• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.411-419
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• 2018

This study investigated the survival rates and physiological responses of Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli, in live fish containers ($8^{\circ}C$, 33 psu) for 18 days. The survival rate was 99% and 97% in the control and experimental groups, respectively. Hematocrit and hemoglobin did not differ significantly between the control and experimental groups. Glucose and cortisol rose immediately on the first day of containment, but both gradually normalized. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase did not differ significantly between the two groups after recovery. $NH_3$ continued to rise after the first day, but decreased to a level not significantly different from that of the control group during the recovery period. Plasma ions and osmolality did not change abnormally. The hemocyte population was not significantly different from that of the control. The ratios of apoptotic and necrotic cells indicated no specific variation in hemocyte viability. The histological changes in the skin and gills were not significantly different from those seen in the control. The experimental data obtained in this study suggest that live fish containers may be used to transport Korean rockfish without significantly affecting their physiology or survival.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.927-936
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• 2022

The effects of seasonal differences and crating densities on the preslaughter losses, breast meat quality, and physiological indices of broilers were determined. A total of 600 broilers aged 35 days were divided into 10 treatment groups based on five crating densities (10.3, 11.5, 12.8, 14.1, 15.4 birds·m^-2) with two seasons (i.e., summer and winter) to give six replicates and were placed at various locations in the truck. The birds were transported in crates having dimensions of 1.0 m × 0.78 m × 0.26 m. The transportation distance was 20 km for 40 minutes (average 30 - 50 km·h^-1) during the early morning. The results revealed that broilers transported at densities of 14.1 and 15.4 birds·m^-2 recorded lower (p < 0.05) pH, water-holding capacity (WHC), and muscle redness compared to those at densities of 11.5 birds·m^-2. Furthermore, higher (p < 0.05) cooking loss was found in birds stocked at more than 14.1 birds·m^-2 compared to the other treatments. However, no effect (p > 0.05) with different crating densities on body weight loss, carcass traits, glucose, lactate, or muscle yellowness was observed. Crating density of 14.1 birds·m^-2 showed lower (p < 0.05) cortisol contents compared with birds at 10.3 and 15.4 birds·m^-2. Winter transportation had higher (p < 0.05) relative breast meat weight, cooking loss, muscle redness, and cortisol contents whereas summer transportation had higher (p < 0.05) glucose and lactate contents in the blood plasma of broilers. In conclusion, the stocking of 12.8 birds·m^-2 is recommended to minimize stress responses and undesirable changes that could negatively affect muscle quality.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.113-123
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• 2022

잉어 (Cyprinus carpio)와 붕어 (Carassius auratus)를 대상으로 수온 20℃ (대조구)에서 26 및 32℃로 급격하게 증가하였을 때의 혈액 및 생리학적 변화를 분석하였다. 수온 20℃로부터 6시간 이내에 26℃ 및 32℃에 각각 도달하였으며, 대조구는 실험기간동안 20℃로 유지하였다. 각 실험구에서 수온상승 후 3, 12, 24 및 48시간마다 혈액을 채취하여 적혈구수, 헤모글로빈, 헤마토크리트, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-, 코티졸, 글루코스, AST 및 ALT 함량을 분석하였다. 수온 32℃로 상승한 붕어 실험구의 경우, 수온상승 후 3시간에 코티졸, 글루코스, aspartate aminootransferase (AST) 및 alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 농도가 증가하였으며, 48시간까지 농도가 감소하지 않았다 (P<0.05). 잉어의 코티졸, 글루코스, AST 및 ALT 농도는 수온상승 후 3시간째에 유의하게 높아졌다가 (P<0.05), 수온상승 후 48시간째에 수온상승 이전 (20℃)의 값으로 감소하였다 (P>0.05). 대조구와 26℃로 상승한 실험구는 잉어와 붕어 모두에서 코티졸, 글루코스, AST 및 ALT는 수온 상승 후 3시간째 증가하였으며 (P<0.05), 48시간째에 수온상승전의 값으로 낮아졌다 (P<0.05). 수온 32℃로 상승한 실험구의 잉어와 붕어의 Na⁺, K⁺ 및 Cl^- 농도는 20 및 26℃ 실험군에 비해 높게 나타났다. 대조구를 포함한 모든 실험구의 혈액성상 반응은 잉어와 붕어 모두에서 수온상승 후 12시간까지 증가하다가 수온상승 후 48시간째에 감소하는 경향이 공통적으로 나타났다. 본 연구로 도출된 결과를 이용하여 어류가 스트레스에 노출시 생리학적 반응을 명확하게 구명할 수 있는 방안으로 활용 가능할 것이다. 또한 최근 하천 및 호소에서 어류 폐사가 빈번하게 발생되고 있어서 이에 대한 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.465-472
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• 2001

