2018. The analysis reveals that the trilemma's validity is contingent. In particular, no statistically significant negative correlation was found between the monetary policy independence index and exchange rate stability index during periods of interest rate differential inversion. A positive correlation emerges between exchange rate stability and the independence of monetary policy, particularly when the inverted interest rate differential exceeds a certain threshold. This situation, where the exchange rate remains stable despite low domestic interest rates, implies that the central bank is effectively managing monetary policy to appropriately respond to economic conditions, which is reflected in the monetary policy independence index.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.106-122
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• 2010

With the introduction of the 40 hours workweek system, an intensive discussion was made among relevant departments. Building facilities does not necessarily guarantee more leisure activities and higher satisfaction for the public. It is essential to draft at the trend of leisure policy in Japan and learn from the experiences to set the policy direction best fitting future changes in Korea, as Japan has gone through comprehensive changes ahead of us. With this understanding, this study analyzed key leisure policies of Japan and examined the trend of changes of time. The followings are the findings of the research. First, Japan's leisure policies could be categorized into five stages and six terms. Second, leisure policies in Japan are being established as a local welfare system, not in the context of industrial perspective, to help people in local community. This is to make voluntary move by eliminating the factors that restrict social demand with an effort to expand leisure time and to secure and enhance access to leisure space. Third, Neighborhood leisure space has taken the center stage, in an effort to seek solutions to the issues of improving space utilization, restoring local community and encouraging participation of local residents. The conclusion drawn from the research is as follows. It is required to recommend the use of the specific term 'leisure' for leisure policies in Korea and for leisure space policies in Korea that are now facing sociocultural challenges similar to the ones emerging in Japan, measures are required to improve physiological access of local residents including information promotion, lifetime education and relationships enhancement along with the establishment of neighborhood leisure space.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.36-46
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• 2021

The Soil Health Index (SHI) developed by Park et al. (2021) is used to evaluate soil health on remediated soils collected from several remediation project sites and monitored the changes of SHI during the remediation process of land farming, soil washing, and thermal desorption. In the case of land farming, the soils remediated below a legal standard didn't show any significant changes in indices of SHI except the downgrade of available phosphate from medium to a low level. The SHI scores were ranged from 52 to 56 in the contaminated soil and 54 to 57 in the remediated soil. With soil washing, bulk density changed from high to a low level, and available phosphate was lowered from medium to low level. As the SHI scores were evaluated as 58 to 63 for contaminated soil and 38 to 42 for remediated soils. For thermal desorption, soil respiration rate was reduced from high to low level and SHI was scored as 50 to 51 for contaminated soils and 43 to 47 for remediated soils. Even though any abrupt changes of the SHI in remediated soils were not identified in the soils used in this study, it is expected that soil in different conditions such as types and concentrations of contaminant and soil characteristics would result in distinguished changes of the SHI. There is a room for more studies collect diverse information on SHI across the country.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1-14
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• 2009

Korean families have been undergone tremendous changes during the past three decades with societal changes. Korean families become smaller, diverse, and multi-cultural. These family changes challenge child development research. Family is not just an intimate relationship. Family is also a structural environment, a system linking micro and macro system, an institution, and an ideology. Consequently, researchers need to pay attention to various ways family influence child development and take into account family as a whole unit. Researchers are also challenged to make a stance regarding family changes and diversity. Temporality is another important issue in studying how family development and child development interact. In terms of public policy, social services should be developed to cope with the new social risks from family changes and to mitigate a growing developmental gap among the children of families with different economic classes.

• 한국항공우주법학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.165-182
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to review the changes in the aviation safety management system, how that system has evolved and what forces caused these changes to take place. Also included is an examination of the development process of the aviation safety management system in view of the new institutionalism, identifying the patterns of change. Based on the results of this study, I propose policy methods to design a desirable civil aviation safety system with a view toward raising the safety standards in the Korean civil aviation community. The major analysis variables are as follows: first, aviation accidents caused by external factors and international standards as independent variables; second, environmental changes and political processes affecting aviation safety management system as major mediating variables; and third, the aviation safety management legal system, the aviation safety management organizations and an expert participation system as dependent variables. The institutional changes and continuance of the aviation safety management system show that when specific circumstances arise, the continuance lasts depending on the path dependency, and in a certain circumstance, when immanent changing factors reach a critical point, the system suddenly changes by a punctuated equilibrium, which are all included in this study.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.14-33
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• 2022

Purpose: To examine whether the Patient Experience Assessment (PEA) has led to perceptible changes at the ground level of health care, as a way of evaluating PEA as a policy intervention for quality improvement. Methods: Four focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted, each comprising six to eight participants who were employees responsible for patient experience at their respective hospitals. The primary focus of the FGDs was on questions such as: 1) How do hospitals respond to PEA? 2) What significant changes were observed after the implementation of PEA? 3) What were the unintended consequences of implementing PEA, if any? 4) What areas of improvement have been identified for maximizing the potential of PEA? Results: Two broad themes emerged out of the FGDs: changes observed post implementation of PEA, and areas for improvement of PEA. Four significant changes were reported by participants: changes in perception and attitude regarding patient experience in hospital employees, increased active involvement by the hospital leadership, enhanced efforts to improve patient experience, and increased cooperation between such activities. Furthermore, eight areas of improvement were identified, which have been grouped in three categories: improving the process of data collection for PEA, introducing additional catalysts to facilitate further changes, and paying attention to structure- and patient-level constraints that must be addressed in parallel. Conclusion: The implementation of PEA led to perceptible changes within hospitals, which implies that it can serve as an effective catalyst for improving patient experience. A number of areas of improvement that would aid in maximizing the potential of PEA were also identified.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.286-306
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• 2011

