• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권12호
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• pp.1714-1718
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• 2002

Twelve prepubertal Karan Fries heifers (15 months, $167.7{\pm}13.5kg$) were divided into two equal groups. Group 1 was fed as per NRC requirements and group 2 was fed 20% more protein than group 1 heifers. The experimental feeding was continued until the onset of puberty in both the groups. Blood samples were collected at fortnightly intervals and analyzed for amino acids using HPLC. Group 1 and 2 heifers required $178.6{\pm}33.8$ and $152.8{\pm}33.2$ days of experimental feeding to exhibit first estrus resulting in total age at puberty as $639.4{\pm}27.3$ and $618.6{\pm}24.6$ days in the two groups respectively. The concentration of total amino acids averaged 4.40 and 4.89 mmol/l and those of non-essential amino acids (NEAA) was 2.32 and 2.49 mmol/l in groups 1 and 2, respectively. The concentration of plasma essential amino acids i.e. histidine, threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine were higher (p<0.01) in group 2 than group 1. Plasma concentration of large neutral amino acids (LNAA) was significantly higher in group 2 (1.28 mmol/l) than in group 1 (1.12 mmol/l). Increased levels of leucine, isoleucine and valine are implicated in increased follicular growth and development in prepubertal heifers and resulted in a 26 day earlier attainment of puberty by 26 days in an experimental period of six months in group 2 heifers. Increased concentrations of aspartate and tyrosine in group 2 heifers might be associated with the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus influencing LH release from anterior pituitary in such animals. It is therefore evident that increased availability of certain amino acids in heifers fed high protein diet might have led to early onset of puberty.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.244-248
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• 1999

본 논문에서 돈혈을 사용한 순대와 돈혈을 혈장과 난백으로 대체한 순대의 성분 분석을 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. (1) 돈혈을 15% 첨가한 순대의 일반성분은 수분 66.1%, 단백질 9.2%, 지방 10.4%, 회분 0.9%, 섬유소 0.5%, 탄수화물 12.7%였으며 Atwater계수로 환산한 총 칼로리는 181.92kcal/100g였다. 그러나 순대에 혈장을 대체함에 따라 163.78kcal/g으로 총 칼로리의 감소 효과를 나타냈으며 난백 첨가에 따라 총 칼로리가 230.77kcal/g으로 증가하였다. (2) 무기질은 돈혈 첨가 순대에서 Fe 함량이 8.50 mg%으로 우수한 철분 함유 식품이었으며 돈혈장, 난백 대체 비율 증가에 따라 Fe, Na, K의 함량이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 Ca, P, Mg 함량은 시료군에 따라 유의적인 차이가 없었다. (3) 순대에서의 아미노산은 glutamic acid, leucine, lysine, glycine, alanine의 함량이 많았고 methionine, cysteine의 함량이 적었다. (4) 지방산은 palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid. linoleic acid가 전체 지방산의 89.5∼93.5%를 차지하였다. 순대에서 돈혈장과 난백의 대체는 불포화/포화지방 산비와 다가불포화/포화지방산 비를 증가시키는 바람직한 영향을 주었다. 콜레스테롤 함량은 control인 혈액순대가 66.6 mg이었으나 혈장과 난백을 대체함으로써 각각 25.7%, 36.9%의 콜레스테롤 함량 저하 효과를 보였다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권9호
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• pp.846-854
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• 1995

Taurine concentrations in blood and various tissues were measured in cats fed normal trurine diet(0.15% taurine) and trurine-free diet(0% taurine) for 5 weeks and 12 weeks, respectively. Cumulative body weight gain in young cats fed normal taurine diet and taurine-free diet for the initial 5 weeks were 463$\pm$43g and 383$\pm$53g respectively. Taurine concentration was one to two orders magnitude higher in most tissues than in plasma, among which the liver taurine-free diet for 12 weeks resulted in 98% reduction in plasma taurine concentration, 93% reduction in whole blood tarurine concentration, and 40~90% reduction in tissue taurine concentrations compared to the values for normal taurine diet group. Among the tissues tested, taurine depletion was most profound in heart and kidney, while liver and intestine were relatively resistant to taurine depletion. Whole blood taruined concentration appeared to be a better index for the body taurine status of cats as in more closely reflects the rate of taurine depletion in tissues. Taurine depletion in cats significantly increased the concentrations of essential and non-essential free amino acids in liver, while free amino acid concentrations in other tissues were not affected by taurine depletion.

