• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.65-73
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• 2014

Purpose - Aging and fewer economically active people have challenged the assumption of continuous population increases. A new real estate valuation methodology reflecting changes in population structure is thus needed. Research design, data, and methodology - The relationship between demographic change and changes in real estate prices is analyzed using ordinary least squares (OLS) to estimate the parameters, and a population structure change (PSC)-Binomial Option Model is developed to assess the volatility of the estimated parameters. Results based on Seoul and Shanghai data are compared. Results - Results of the DCF method indicate that investing in Seoul is better than investing in Shanghai, but the binomial option indicates the opposite. The PSC-binomial option model, reflecting changes in population structure, yields higher values (24.6 million won in Seoul and 43.3 million won in Shanghai) than those given by the binomial option model. Conclusions - This study indicates that applying changes in population structure to existing research, such as in the binomial option model, represents a more accurate real estate valuation method. Results demonstrate that the new model is more accurate than existing models such as the DCF or binomial option.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.10-22
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• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate changes in food consumption during the 1950's on the basis of articles that reflected national policy and changes in society during that time period. Many factors are involved in the development and changes in food consumption culture, and these factors can affect each other. As a result, the process involved in the development of food consumption culture acts as a living system. This study evaluated the food consumption culture during the 1950's because this period was subjected to obvious influences that may explain the modern food consumption market logic and commercialism. Changes in the national food consumption are dependent on natural changes such as income enlargement or cultural exchange with a foreign country. Accordingly, food consumption during the 1950's was influenced by changes in economical, social, and political needs. In addition, the influx of surplus agricultural products from the United States had an adverse effect on local agriculture and resulted in an increased external dependence on food during the 1950s. Moreover, the import of raw materials and simple manufacturing techniques led to the development of an industrial food processing industry that enabled accelerated mass production of food at a low-price. Furthermore, the importation of surplus agricultural products from the United States that were used as the raw materials for foods that had traditionally been produced domestically led to an increased burden and qualitative decline in the local food-service industry. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that during the 1950's fresh food began to be replaced with processed foods in Korea.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.157-169
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• 2020

This study aimed to analyze the effect of total allowable catches (TACs) on the target species. First to effects analyse of TACs, the 8 TAC target species and 75 non-target species were selected for which catch data were available before and after the introduction of the TACs. The 8 target species were simply compared to catch changes before and after TACs. Through the comparison, it was confirmed how the catches of target fishes have changed after the implementation of the TACs. Secondly, the Difference In Differences(DID) analysis was conducted to confirm the effects of the TACs on the catches of the target fishes using the catch data of 8 TAC target species and 75 non-TAC species. Finally, to overcome the limitations of the DID analysis, the random effects model was estimated to confirm the effects of the TACs on the catch of the TAC target species. Overall, this study confirmed that the TACs affects catches of target species, not only through simple comparisons of catches before and after the introduction of the TACs but also through econometric analysis.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.49
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• pp.237-256
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• 2011

A Liner Conference can be defined as "a group of two or more vessel operating carriers which provide international liner services for the carriage of cargo on a particular route or routes within specific geographical limits and which has an agreement or arrangement within the framework of which they operate under uniform or common freight rates and any other agreed conditions with respect to the provisions of the liner services". This study reviews maritime transport policy regarding liner conference and the changes in the liner market over the decades. Liner shipping industry has long been protected from competition by block exemption. The repeal of the block exemption for liner conferences and the abolition of any special EC antitrust regime for the shipping industry marks an important step in European maritime competition policy. This article examines the origins and the rationale of the EC antitrust immunity granted so far th the shipping industry and explains the causes of this historic changes. The abolition of Regulation 4056/86 and of the EU commitment to the UN Code of Conduct marks an historical evolution in international maritime policy, which will have an influence far beyond the EU.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.6 no.8
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• pp.1336-1345
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• 2002

Materialized views in data warehouse play important roles in rapidly answering to users's requests for information Processing. More views in data warehouse, can respond to the users more rapidly because the user's requests may be processed by using only the materialized views with higher probabilities rather than accessing base relations. The limited duration, during which the materialized views are updated due to base relations's changes, limits the number of materialized views in data warehouse. In this paper, we propose efficient policy for updating the materialized views, which can save the update duration of views although MIN/MAX values frequently change in base relation. The policy updates the materialized views by distinguishing whether MIN/MAX values's changes in the base relation are insert value or delete value. Then, the number of accesses to the base relation is descreased when updating the MIN/MAX values in the materialized views.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.52 no.11
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• pp.2660-2666
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• 2020

Korea successfully achieved energy independence in the shortest period of time from being the poorest country in terms of energy 50 years ago through steady development of nuclear technology. In the past, the nuclear industry has been driven through government-centered policy development, public institution-based research, and industrial facility and infrastructure construction. Consequently, South Korea became a nuclear energy powerhouse exporting nuclear power plants to the UAE, surpassing the level of domestic technological independence. However, in recent years, the nuclear industry in Korea has experienced a decline in new plant construction since the Fukushima accident in Japan, which caused changes in public perspectives regarding nuclear power plant operation, more stringent safety standards on the operation of nuclear power plants, and a shift in governmental energy policy. These changes are expected to change the domestic nuclear industry ecosystem. Therefore, in this study, we investigate the priority of technology development investment from the perspective of experts in private nuclear power companies, shifting the focus from government-led nuclear R&D policies. To establish a direction in nuclear technology development, a survey was conducted by applying an analytic hierarchy analysis to experts who have worked in nuclear power plants for more than 15 years. The analysis items of focus were the 3 attributes of strategic importance, urgency, and business feasibility of four major fields related to nuclear energy: nuclear safety, decommissioning, radioactive waste management, and strengthening industrial competitiveness.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.171-179
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• 2010