양식현장에서 선별작업시 처리되는 사육수조의 수심감소와 어류이송에 따른 넙치 (대, 소)와 큰민어의 스트레스 반응을 알아보기 위하여 스트레스 지표로 알려져 있는 혈액학적 요인, 코티졸, 글루코스, 젖산 및 삼투질 농도를 조사하였다. 수심감소에서 넙치대의 Ht는 실험전 $14.6\%$였던 것이 10시간째까지 계속 높아져 $23.5\%$를 보였으나, 실험종료시 (46시간째) $14.4\%$로 회복되었다. 넙치대의 코티졸 농도는 실험개시시에 1.9ng/mL였던 것이 22시간째에 13.7 ng/mL로 높아졌고, 46시간째에는 4.0ng/mL로서 개시시의 수준으로 회복되었다. 큰민어는 4시간째 282.3ng/mL, 22시간째 350.5ng/mL로 높아졌으나, 실험종료시에는 16.0ng/mL로 낮아졌다. 큰민어의 글루코스는 실험개시시 57.0mg/dL로부터 22시간째에는 138.0mg/dL조 유의하게 높아졌다 젖산은 모든 어종에서 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. 어류이송에 따른 넙치대의 RBC는 실험개시시의 $1.9\times10^6 cell/{\mu}L$로부터 실험종료시의 $4.2\times10^6 cell/{\mu}L$로 높아졌다. 큰민어의 Hb는 실험개시시의 9.8g/dL로부터 실험종료시에 20.4g/dL로 개시시 보다 유의하게 높았다. 넙치대의 코티졸 농도는 실험개시시의 1.2ng/mL로부터 이동 1시간째에 95.3ng/mL로 높아졌고, 큰민어도 실험개시시의 5.5ng/mL로부터 1시간째에 175.5ng/mL로 높아졌다. 큰민어의 글루코스는 1, 3시간째 각각 132.5 mg/dL, 129.5 mg/dL로 실험개시시 46.5 mg/dL 보다 높은 수준을 보였다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2011

본 연구는 상이한 음파 처리에 따라 파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua) 유충의 소화와 면역 생리반응에 대한 교란 효과를 분석하였다. 조사한 모든 주파수의 음파 처리가 파밤나방 산란에는 뚜렷한 효과를 주지 않았지만, 95 dB 소리세기에서 100-5,000 Hz 주파수의 음파 처리는 유충의 섭식량을 저하시키고, 중장의 소화효소 활성을 억제시켰다. 이 스트레스 음파 처리에 따른 중장 내강에 존재하는 단백질을 이차원전기영동으로 분리하였으며, 무처리구와 상이한 단백질 패턴을 발견하였다. 또한 가장 스트레스 효과를 크게 주는 95 dB의 5,000 Hz 주파수 음파 처리를 받은 유충은 곰팡이 감염에 대해서 혈구의 소낭형성이 억제되었다. 이 음파 처리 받은 유충의 혈구와 혈장에서 인지질분해효소(phospholipase $A_2$: $PLA_2$)의 활성은 현격하게 감소하였다. 스트레스 음파 처리에 따라 파밤나방 유충은 살충제에 대한 감수성이 증가했다. 이러한 상이한 주파수에 따른 생리교란 효과는 소리세기의 차이에 따라 뚜렷하게 차등을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 음파처리가 파밤나방의 생리과정에 스트레스를 주어 비화학적 해충 방제 관리 기술 개발에 적용될 수 있다고 본 연구는 제시한다.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

스트레스를 유발하는 환경적인 요소 중, 염분의 변화는 어류의 성장과 생존에 있어 많은 영향을 미친다. 본 연구에서는 한국의 양식대상 어종인 넙치(P. olivaceus)를 대상으로 넙치양식에 있어 적정 염분범위를 구명하기 위하여 각 염분별(25, 20, 15 psu 및 10 psu) 조건을 통해 24시간 및 48시간 동안 노출시킨 후, 혈액생리학적 분석 및 HSP70 mRNA 발현을 조사하였다. 혈액학적 분석에서 hematocrit (Ht) 및 hemoglobin (Hb), 혈장 코티졸 (cortisol) 및 글루코스 (glucose)의 변화, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 및 alanine aminotransferase (ALT), $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Cl^-$, $NH_3$, 삼투질농도(osmolality) 및 총 단백질(total protein, TP)는 저염분 조건인 10 psu 및 15 psu에서 다른 염분별 실험구에 비해 대부분의 항목에서 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 혈장 내 SOD (superoxide dismutase) 및 CAT(catalase) 활성에서도 마찬가지로 대조구인 자연해수의 조건보다 저염분(10 psu 및 15 psu)으로 갈수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 스트레스성 단백질로 알려진 HSP 70 mRNA 발현에서도 대조구보다 저염분에서 유의적인 차이를 확인하였다. 이러한 결과로, 염분변화에 의한 스트레스가 넙치의 생체방어메커니즘과 항상성 유지를 위한 결과로 혈액학적 반응, 호르몬의 분비 및 단백질 발현의 증가가 나타나는 것으로 여겨지며, 이를 바탕으로 저염분에 대비한 넙치양식에 있어 기초적인 자료로 활용될 것이 기대된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.1160-1171
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• 2013

