• 한국정보과학회논문지:시스템및이론
• /
• 제26권11호
• /
• pp.1318-1332
• /
• 1999

본 논문에서는 입출력 응용을 위해 collective I/O 기법을 기반으로 한 실행시간 시스템의 설계, 구현 그리고 그 성능평가를 기술한다. 여기서는 모든 프로세서가 동시에 I/O 요구에 따라 스케쥴링하며 I/O를 수행하는 collective I/O 방안과 프로세서들이 여러 그룹으로 묶이어, 다음 그룹이 데이터를 재배열하는 통신을 수행하는 동안 오직 한 그룹만이 동시에 I/O를 수행하는 pipelined collective I/O 등의 두 가지 설계방안을 살펴본다. Pipelined collective I/O의 전체 과정은 I/O 노드 충돌을 동적으로 줄이기 위해 파이프라인된다. 이상의 설계 부분에서는 동적으로 충돌 관리를 위한 지원을 제공한다. 본 논문에서는 다른 노드의 메모리 영역에 이미 존재하는 데이터를 재 사용하여 I/O 비용을 줄이기 위해 collective I/O 방안에서의 소프트웨어 캐슁 방안과 두 가지 모형에서의 chunking과 온라인 압축방안을 기술한다. 그리고 이상에서 기술한 방안들이 입출력을 위해 높은 성능을 보임을 기술하는데, 이 성능결과는 Intel Paragon과 ASCI/Red teraflops 기계 상에서 실험한 것이다. 그 결과 응용 레벨에서의 bandwidth는 peak point가 55%까지 측정되었다.Abstract In this paper we present the design, implementation and evaluation of a runtime system based on collective I/O techniques for irregular applications. We present two designs, namely, "Collective I/O" and "Pipelined Collective I/O". In the first scheme, all processors participate in the I/O simultaneously, making scheduling of I/O requests simpler but creating a possibility of contention at the I/O nodes. In the second approach, processors are grouped into several groups, so that only one group performs I/O simultaneously, while the next group performs communication to rearrange data, and this entire process is pipelined to reduce I/O node contention dynamically. In other words, the design provides support for dynamic contention management. Then we present a software caching method using collective I/O to reduce I/O cost by reusing data already present in the memory of other nodes. Finally, chunking and on-line compression mechanisms are included in both models. We demonstrate that we can obtain significantly high-performance for I/O above what has been possible so far. The performance results are presented on an Intel Paragon and on the ASCI/Red teraflops machine. Application level I/O bandwidth up to 55% of the peak is observed.he peak is observed.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.85-91
• /
• 1980

Extracorporeal circulation by hemodilution technique has been currently used with its clinical safety and good peripheral tissue perfusion in open heart surgery. There is no doubt that $O_{2}$ carrying capacity of the blood is disturbed by decreased hemoglobin level resulting from hemodilution of the circulating blood. From the view point of the blood gas exchange, these experimental studies were undertaken to determined the sate limit of hemodilution in the condition of cardiopulmonary bypass with a constant perfusion flow rate. Twelve adult mongrel dogs weighing 10 to 13 Kg. were anesthetized with pentobarbital and then respiration was controlled with Harvard volume respirator using room air. The cardiopulmonary by pass was performed by use of Sarns heart lung machine (console 5000, 5 head and 2 roller pumps) and Travenol pediatric bubble oxygenator. The perfusion rate during bypass was maintained at a constant rate of 80 ml/min/Kg of body weight. The ratio of oxygen gas flow to blood flow was kept in 3 to 1 constantly. International hemodilution was attained by serial blood withdrawals and immediate infusion of equal volumes of diluants composed of Ringer's lactate, 5% dextrose in water and 25% mannitol solution, proportionally 60%, 30%, and 10%. Arterial and venous blood samples were obtained between 15 and 20 minutes following each hemodilution. Hematocrits and hemoglobin values, $PO_{2}$, $PCO_{2}$ and pH were measured. Oxygen and carbon dioxide contents oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide elimination were calculated groups according to different hematocrit values and the correlations were evaluated. Result were as follows. 1. the arterial $O_{2}$ tension and $O_{2}$ saturation were maintained at the physiological level irrespective of the hematocrit value. 2. The venous $O_{2}$ tension and $O_{2}$ saturation showed a tendency to decline with the decrease in hematocrit value and positive correlation between them (r = +0.49, r = +0.76), The mean values of venous $O_{2}$ tension and $O_{2}$ saturation, however, were not decreased when the hematocrit levels were lower than 20%. 3. The arterial $O_{2}$ content declined lineally in proportion to the fall of hematocrit level with a positive correlation between them (r = +0.95). 4. The venous $O_{2}$ contents were decreased gradually as the hematocrit value decreased with positive correlation between them ( r =+0.89). The trend of diminution of venous $O_{2}$ content, however, was became low according to progressive decrease of hematocrit level. 5. Systemic oxygen consumption was in higher range than $O_{2}$ requirement of basal metabolism when the hematocrit value was above 20%, but abruptly decreased when the hematocrit value became to below 20%. 6. The arterial $CO_{2}$ tension and $CO_{2}$ content showed trend of increasing with progressive decrease of hematocrit value but exhibited a rather broad range and there was no relationship between those value and the hematocrit value. 7. The venous $CO_{2}$ tension and $CO_{2}$ content have also no correlation with change of Ht. value but related directly to those value of arterial blood with positive correlation between them (r = +0.78, r = +0.95_. 8. A-V difference of $CO_{2}$ content and $CO_{2}$ elimination wasnot significantly influenced by Ht. value. From the results, we obtained that feasible limit in inteneional hemodilution is above the hematocrit value of 20% under the given experimental condition.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제15권6호
• /
• pp.2505-2510
• /
• 2014

