• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.11-17
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• 2000

SNAP-25는 presynaptic plasma membrane에 위치하는 단백질로서 synaptic vesicle의 docking과 fusion에 있어서 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. 생쥐 SNAP-25$^{2)}$ 유전자와 99%의 높은 homology를 갖고 있는 Z2 cDNA를 probe로 사용하여 쥐의 뇌 cDNA library에서 SNAP-25유전자를 screening하였다. 그 결과 6개 의 양성 클론을 분리 해 냈으며, 이들 각각을 S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6으로 명명하였다. 이 중에서 생쥐 SNAP-25와 가장 높은 homology를 보여 주고 있는 S5 클론을 선택하여 염기서열을 분석하였다. 2,100 bp의 염기서열로 구성된 쥐 SNAP-25 cDNA는 206개의 아미노산을 coding하는 618 bp의 open reading frame을 가지고 있으며, ORF는 209~211 bp에 위치하는 AUG codon에서 시작하여 827~829 bp에 위치하는 stop codon TAA에서 끝난다. 3' untranslated region에서 는 28과 19개 의 CA 반복 염기서열을 보여주고 있었으며, SNAP-25 peptide sequence에서 4개의 cystein residues는 84~91에 위치하고 있었으며, amino terminus 부분에서 amphipathic $\alpha$-helix를 형성하고 있는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 사람과 쥐의 SNAP-25 유전자는 88%, 생쥐와 쥐의 경우는 97%의 homology를 보여 주고 있었다. 그리고 사람과 쥐의 ORF에서 염기서열은 94%,생쥐와 쥐의 ORF에서 염기서열은 100%의 homology를 보여주고 있었으며 사람, 생쥐, 그리고 쥐의 ORF에서 아미노산 서열은 100%의 homology를 보여주고 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권12호
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• pp.1742-1750
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• 2015

As a novel approach for disease control and prevention, nutritional modulation of the intestinal health has been proved. However, It is still unknown whether branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) is needed to maintain intestinal immune-related function. The objective of this study was to determine whether BCAA supplementation in protein restricted diet affects growth performance, intestinal barrier function and modulates post-weaning gut disorders. One hundred and eight weaned piglets ($7.96{\pm}0.26kg$) were randomly fed one of the three diets including a control diet (21% crude protein [CP], CON), a protein restricted diet (17% CP, PR) and a BCAA diet (BCAA supplementation in the PR diet) for 14 d. The growth performance, plasma amino acid concentrations, small intestinal morphology and intestinal immunoglobulins were tested. First, average daily gain (ADG) (p<0.05) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p<0.05) of weaned pigs in PR group were lower, while gain:feed ratio was lower than the CON group (p<0.05). Compared with PR group, BCAA group improved ADG (p<0.05), ADFI (p<0.05) and feed:gain ratio (p<0.05) of piglets. The growth performance data between CON and BCAA groups was not different (p>0.05). The PR and BCAA treatments had a higher (p<0.05) plasma concentration of methionine and threonine than the CON treatment. The level of some essential and functional amino acids (such as arginine, phenylalanine, histidine, glutamine etc.) in plasma of the PR group was lower (p<0.05) than that of the CON group. Compared with CON group, BCAA supplementation significantly increased BCAA concentrations (p<0.01) and decreased urea concentration (p<0.01) in pig plasma indicating that the efficiency of dietary nitrogen utilization was increased. Compared with CON group, the small intestine of piglets fed PR diet showed villous atrophy, increasing of intra-epithelial lymphocytes (IELs) number (p<0.05) and declining of the immunoglobulin concentration, including jejunal immunoglobulin A (IgA) (p = 0.04), secreted IgA (sIgA) (p = 0.03) and immunoglobulin M (p = 0.08), and ileal IgA (p = 0.01) and immunoglobulin G (p = 0.08). The BCAA supplementation increased villous height in the duodenum (p<0.01), reversed the trend of an increasing IELs number. Notably, BCAA supplementation increased levels of jejunal and ileal immunoglobulin mentioned above. In conclusion, BCAA supplementation to protein restricted diet improved intestinal immune defense function by protecting villous morphology and by increasing levels of intestinal immunoglobulins in weaned piglets. Our finding has the important implication that BCAA may be used to reduce the negative effects of a protein restricted diet on growth performance and intestinal immunity in weaned piglets.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.416-420
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• 2009