Korea owns vast amount of apartment houses no less than those of world prominent countries, but did not pay enough efforts to maintain existing apartment houses and develop policies to reuse them due to growth driven policy of housing supply like construction of new houses. Korea constructed tremendous amount of houses in short period through government led forced house supplying policy, and resulted in excess houses such that present house supply rate happened to be reaching 110%. However, recently there are growing demand of change in housing policy due to social environmental changes like low birth rate and aging of society etc and nationals' demand for improvement of residential quality. When such social changes are demanded and 80% of apartment houses in Korea are less than 20 years old, renovations and remodeling of apartment houses are anticipated to emerge as important matter. In particular, the apartment houses in Seoul and the 1st generation new cities like Bundang and Ilsan etc have passed considerable period of time after construction and require safety measure, it is quite impending to loan programs for the maintenance of existing apartment houses. The objective of this study is to compare and analyze the system of loan programs about apartment houses of Japan, and then to propose to accelerate loan programs about maintenance for apartment houses in korea.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.47-63
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• 2009

This study focused on changes in form and spatial uses of Urban Hanok in Bukchon, Seoul. There are 10 representative cases which have been renovated through the policy of 'Preservation & Regeneration of Bukchon' by Seoul metropolitan government and other experts. Changes in form and spatial uses of Urban Hanok in Buckon are as follows. First, Changes of scale. Trough removing extension parts, facade of renovated Hanoks are 'transformed' into recovering their identity. Using basements or lofts, intensive application of spaces is transformation which promotes the vitality of Hanoks. Second, changes of space organization. As Hanok changes its function from residence to commercial or cultural use, il a1so changes space character or reorganizes space organization. It is important that deciding function of Hanok has to adjust its scale and organization. Third, changes of construction performance. Through introducing new material and constructing method, performance of wall has been changed respecting its wooden structure and interior-exterior figure. However, technical studies must back it up not to destroy its value of eco-friendly architecture. Fourth, changes of facility systems, like floor heating system. They changes floor level of Hanok equally, and then sections of Hanok have became simple. Furthermore, inserting new facility space, such as boiler room, stand-up kitchen, bathroom and toilet, organization of space also changed. It is necessary that wise alternative proposal through the method of transformation or mutation must be presented. These four changes can be classification into method of 'transformation' and 'mutation'. Changes of scale are method of transformation and changes of space organization are method of mutation. Also, while changes of construction performance are mutation, changes of facility systems are transformation. Recently, as price of lots have been increased, a lot of Hanoks have been commercialized. Thc commercial energy threat 'the identity of Bukchon as residential area'. From now on, to operate 'identity' and 'vitality' complementary, it is necessary to make up for the preservation policy of Hanok and consolidate renovating standards of Hanok which correspond to character of particular region and building usage.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.15-45
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• 2009

This paper estimates the term structure of interest rates with the setup of 3-factor no arbitrage model and investigates the trend of term premia and the effectiveness of changes in policy interest rates. The term premia are found to be high in a three-year medium term objective, which can be interpreted as reflecting the recognition of investors who expect a higher uncertainty in real activities for the coming three years than for a longer term. Then, in order to look into the effect of policy interest rates after the recent change of benchmark interest rate, this paper analyzes the effects of the changes in short-term interest rates of the financial market on the yield curve of the bond market at time of change. Empirical results show that the discrepancy between call rate, short-term rate in money market, and instantaneous short rate, short-term rate in the bond market, is found to be significantly widened, comparing to the periods before the change in benchmark interest rate. It is not easy to conclude clearly for now whether such a widening gap is caused by the lack of experiences with managing new benchmark interest rate or is just an exceptional case due to the recent turmoil in the global financial market. However, monetary policy needs to be operated in a manner that could reduce the gap to enhance its effectiveness.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.62-84
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to present improvement measures for youth activity policies that can change the youth activity programs, equipment and facility operation and leaders in order to cultivate youth capacities suitable for the intelligent information society. For this purpose, we conducted a literature study on the direction of youth activity policy changes with the forecasted social changes in the intelligence information society and an online survey and expert opinion surveys to identify how youth activity facilities are currently coping with the changes and to explore measures to improve youth activity policies. The research identified 17 policy tasks - 9 tasks for the program area, including 1) increase of intelligent information technology related programs, 2) increase of contents related to career resilience in career experience and training programs, and 3) systematic introduction and diffusion of STEAM and Maker education programs; 5 tasks for the equipment and facility operation area, including 1) strengthening cooperation network with external organizations related to the intelligent information technologies, 2) expansion of AR and VR technology application in activity program development, improvement and operation, and 3) big data building in the field of youth activities; and 3 tasks for the leaders area, including 1) extension of information provision on the intelligent information society to the leaders of the activity facilities, and 2) development of job models related to the intelligent information society and job training.