Background: The standard radiotherapy (RT) fractionation practiced in India and worldwide is 50Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks to the chest wall or whole breast followed by tumour bed boost in case of breast conservation (BCS). A body of validated data exists regarding hypofractionation in breast cancer. We here report initial results for 135 patients treated at our center with the START-B type of fractionation. Materials and Methods: From May 2011 till July 2012, women with all stages of breast cancer (excluding metastatic), who had undergone BCS or mastectomy were planned for 40Gy in 15 fractions over 3weeks to chest wall/whole breast and supraclavicular fossa (where indicated) followed by tumour bed boost in BCS patients. Planning was done using Casebow's technique. The primary end point was to assess the acute toxicity and the cosmetic outcomes. Using cosmetic scales; patients were assessed during radiotherapy and at subsequent follow up visits with the radiation oncologist. Results: Of the 135 patients, 62 had undergone BCS and 73 mastectomy. Median age of the population was 52 years. Some 80% were T1&T2 tumours in BCS whereas most patients in mastectomy group were T3&T4 tumours (60%). 45% were node negative in BCS group whilst it was 23% in the mastectomy group. Average NPI scores were 3.9 and 4.9, respectively. Most frequently reported histopathology report was infiltrating ductal carcinoma (87%), grade III being most common (58%), and 69% were ER positive tumours, and 30% were Her 2 Neu positive. Triple negative tumours accounted for 13% and their mean age was young (43 yrs.) The maximum acute skin toxicity at the end of treatment was Grade 1 in 94% of the mastectomy grouppatients and 71% in BCS patients. Grade 2 toxicity was 6% in mast group and 23% in BCS group. Grade 3 was 6% in BCS group, no grade 3 toxicity in mastectomy patients and there was no grade 4 skin toxicity in any case. Post RT at 1 month; 39% of BCS patients had persisting Grade I skin reaction which was only 2% in mastectomy patients. At 3 months post RT, 18% patients had persisting hyperpigmentation. At 6 months 8% patients had persisting erythema in the BCS group only. Some 3% BCS and 8% mastectomy patients had lymph edema till the date of evaluation. Cosmetic outcome in BCS patients remained good to excellent 6 months post surgery and radiotherapy. 1 patient of BCS and 3 patients of mast had developed metastatic disease at the time of evaluation. Conclusions: Hypofractionated RT is well tolerated in Indian population with reduced acute skin toxicity and good cosmetic outcome. Regimens such as these should be encouraged in other centers to increase machine output time. The study is on-going to assess long term results.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
• /
• 제27권2호
• /
• pp.153-160
• /
• 2010