A formula diet based on pork meat oligopeptides(pork meat protein hydrolysates) was designed for experimental hepatitic rats. The rats were given D-galactosamine for 6 days. During this period, the rats were provided with a 12% casein diet or the formula diet which was low in aromatic amino acids and rich in branched chain amino acids. The formula diet was prepared using pork meat oligopeptides as the principal nitrogen source. The hepatitic rats given the formula diet had lower plasma GOT and GPT concentrations. Additionally, the fischer ratio of the plasma was significantly lower in those rats. However, there was no significant difference in the plasma insulin-like growth factor-I concentration before and after acid-ethanol extraction among groups. These results suggest that the formula diet was better for the animals than the casein diet. Furthermore, these findings suggest that pork meat oligopeptides are an excellent material for preparation of formula diets for patients suffering from hepatitis.

• 분석과학
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.10-18
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• 2016

Phosphodiesterase(PDE)는 세포내에서 cAMP를 분해하는 효소로 세포의 신호 전달에 중요한 기능을 수행하는 것으로 알려져 왔다. 이전의 연구를 통해 군소에서 클로닝된 PDE4 long-form의 N-말단에 위치하는 16개 아미노산만으로 충분히 원형질막에 타기팅됨을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는 ApPDE4의 N-말단 16개(L(N16))를 주형으로 해서 9-11번째와 15번째 아미노산들(RHW-C)을 무작위적으로 아마노산에 돌연변이를 주어서 세포내 타기팅에 미치는 영향을 분석해 보았다. 본 연구를 통해 원형질막과 골지체로 타기팅되는 돌연변이체들과 골지체로만 타기팅되는 돌연변이체들과, 소포체와 골지체로 동시에 타기팅되는 돌연변이체들과, 세포질에만 위치하는 돌연변이체들을 얻을 수 있었다. 또한, 이러한 타기팅에 palmitoylation이 영향을 주는지 확인하기 위해 palmitoylation 억제제인 2-BR을 처리해보니 대부분의 돌연변이체에서 원형질막 타기팅이 사라지는 것을 확인하였다. 이를통해 palmitoylation이 ApPDE4 돌연변이체들의 원형질막 타기팅에 중요하다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 이들 돌연변이체들중 골지체로만 타기팅되는 L(N16,C3S/VV/G)-mRFP와 L(N16,C3S/LFS/R)-mRFP와 L(N16,EPL/R)-mRFP들의 경우는 골지체 타기팅에 인지질 중에 하나인 PI4P가 중요한 역할을 하는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.180-182
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• 1996

One of the essential functions of virus surface proteins is the recognition of specific receptors on target cell membranes, and cellular receptors play an important role in viral pathogenesis. But the earliest steps of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, such as hepatocyte receptor interaction with the virus, are poorly understood. Previous work has suggested an important role of the preS1 region of HBV envelope protein in mediating viral binding to hepatocytes. Although hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection appears to be initiated by specific binding of virions to cell membrane structures via one or potentially several viral surface proteins, data showing the identification or isolation of the HBV receptor (s) are not yet available. The receptor-like proteins on the plasma membrane surface of HepG2 cells that bind to PreS1 were separated and identified using affinity chromatography, and the amino-terminal amino acid sequences of the receptor-like proteins were determined.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.209-216
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• 1985