A feeding trial was conducted in tilapia to determine the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, digestive enzymes, and postprandial blood metabolites in response to different dietary amylose-amylopectin ratios. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing an equal starch level with different amylose-amylopectin ratios of 0.11 (diet 1), 0.24 (diet 2), 0.47 (diet 3), 0.76 (diet 4) and 0.98 (diet 5) were formulated using high-amylose corn starch (as the amylose source) and waxy rice (as the amylopectin source). Each diet was hand-fed to six tanks of 15 fish each, three times a day over a 6-wk period. After the growth trial, a postprandial blood metabolic test was carried out. Fish fed diet 2 exhibited the highest percent weight gain and feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio, whereas fish fed with diet 5 showed the lowest growth and feed utilization among treatments. The digestibility for starch in fish fed diet 1 and 2 was higher than those in fish fed with other diets (p<0.05). The highest activities for protease, lipase and amylase were found in fish fed the diet 2, diet 1, and diet 1 respectively among dietary treatments, while the lowest values for these indexes were observed in fish fed the diet 3, diet 5 and diet 4, respectively. The liver glycogen concentrations in fish fed diets 4 and 5 were found higher than in fish fed other diets (p<0.05). The feeding rate, hepatosomatic index, condition factor, and plasma parmeters (glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) did not differ across treatments. In terms of postprandial blood responses, peak blood glucose and triglycerides were lower after 3 or 6 h in the fish fed with diets 3-5 than in the fish fed diet 1, but delayed peak blood total amino acid time was observed in fish fed with the diets 1 or 2. The lowest peak values for each of the three blood metabolites were observed in fish fed diet 5. The results indicate that high-dietary amylose-amylopectin ratio could compromise growth, but help in reducing the blood glucose stress on fish caused by postprandial starch load.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.350-358
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• 1997

수술에 의해 발생되는 침해성 통증이나 혈역학적 변화 및 내분비계의 반응은 마취 방법에 따라 약화되거나 조정될 수 있다. 본 연구는 심장수술시 체외순환 직전에 sodium thiopental을 투여한 경우 beta-endorphin치 변화에 미치는 영향을 관찰하고자 시행되었다. 관상동맥 우회술과 판막치환술을 위한 체외순환 환자 28명을 대상으로 하였다. Isoflurane, $N_2O$ 및 fentanyl 지속 정주(2 ug/kg/hr)에 의한 전신마취 하에서 thiopental군(14명)은 sodium thiopental 500 mg을, 대조군(14명)은 생리식염수 20 ml를 체외순환 직전에 투여하였다. 체외순환 직전과 체외순환 개시 후 30분 및 60분에 beta-endorphin치와 평균동맥압, 심박출량 및 전신혈관저항 등의 혈역학 지수를 각각 측정하였다. Beta-endorphin치가 대조군에서는 체외순환 개시 후 30분 및 60분에 유의하게 증가하였으나(P=0.006, P=0.004) thiopental군에서는 변화가 없었다. Beta-endorphin치의 변화는 양군 사이에 뚜렷한 차이가 이었다(F=8.7, P=0.001). 혈역학적 변화는 양군 사이 차이가 없었다. 따라서 체외순환 개시 직전에 투여된 thiopental은 체외순환중의 beta-endorphin치 변화를 예방할 수 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2012