We modified the optical system of 500 mm wide-field telescope of which point spread function showed an irregularity. The telescope has been operated for Near Earth Space Survey (NESS) located at Siding Spring Observatory (SSO) in Australia, and the optical system was brought back to Korea in January 2008. After performing a numerical simulation with the tested value of surface figure error of the primary mirror using optical design program, we found that the surface figure error of the mirror should be fabricated less than root mean square (RMS) $\lambda$/10 in order to obtain a stellar full width at half maximum (FWHM) below $28\;{\mu}m$. However, we started to figure the mirror for the target value of RMS $\lambda$/20, because system surface figure error would be increased by the error induced by the optical axis adjustment, mirror cell installation, and others. The radius of curvature of the primary mirror was 1,946 mm after the correction. Its measured surface figure error was less than RMS $\lambda$/20 on the table of polishing machine, and RMS $\lambda$/15 after installation in the primary mirror cell. A test observation performed at Daeduk Observatory at Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute by utilizing the exiting mount, and resulted in $39.8\;{\mu}m$ of stellar FWHM. It was larger than the value from numerical simulation, and showed wing-shaped stellar image. It turned out that the measured-curvature of the secondary mirror, 1,820 mm, was not the same as the designed one, 1,795.977 mm. We fabricated the secondary mirror to the designed value, and finally obtained a stellar FWHM of $27\;{\mu}m$ after re-installation of the optical system into SSO NESS Observatory in Australia.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
• /
• 제30권3_4호
• /
• pp.212-218
• /
• 2003

상태 불변식은 도달 가능한 모든 상태에서 만족되는 속성이다. 불변식은 복잡한 소프트웨어 시스템의 분석과 이해에 사용될 뿐만 아니라 안전성, 궁극성, 일관성 등과 같은 시스템 검증에도 사용된다. 이와 같은 이유로 인해서, 유한 상태 기계 모델로부터 상태 불변식을 추출하는 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 상태 불변식을 생성하는 기존 연구에서는 도달 가능한 상태가 모두 고려됐다. 따라서 생성된 상태 불변식은 길고 복잡해서, 사용자가 이해하기 어려웠다. 본 논문에서는 '어떻게 상태 불변식을 단순화 할 것인가\ulcorner` 란 질문에 대한 답을 보인다. 상태 불변식의 복잡성은 고려되어진 상태의 크기에 강하게 좌우된다. 고려된 상태들이 작으면 작을수록, 상태 불변식의 길이는 짧다. 단순한 상태 불변식을 생성하기 위해서는, 전체 상태 공간보다는 관심 있는 특정 부분(즉 범위)에 집중해야 한다. 관심 있는 범위를 표현하기 위하여 본 논문에서는 CTL 논리를 사용한다. CTL로 범위가 표현되면, 혼합 도달성 분석을 이용하여 범위 내에 속하는 상태들을 찾는다. 명백히, 이 방법으로 계산된 상태 집합은 도달 가능한 모든 상태의 부분 집합이다. 따라서, 더 약하지만 더 이해력 있는 상태 불변식을 얻는다.

• 산학경영연구
• /
• 제4권
• /
• pp.355-383
• /
• 1991

1. The Purpose of This study research: The focus of marketing until recently has simply been on sales which means the transfer of goods from the producer to the consumer and on profits therefrom. However, the excess supply of goods due to the expansion of the economy and the resulting fierce competition between companies have changed the nature of marketing. Maximizing consumers' satisfaction and establishing marketing mix strategies for market subdivision and penetration into the target market are now significant roles of the marketing manager. In addition, with regard to company management, information within the company which had been collected, managed and processed sporadically indegrated manner. The purpose of this research on marketing information systems in connection with the above will be to seek ways enabling us to create an efficient and integrated information system for an entire company. 2. The Method and Scop of This Stdudy: Marketing information systems, as a part of management information systems, shall be examined based on relevant theoretical literature. The research process shall be generally developed as follows: 1) The basic structure of the marketing information systems, including its fundamental purpose and necessity, shall be examined. 2) The method for a specific plan shall be presented through fundamental marketing strategy concepts and marketing decision-making. 3) A general model shall be presented based on examinations of various mod els used for marketing information systems and on research of the models' relationship with management information systems. 4) The direction of development shall be presented as the basis for gradual development following examination of the scope, pertinent issues, and means of improvement of the marketing information systems. 3. Summary and Conclusion: As the competition among the enterprises has become keen and thus the management of the contemporary enterprises shows the tendencies of uncertainty as well as complexity, all the managers must make the correct and prompt decision of their mind. Otherwise, the danger which will lead to and failure in the failure in the business may befall to the enterprise. Though computer system and information related techniques have the endless potentiality for the improvement of the enterprise, those are granted only to the enterprise which will be able to manage the computer system and information related techniques. In the contemporary industrial society, the need to a managerial information system has been increasing because all the complicated information can be stored, disposed and managed by the efficient method. And the marketing information system is also the integrated system which has been formed and developed through the efficient mixture of all the constituent elements including the definition of marketing research as the definition of the information system has been enlarged due to the reason shown above. The common point of the two systems is the man machine system functioning to help the efficient decision of the mind by introducing the computer system on the basis of user manager centered thought in order to provide informations to be useful in operation and management of the organization and the function of the mind decision. The purpose for the marketing information system lies in making the utmost use of marketing information available in the course of the mind decision. The reason why the contemporary enterprises necessitate the marketing information system are as follows: 1) The stages of the business operation are expanded wide to the world. 2) As the living standards of the consumers have been on the rise, the enter prise has to satisfy the consumer's "wants" than simple "needs".