임신말 여성의 태반을 중심으로 모체와 태아사이의 아미노산 이동 현상을 이해하고저 모체쪽의 antecubital vein, uterine vein과 iliac artery에서 태아쪽의 umbilical vein과 artery에서 혈액을 채취하여 23개의 혈장 유리아미노산 농도를 측정 비교하였다. 본 실험에서 얻어진 결과들을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, glutamate를 제외하고는 모체의 antecubital vein과 태아의 umbilical vein의 아미노산 농도의 비는 1.21에서 3.21의 범위를 보여주고 있어 태아의 혈장 유리아미노산 농도가 모체에서 보다 훨씬 높았다. 둘째, 모체쪽의 iliac artery의 아미노산 농도와 태아의 umbilical vein의 아미노산 농도 사이에 존재하는 상호관계를 살펴보았을 때, 대부분의 아미노산들은 직선의 관계를 보였다. 이와같은 결과는 직선의 기울기가 1에 가까운 중성 아미노산은 단순확산, 직선의 기울기가 1과 상이한 염기성 및 산성아미노산은 단순확산과 능동적 이동과의 동적평형으로 해석되었으며, 따라서 태반은 아미노산에 대하여 단순한 장벽만의 역할을 하는 것이 아님을 의미하고 있다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.229-237
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• 2023

Objective: This study evaluated the effects of dandelion supplements on lactation performance, circulating antioxidative activity and plasma metabolomics in primiparous dairy cows. Methods: A total of 60 mid-lactation dairy cows (milk yield = 34.29±0.34 kg/d; days in milk = 151.72±2.36 days) were divided into 4 treatment groups randomly, comprising the addition of dandelion at 0, 100, 200, 400 g/d per head. The experiment lasted for 8 weeks with an extra 10 days' pre-feeding period. Milk and blood samples were collected, and plasma samples were selected to perform metabolomics analysis. Results: Supplementing 200 g/d of dandelion increased the yield of milk and lactose (p≤0.05). The milk somatic cell counts (p≤0.05) were lower in all dandelion groups than those in the control group. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (p≤0.05) and superoxide dismutase (p≤0.05) were increased and plasma malondialdehyde (p = 0.01) was decreased when cows were fed 200 g/d dandelion. Plasma metabolomics analysis showed that 23 hub differential metabolites were identified in the 200 g/d dandelion group. These metabolites such as ribose, glutamic acid, valine, and phenylalanine were enriched in D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism (p = 0.06, impact value = 1), phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis (p = 0.05, impact value = 0.5), and starch and sucrose metabolism (p = 0.21, impact value = 0.13). Moreover, correlation analysis showed that circulating ribose, mannose, and glutamic acid were positively related to milk yield. Conclusion: Dandelion supplementation could improve lactation performance and elevate the plasma carbohydrate and amino acids metabolism and antioxidative activity. Supplementation of 200 g/d dandelion is recommended for lactating dairy cows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.260-264
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• 1997

This study was conducted with adult cockerels to determine whether dietary RNA affects feed intake and renal weight and function, and if the responses are similar to dietary adenine. Chickens were ad libitum fed a RNA diet (100 g/kg) or an adenine diet (9.1 g/kg) for 14 d and catheterized in right jugular vein, hepatic portal vein and both urethers, and saline together with para-amino hippuric acid and sodium thiosulfate was continuously infused into them to evaluate renal functions. Dietary RNA reduced feed intake and body weight, and dietary adenine increased kidney weight expressed as a proportion of body weight (P < 0.05). Feed intake and body weight on the adenine diet and kidney weight on the RNA diet showed similar though non significant tendencies. No calculi were detected in the kidney in chickens fed either the RNA or adenine diets. Plasma inorganic phosphate (IP), Ca and 1,25 $(OH)_2$ vitamin $D_3$ concentrations were increased by dietary RNA and adenine, although the increases of IP and Ca in adenine-fed chickens were not significant. Uric acid and urea concentrations in the blood plasma were unaffected by dietary RNA or adenine. Both dietary RNA and adenine increased renal blood flow rates 3.5-3.7 fold, renal plasma flow rates 3.4-3.7 fold and glomerular filtration rates (GFR) 2.9-3.0 fold (p < 0.01). Clearance of urea, IP and Ca were also enhanced by dietary RNA, but not by dietary adenine. However, neither RNA nor adenine affected uric acid clearance. Only IP clearance was significantly augmented at the glomerular level by dietary RNA (p < 0.05). Glomerular filtration of uric acid, urea, IP and Ca and reabsorption of urea, IP and Ca at the renal tubule were increased by dietary RNA and adenine (p < 0.05), whereas tubular secretion of uric acid was decreased by both dietary treatments. It is concluded that dietary adenine is effective in changing renal function and P and Ca metabolism in chickens.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2006