• 대한유전성대사질환학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.138-146
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• 2015

Purpose: If early diagnosis is not made, patients with metabolic disorders as homocystinemia rapidly progress to physical defect or mental retardation resulted in storage of the toxic material into the brain. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an analytical method for a rapid screening and/or correct confirmation diagnosis. Methods: The standard solution of sulfur amino acids spiked plasma was subjected to protein precipitation with methanol, and then consecutively derivatized with trimethylsilyl (TMS) and trifluoroacyl (TFA) and determined by GC-MS. The formation of TMS derivative of the hydroxyl and TFA derivative of amino functional group was performed by BSTFA and MBTFA, respectively. Selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode was used for quantification with selected specific ions. Results: A calibration curve on standard spiked pooled plasma showed a linear relationship with correlation coefficient of 0.9936-0.9992 for all compounds over the range of 0.1-300 ng. The precision and accuracy were within S.D. of 1-15% and RSD of 1-15% for intra-day assay at 2 ng/mL, 15 ng/mL and 30 ng/mL. LOD and LOQ was 0.4 ng/mL and 4 ng/mL respectively. Conclusion: A rapid analytical method was developed to quantify sulfur amino acids and methyl malonic acid, after two-step derivatization procedure with good sensitivity and specificity on human plasma. Advantages of a new method are simplicity and rapidity. The method could be useful for routine analysis, diagnosis of homocysteinemia.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제22권2호통권57호
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• pp.165-170
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• 2007

Elevation of homocysteine levels is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and liver diseases. It has been reported that both streptozotocin-induced type I diabetic rats and obese type II diabetic rats have plasma total homocysteine lower than each control rats. We determined the effects of lean type II diabetes on homocysteine levels using type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. The concentrations of serum glucose were increased to ${\sim}two-fold$ of control levels and the total cholesterol levels were also increased in GK rats. Hepatic aspartate, histidine, threonine, alanine and methionine levels were significantly increased in GK rats. Plasma aspartate and glutamate levels were elevated, but threonine and arginine levels were decreased in GK rats. Plasma total homocysteine levels were not changed in GK rats, but hepatic total homocysteine levels were increased to ${\sim}three-fold$ of control levels. These results suggest that hepatic metabolism of sulfur-amino acid may be altered in diabetic condition.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.355-360
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• 2012

A simple, sensitive and reproducible high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been validated for determining concentrations of glutamate, glycine, and alanine in human plasma. Proteins in plasma were precipitated with perchloric acid, followed by derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (AQC). Simultaneous analysis of glutamate, glycine, and alanine is achieved using reversed-phase HPLC conditions and ultraviolet detection. Excellent linearity was observed for these three amino acids over their concentration ranges with correlation coefficients (r)>0.999. The intra- and inter-day precision were below 10%. This method utilizes quality control samples and demonstrates excellent plasma recovery and accuracy. The developed method has been successfully applied to measure plasma glutamate, glycine, and alanine in twenty volunteers.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.200-208
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• 2006

Amino acids are required for protein synthesis and energy sources in all living cells. The amino acid transport system L is a major nutrient transport system that is responsible for $Na^+$-independent transport of neutral amino acids including several essential amino acids. In malignant tumors, the L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), the first isoform of system L, is highly expressed to support tumor cell growth. In the present study, the expression and functional characterization of amino acid transport system L were, therefore, investigated in Saos2 human osteogenic sarcoma cells. RT-PCR and western blot analyses have revealed that the Saos2 cells expressed the LAT1 and the L-type amino acid transporter 2 (LAT2), the second isoform of system L, together with their associating protein heavy chain of 4F2 antigen (4F2hc) in the plasma membrane, but the expression of LAT2 was very weak. The uptakes of [${14}^C$]L-leucine by Saos2 cells were $Na^+$-independent and were completely inhibited by the system L selective inhibitor, 2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH). The affinity of [${14}^C$]L-leucine uptake and the inhibition profiles of [${14}^C$]L-leucine uptake by various amino acids in the Saos2 cells were comparable with those for the LAT1 expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The majority of [${14}^C$]L-leucine uptake is, therefore, mediated by LAT1 in the Saos2 cells. These results suggest that the transports of neutral amino acids including several essential amino acids into Saos2 human osteogenic sarcoma cells are for the most part mediated by LAT1. Therefore, the Saos2 human osteogenic sarcoma cells are excellent tools for examine the properties of LAT1. Moreover, the specific inhibition of LAT1 in tumor cells might be a new rationale for anti-tumor therapy.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.153-160
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the tolerability and effect of early high-dose amino acid administration in extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWIs). Methods: This retrospective cohort study included ELBWI (birth weight <1,000 g, n=142). Biochemical, nutritional, and neurodevelopmental data were compared between infants who received conventional low amino acid (LAA; 1.5 g/kg/day) and those who received high amino acid (HAA; 3 g/kg/day) within the first 48 hours after birth. Neurodevelopmental data included weight, height, and head circumference at discharge, 12 to 14 and 18 to 24 months of corrected age and the Korean Bayley Scale of Infant Development II (K-BSID-II) score at 18 to 24 months of corrected age. Results: The HAA group demonstrated higher peak plasma albumin ($3.0{\pm}0.4$ vs. $3.2{\pm}0.5$, P<0.05) and lower serum creatinine ($1.7{\pm}0.9$ vs. $1.4{\pm}0.8$, P<0.05) during the first 14 days than the LAA group. Full enteral feeding was achieved significantly earlier in infants in the HAA group than in infants in the LAA group ($46.2{\pm}23.0days$ vs. $34.3{\pm}21days$, P<0.01). There was no difference between the two groups in the z score changes in all growth indicators from birth to discharge and at 12 to 14 and 18 to 24 months of corrected age, as well as in the K-BSID-II score at 18 to 24 months of corrected age. Conclusion: Aggressive administration of amino acids during the first 2 days of life in ELBWI was well tolerated and correlated with earlier full enteral feeding, but did not improve growth and neurodevelopment.