Based on the announcement by the National Competitiveness Council in 2008, this study analyzed the direction of the changing policy in Seoul Metropolitan Area promoted by the current government and to inquire into such the effect, research was done to study the changes in space demand by companies which respond sensitively to changes in regulation in Seoul Metropolitan Area. In addition, the effect of Seoul Metropolitan Area policy on company location is explored while company location changes and changes in direction of space demand due to easing of regulation in Seoul Metropolitan Area by the current government are examined. Research methods utilized empirical analysis and survey analysis. Empirical analysis utilized statistical data since 1980's. For survey analysis, the effect of changing policy in Seoul Metropolitan Area, which is an exogenous shock, on decision making of the enterprise is considered to derive the direction of demand for company manufacturing lots. The results of the study showed that decision for company location or factory size has been affected greatly by Seoul Metropolitan Area policy and domain regulation and institution to restrict permission area of a manufacturing building from the law of improvement plan of the Metropolitan area were the biggest regulatory policies. Due to easing of regulation in Seoul Metropolitan Area by the current government, the demand for manufacturing lot is expected to increase. In particular, the demand for manufacturing lot is expected to increase centered around Seoul Metropolitan Area and Chungcheong province while demand is expected to decrease in Gangwon province. The reason is because company preference is high for the Seoul Metropolitan Area which has the best transportation/logistics and market conditions in Korea. But in the case of Southeast region and Daegyung region that form exclusive economic zones, changing policy in Seoul Metropolitan Area has little impact. In the case of Seoul Metropolitan Area, demand increase does not occur in the entire area but instead, demand is expected to increase in growth management zones.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.197-217
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• 2010

This study investigated the performance of the child care policies implemented by the former government and analyzes some changes in child care policies by the new government in Korea. The criteria for evaluating child care policies of both governments were based on suggestions gleaned from OECD policy review papers on Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) in 2004 and 2006. As suggested by the OECD, the input of financial investment in public sectors, universal approaches to child care, measures of quality programs, efforts for improving the work environment of child care workers and selecting effective ways of providing financial support for child care were applied in order to evaluate the child care policies in Korea. A number of policy documents and literature published by both governments from 2003-2009 were reviewed in order to evaluate and compare the former child care policies with the more recent ones. The child care policies enacted by the former Korean government were characterized as the remarkable increases in financial investment to establish a child care infrastructure for quality programs and services, and efforts to enact universal approaches to child care, policy making based on scientific data on child care. These advances were tempered by the observation that despite all these improvements, both investment and expansion in the public child care sector were far below sufficient levels. In contrast, some changes in the child care policies by the new government were criticized in terms of weakening public child care, reinforcing private child care and it's conservative financial support system.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.249-262
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• 2011

Since May 1st in 2008, the products of ginkgo biloba extract have had to be used with the patient's out-of-pocket payment due to reimbursement restriction guidelines. This study aims to analyze the policy effects of reimbursement restriction on pharmaceutical expenditures using interrupted time series(ITS) analysis. We retrieved monthly NHI claims data for the period between May, 2005 and December 2009. The ingredients identified as a substitute for ginkgo biloba have similar indications based on the similar pharmacological activities. The effects of changes in reimbursement scope were evaluated both for all relevant pharmaceuticals within the same therapeutic class and for 2 separate groups : ginkgo biloba's and its substitutes. According to the study results, restrictions on reimbursement scope resulted in savings of the drug expenditures in the targeted therapeutic class. Direct restriction on ginkgo biloba was associated with a decrease in expenditure level by 60.1% and changes in trend from an average increase rate of 1.4% to an average decrease rate of 1.5% for the therapeutic class, with a dramatic decrease in expenditure level(-191.5%) for ginkgo biloba itself, but with an increased expenditure level(+50.1%) and changes in trend from an average increase rate of 2.0% to an average decrease rate of 1.0% for the substitute group. Further policy to restrict nicergoline was associated with additional decrease in expenditure level for the therapeutic class. Additionally, we could identify the balloon effect - a new policy squeezing one part results in bulging out elsewhere. After the restriction of ginkgo biloba, the utilization of and expenditures on its substitutes increased significantly. In conclusion, we demonstrated that consecutively introduced policies effectively reduced overall expenditures on the therapeutic class of interest. Some ingredients played as a substitute while others did not. Further studies need to be conducted to identify which factors determine a substitute.

• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-22
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• 2004

This study examine the effects of changes in the dividend income tax rates, the corporate dividend policy, and the ownership structure on the stock valuation. The empirical findings indicate that : (1)firm's ownership structure is positively correlated with stock return ; (2) the interaction of firm's ownership structure and the dividend policy is positively correlated with stock return ; (3) the interaction of the changes in the dividend income tax rates and dividend policy is correlated with stock return ; (4) the interaction of the changes in the dividend income tax rates and firm's ownership structure is correlated with stock return ; (5) the interaction of the increases in the dividend income tax rates, firm's ownership structure, and the dividend policy is positively correlated with stock return. This suggests that non-taxing of capital gains provide tax shelters to individual investors and investors prefer non-taxing income to dividend income.