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.41-54
• /
• 1985

This study was conducted for the improvement of milk quality and milk hygiene in public health point of view. Investigation of mastiris infection rate, isolation and identification of causative microorganisms in CMT positive milk, investigation of milk contamination level by measuring the bacteria and soma tic cell counts and investigation of dairy management in farms were performed on 1.605 quarters milk of 434 cows of 20 dairy farms in Gyunggi-area from September 1983 to March 1984. The results were summarized as follows 1. Sixteen (3.7%) of 434 cows were found to be infected with clinical mastiris. 234 (53.9%) of 434 cows and 608(37.9%) of 1, 605 quarters were found to be infected with subclinical mastiris. 2. The causative microorganisms isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (38.3%), Staphylococcus epidermidis(21.0%), Micrococci(13.6%), Streptococcus spp. (12.3%), E. coli (7.4%), Fungus & Yeast (1.6%) and others (5.8%). 3. Total numbers of bacteria were $9.2{\times}10^6$ to $1.21{\times}10^7/ml$(av. $1.805{\times} 10^7/ml$), numbers of coliform bacteria were $4.1{\times} 10^5$ to $9.4{\times} 10^5$/ml(av. $7.05{\times} 10^5$/ml) and somatic cell counts were $4.8{\times} 10^5$ to $1.52{\times} 10^6$ cells/ml (av. $9.5{\times} 10^5$cells/ml) in bulk milk. 4. As comparing with CMT score of +, ++ and +++, somatic cell counts were $3.4{\times} 10^5$ to $1.64{\times} 10^6$ cells/ml (av. $6.41{\times} 10^5$cells/ml), $5.4{\times} 10^5$ to $2.75{\times} 10^6$ cells/ml(av. $1.762{\times} 10^6$cells/ml) and $1.97{\times} 10^6$ to $9.75{\times} 10^6$ cells/ml(av. $7.781{\times} 10^6$cells/ml), respectively. 5. In investigation on dairy management, performance of dry cow therapy, teat dipping after milking, disinfection of milking machine at every milking, replacement of milk liner within 6months and opportunity of acquirement for the mastiris control techniques by dairy education were 65%, 40%, 45%, 55% and 50% in 20 dairy farms, respectively.

• 대한치과보철학회지
• /
• 제55권4호
• /
• pp.394-402
• /
• 2017

목적: 의치상과 인공치가 밀링과 3차원 프린팅 방식에 의해 일체형으로 제작될 때 각기 인공치의 변위를 평가하고자 한다. 재료 및 방법: 밀링과 3차원 프린팅 방식으로 상하악 각기 12개의 의치를 제작하였다. 프린팅에 의해 제작된 상악의치 군은 Group Up이고, 하악의치군은 Group Lp이다. 밀링에 의해 제작된 상악의치 군은 Group Um이고, 하악의치 군은 Group Lm이다. 대조군 상악의치는 소프트웨어상에서 최종적으로 디자인된 것으로 상악은 Group Uc이고 하악은 Group Lc이다. 상하악 의치의 양중절치 사이(AB, ab), 양견치 사이(CD, cd), 양제1대구치 사이(EF, ef), 중절치와 제1대구치사이(AE, ae) 및 중절치와 설측점사이(AG, ag) 의 거리를 측정하였다. 결과: AG와 ag는 상하악 의치 모두에서 프린트된 의치군과 컨트롤 의치군 사이에서 뿐 만 아니라 밀링 의치군과 컨트롤 의치군 사이에서도 통계학적 유의성을 나타내었다(One-way ANOVA, P < .05). 하악 일체형의치에서는 Group Lp와 Group Lm 사이에 ab, cd, ef 모두 통계학적 유의성을 나타내었다. 결론: 밀링과 3차원 프린팅에 의해 제작된 의치의 인공치 변위는 통계학적 유의성이 나타났으나, 임상적으로 매우 양호한 변위량을 보여주었다.