• 한국수정란이식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수정란이식학회 2002년도 국제심포지엄
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• pp.34-36
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• 2002

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) have been shown to stimulate proliferation and differentiation of various somatic cells, including placental trophoblasts and also to enhance fetal growth and development when maternally administered. Since an increase of the expression of placental EGF and IGF-I receptors in rat, mouse, and human with the gestation advanced, both EGF and IGF-I were considered to play pivotal roles on fetal growth by regulating some function of placental cells. Amino acids are crucial importance for both maternal and fetal requirements of energy source and essential constituent of fetal mass during pregnancy. Impaired fetal and placental uptake of amino acids has been observed in several models of growth retardation in the rat. Amino acid is concentrated in the fetal side through active transport by amino acid transporters and is one of the important metabolic fuels for the fatal growth. Therefore, at first plasma amino acid concentrations in mothers and fetuses were measured as an index of uphill transport across the placenta associated with EGF and IGF-1. The EGF administration at the concentration of 0, 0.1, or 0.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g to pregnant rats from day 18 to 21 of gestation apparently increased fetal/maternal ratio of serum proline concentration and also fatal growth in EGF dose-dependent manner. When IGF-I in doses of 0, 1, 2, and 4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g were administrated, the ratio of leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine and also fetal growth significantly increased with a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that EGF and IGF-I enhanced fatal growth by, as one of its possible mechanisms, promoting placental activity to transfer some amino acid supplies from the mother to the fetus in late pregnancy.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.1004-1009
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• 2001

누에고치를 2N HCl 용액으로 11$0^{\circ}C$, 48시간 가수분해한후 중화하여 냉동건조하여 얻는 누에고치 산가수분해물의 아미노산 조성은 glycin이 43.25%, alanine이 34.39%, serine 10.05%, valine이 2.44%였고 필수 아미노산은 7.12% 차지하였다. 누에고치 산가수분해물의 사료이용효율은 카제인과 같았다. 1~5% 실크분말의 첨가에 의한 간의 무게, 간효소활성(GOT, GPT), 혈청알부민, 혈청 총단백질의 함량은 영향이 없어 단백질의 질이 낮은 것으로 평가되었다. 흰주에 고콜레스테롤, 고지질, 고설탕사료를 각각 섭취시키면서 5% 누에고치 산가수분해물을 첨가하였을 때 혈장 지질농도에 미치는 영향은 중성지질의 감소, 인지질과 HDL의 증가 등 혈액지질조정에 바람직한 결과를 보였으나, LDL과 총콜레스테롤을 높이는 좋지 못한 효과도 나타냈다. 그러므로 누에고치 산가수분해물은 단백질 급원 식품으로보다는 이를 이용한 펩타이드의 생리기능 또는 식용 이외의 화장품재료, 의약용재료, 포장제 등과 기타 물리 화학적 특성을 기초로 한 다양한 범위의 응용이 더욱 적합하다고 생각되며, 혈액지질 개선효과에 대해서는 심층적인 연구가 필요하다.