Oxygen is the final acceptor of electron transport from fat and carbohydrate oxidation, which is the rate-limiting factor for cellular ATP production. Under altitude hypoxia condition, energy reliance on anaerobic glycolysis increases to compensate for the shortfall caused by reduced fatty acid oxidation [1]. Therefore, training at altitude is expected to strongly influence the human metabolic system, and has the potential to be designed as a non-pharmacological or recreational intervention regimen for correcting diabetes or related metabolic problems. However, most people cannot accommodate high altitude exposure above 4500 M due to acute mountain sickness (AMS) and insulin resistance corresponding to a increased levels of the stress hormones cortisol and catecholamine [2]. Thus, less stringent conditions were evaluated to determine whether glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity could be improved by moderate altitude exposure (below 4000 M). In 2003, we and another group in Austria reported that short-term moderate altitude exposure plus endurance-related physical activity significantly improves glucose tolerance (not fasting glucose) in humans [3,4], which is associated with the improvement in the whole-body insulin sensitivity [5]. With daily hiking at an altitude of approximately 4000 M, glucose tolerance can still be improved but fasting glucose was slightly elevated. Individuals vary widely in their response to altitude challenge. In particular, the improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity by prolonged altitude hiking activity is not apparent in those individuals with low baseline DHEA-S concentration [6]. In addition, hematopoietic adaptation against altitude hypoxia can also be impaired in individuals with low DHEA-S. In short-lived mammals like rodents, the DHEA-S level is barely detectable since their adrenal cortex does not appear to produce this steroid [7]. In this model, exercise training recovery under prolonged hypoxia exposure (14-15% oxygen, 8 h per day for 6 weeks) can still improve insulin sensitivity, secondary to an effective suppression of adiposity [8]. Genetically obese rats exhibit hyperinsulinemia (sign of insulin resistance) with up-regulated baseline levels of AMP-activated protein kinase and AS160 phosphorylation in skeletal muscle compared to lean rats. After prolonged hypoxia training, this abnormality can be reversed concomitant with an approximately 50% increase in GLUT4 protein expression. Additionally, prolonged moderate hypoxia training results in decreased diffusion distance of muscle fiber (reduced cross-sectional area) without affecting muscle weight. In humans, moderate hypoxia increases postprandial blood distribution towards skeletal muscle during a training recovery. This physiological response plays a role in the redistribution of fuel storage among important energy storage sites and may explain its potent effect on changing body composition. Conclusion: Prolonged moderate altitude hypoxia (rangingfrom 1700 to 2400 M), but not acute high attitude hypoxia (above 4000 M), can effectively improve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance for humans and antagonizes the obese phenotype in animals with a genetic defect. In humans, the magnitude of the improvementvaries widely and correlates with baseline plasma DHEA-S levels. Compared to training at sea-level, training at altitude effectively decreases fat mass in parallel with increased muscle mass. This change may be associated with increased perfusion of insulin and fuel towards skeletal muscle that favors muscle competing postprandial fuel in circulation against adipose tissues.

• 한국미생물생명공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국미생물생명공학회 2005년도 2005 Annual Meeting & International Symposium
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• pp.154-164
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• 2005

Saccharomyces cerevisiae KNU5377 is a thermotolerant strain, which can ferment ethanol from wasted papers and starch at 40$^{\circ}C$ with the almost same rate as at 30$^{\circ}C$. This strain showed alcohol fermentation ability to convert wasted papers 200 g (w/v) to ethanol 8.4% (v/v) at 40$^{\circ}C$, meaning that 8.4% ethanol is acceptable enough to ferment in the industrial economy. As well, all kinds of starch that are using in the industry were converted into ethanol at 40$^{\circ}C$ with the almost same rate as at 30$^{\circ}C$. Hyperthermic cell killing kinetics and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that exponentially growing cells of this yeast strain KNU5377 were more thermotolerant than those of S. cerevisiae ATCC24858 used as a control. This intrinsic thermotolernace did not result from the stability of entire cellular components but possibly from that of a particular target. Heat shock induced similar results in whole cell DSC profiles of both strains and the accumulation of trehalose in the cells of both strains, but the trehalose contents in the strain KNU5377 were 2.6 fold higher than that in the control strain. On the contrary to the trehalose level, the neutral trehalase activity in the KNU5377 cells was not changed after the heat shock. This result made a conclusion that though the trehalose may stabilize cellular components, the surplus of trehalose in KNU5377 strain was not essential for stabilization of whole cellular components. A constitutively thermotolerant yeast, S. cerevisiae KNU5377, was compared with a relatively thermosensitive control, S. cerevisiae ATCC24858, by assaying the fluidity and proton ATPase on the plasma membrane. Anisotropic values (r) of both strains were slightly increased by elevating the incubation temperatures from 25$^{\circ}C$ to 37$^{\circ}C$ when they were aerobically cultured for 12 hours in the YPD media, implying the membrane fluidity was decreased. While the temperature was elevated up to 40$^{\circ}C$, the fluidity was not changed in the KNU5377 cell, but rather increased in the control. This result implies that the plasma membrane of the KNU5377 cell can be characterized into the more stabilized state than control. Besides, heat shock decreased the fluidity in the control strain, but not in the KNU5377 strain. This means also there's a stabilization of the plasma membrane in the KNU5377 cell. Furthermore, the proton ATPase assay indicated the KNU5377 cell kept a relatively more stabilized glucose metabolism at high temperature than the control cell. Therefore, the results were concluded that the stabilization of plasma membrane and growth at high temperature for the KNU5377 cell. Genome wide transcription analysis showed that the heat shock responses were very complex and combinatory in the KNU5377 cell. Induced by the heat shock, a number of genes were related with the ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, metallothionein (prevent ROS production from copper), hsp27 (88-fold induced remarkably, preventing the protein aggregation and denaturation), oxidative stress response (to remove the hydrogen peroxide), and etc.