• 구강회복응용과학지
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.17-25
• /
• 2003

Treatment with implants of single tooth missing cases is both functional and esthetic. Although the success rate of single-tooth implant treatments is increasing, sometimes it makes some problems. Problems with single-tooth implant treatments include soft tissue complications, abutment screw fracture, and most commonly, abutment screw loosening, and these involve the instability of the dental implant-superstructure interface. This study investigated and compared dental implant screw joint micromotion of various implant system with external connection or internal connection when tested under simulated clinical loading, Six groups (N=5) were assessed: (1) Branemark AurAdapt (Nobel Biocare, Goteborg, Sweden), (2) Branemark EsthetiCone (Nobel Biocare, Goteborg, Sweden), (3) Neoplant Conical (Neobiotec, Korea), (4) Neoplant UCLA (Neobiotec, Korea), (5) Neoplant 5.5mm Solid (Neobiotec, Korea), and (6) ITI SynOcta (Institute Straumann, Waldenburg, Switzerland). Six identical frameworks were fabricated. Abutment screws were tightened to 32-35 Ncm and occlusal screw were tightened to 15-20 Ncm with an electronic torque controller. A mechanical testing machine applied a compressive cyclic load of 20kg at 10Hz to a contact point on each implant crown. Strain gauge recorded the micromotion of the screw joint interface once a second. Data were selected at 1, 500, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, 30,000, 40,000 and 50,000 cycle and 2-way ANOVA test was performed to assess the statistical significance. The results of this study were as follows; The micromotion of the implant-superstructure in the interface increased gradually through 50,000 cycles for all implant systems. In the case of the micromotion according to cycle increase, Neoplant Conical and Neoplant UCLA system exhibited significantly increasing micromotion at the implant-superstructure interface (p<0.05), but others not significant. In the case of the micromotion of the implant-superstructure interface at 50,000 cycle, the largest micromotion were recorded in the Branemark EsthetiCone, sequently followed by Neoplant Conical, Neoplant UCLA, Branemark AurAdapt, ITI SynOcta and Neplant Solid. Internal connection system showed smaller micromotion than external connection system. Specially, Neoplant Solid with internal connection system exhibited significantly smaller micromotion than other implant systems except ITI SynOcta with same internal connection system (p<0.05). In the case of external connection, Branemark EsthetiCone and Neoplant Conical system with abutment showed significantly larger micromotion than Branemark AurAdapt without abutment (p<0.05).

• 복식
• /
• 제6권
• /
• pp.7-26
• /
• 1982

Investigation for industrial revolution has been recognized as an important issue of historical science, since industrial revolution itself was a historical moment in modern economic society and in the forming of modern capitalistic culture. If clothing culture had been developed in close relation to social culture. industrial revolution which gave a base for modern capitalistic culture, would be a birth of modern clothing as well as a moment for modernization of western clothing. As it takes for granted that industrial revolution, historical phenomenon is a developmental base of modern clothing culture. This study tried to enlighten the origin of modern clothing culture phenomenon with investigation of industrial revolution as a historical moment in modern clothing culture through documental study. Historian's point of view and method of studying are important when we investigate the clothing phenomenon. Although culture phenomenon of industrial revolution has been evaluated usually through socialogical aspect, studying for clothing culture phenomenon must be carried out on aethetical as well as well as sociological aspect, on account of dualism of clothing, as it is social and artistic nature. In 19th century, there were technical improvement, changing patterns of production, changing social relation and beginning of mass culture. At the same time clothing culture phenomenon was changed in relation to modern capitalistic society. The findings of the study could be summarized as follows. 1. Technical improvement in textile industry and fitting process brought about mechanization of clothing industry. 2. Appearance of popular clothing culture made it easy to spread to various classes of society. 3. Development of transportation system and communication channel made it internationalization of western clothing. 4. Recognition of importance in functional style of clothing. 5. The pursuit of modern aesthetics made rapid changing mode of clothing. Above distinctive features of modern clothing culture were derived from by-product of machinary culture, mass culture, internationalism, rapidly changing mode of various culture during industrial revolution. Industrial revolution was a change of the material world as well as in industry owing to machine advent, then the culture part that displayed directly these changes was the plastic arts of living that mould the material. The problem of clothing construction caused by industrial revolution was solved by pursuing the functional aesthetics. Clothing phenomenon as a process of value transfer participates mass culture in closs relation to general change of various culture caused by industrial revolution. Therefore western clothing gained the qualities of modern culture, condensed as function, and popularity in the process of modernization.