We have studied pharmacokinetics of a new anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) agent VP-0501 and its amino acid prodrug VP-0501AL which is designed to improve oral bioavailability. After oral administration at 100 mg/kg dose in rats (n = 4), VP-0501 was not detectable in plasma (<50 ng/ml), while after the administration of VP-0501AL, VP-0501 was quantitatively detected, at least for 8 hrs, with Cmax of ca. $2.5{\mu}g/ml$ and AUC of $8hr^{\ast}{\mu}g/ml$. When VP-0501 was intravenously administered at 50mg/kg, this compound appeared at a marginal level in plasma with AUC of $2hr^{\ast}{\mu}g/ml$, $t_{1/2}$ of 2 hr, $C_0$ of $0.7{\mu}g/ml$, and MRT of 3 hr. On the other hand, with intravenous VP-0501AL at the same dose, both the prodrug VP-0501AL and its metabolite VP-0501 appeared comparatively at higher level in the plasma: pharmacokinetic parameters of VP-0501AL including $Vd_{\beta}$, AUC, $t_{1/2,{\beta}}$, $C_0$, $CL_{tot}$, and MRT were ca. 2 L/kg, $70hr^{\ast}{\mu}g/ml$, 2 hr, $180{\mu}g/ml$, 0.7 L/hr/kg, and 1 hr, respectively. These results demonstrate that attachment of amino acid alanine to VP-0501 is an effective approach for improvement of its oral bioavailability. Therefore, VP-0501AL is expected to become a new highly bioavailable and potent anti-AIDS drug candidate/lead compound.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.536-542
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• 2007

The responses of whole body protein and glucose kinetics and of nitrogen (N) metabolism to non-protein energy intake (NPEI) were determined using an isotope dilution approach and measurement of N balance in three adult male goats. The diets containing 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times ME maintenance requirement, with fixed intake of CP (1.5 times maintenance) and percentage of hay (33%), were fed twice daily for each 21 d experimental period. After an adaptation period of 11 d, N balance was determined over 3 d. On day 17, whole body protein synthesis (WBPS) and glucose irreversible loss rate (ILR) were determined during the absorptive state by a primed-continuous infusion of [$^2H_5$]phenylalanine, [$^2H_2$]tyrosine, [$^2H_4$]tyrosine and [$^{13}C_6$]glucose, with simultaneous measurements of plasma concentrations of metabolites and insulin. Ruminal characteristics were also measured at 6 h after feeding over 3 d. Nitrogen retention tended to increase (p<0.10) with increasing NPEI, although digestible N decreased linearly (p<0.05). Increasing NPEI decreased (p<0.01) ammonia N concentration, but increased acetate (p<0.05) and propionate (p<0.05) concentrations in the rumen. Despite decreased plasma urea N concentration (p<0.01), increased plasma tyrosine concentration (p<0.05), and trends toward increased plasma total amino N (p<0.10) and phenylalanine concentrations (p<0.10) were found in response to increasing NPEI. Increasing NPEI increased ILR of both glucose (p<0.01) and phenylalanine (p<0.05), but did not affect ($p{\geq}0.10$) that of tyrosine. Whole body protein synthesis increased (p<0.05) in response to increasing NPEI, resulting from increased utilization rate for protein synthesis (p<0.05) and unchanged hydroxylation rate of phenylalanine ($p{\geq}0.10$). These results suggest that increasing NPEI may enhance WBPS and glucose turnover at the absorptive state and improve the efficiency of digestible N retention in goats, with possibly decreased ammonia and increased amino acid absorption. In addition, simultaneous increases in WBPS and glucose ILR suggest stimulatory effect of glucose availability on WBPS, especially when sufficient amino acid is supplied.