• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.67 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 1984

The Yangsan Forest Management Station (YFMS) of Korean German Forest Management Project (KGFMP), working with the 6 legal villages of Uljugun, Kyongnam, led the forest owners in the area to organize the Forest Management Cooperative (FMC) voluntairily for improvement of private forest management and fostered it as a model from May 1975 to Apr. 1984. YFMS sent out FMC a forest manager as a forestry expert carrying out the leading extension program at the equal position with forest owners and gave FMC financial, administrative and technical assitances. During the 6 years from 1977 to 1982, 4 FMC were founded and are being operated democratically. 228 forest owners have taken the membership of their own free will and the forestland of the members covers 2,567 ha equivalent to 57% of the total private forest in the area. During the period the total area of the planting and tending is 4,185 ha, this means that a member executed 3.1 ha of forest operations per year in average, showing the high willingness on forest operations. In addition the joint works have resulted in the joint properties equivalent to 27 million Won and it will be an important foundation for operation of FMC which is a forest owners's cooperative organization for improvement of private forest management in this area. The total expenditure spent for the fostering of FMC amounted to 497,587 thousand Won and 58% of them were charged from KGFMP funds, 27% from the forest owners and 15% from public funds. The expenditure for investment was 273,104 thousand Won and 59% of the sum were appropriated as subsidies at the national level. The forest owners charged 43% of that and this means that each member invested approximately 100 thousand Won to his forestland per year in average. For the extension program 169,503 thousand Won were spent and it can be explained that 5,885 Won were spent per ha a year. The organization of FMC operated autonomously in a democratic way and the horizontal and leading extension system, which aspects the human rights, were very much effective in fostering the cooperative organization of forest owners for improvement of private forest management.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.556-564
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• 2017

Appropriate soil temperature and early planting of potato is very important for the successful potato-soybean cropping system in central region of South Korea. This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of mulching materials on the growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Five different mulch treatments were had been applied on an upland soil as follows ; no mulch (NM), transparent film (TF), transparent film + additional transparent film (TF + ATF), black film (BF), and black film + additional transparent film (ATF). In the period of sowing time to removing additional films, mean soil temperature of the treatments was in the order of TF+ATF > TF > BR+ATF > BF as $20.3^{\circ}C$ > $18.5^{\circ}C$ > $16.1^{\circ}C$ > $15.4^{\circ}C$, respectively and that of NM was $13.8^{\circ}C$. The accumulated soil temperature was TF > NM > BF during the removing additional films to earthing at inter-tillage. On the changes in the soil temperature during a whole day, the temperature in the BF was lower than NM during around 18:00 PM to 12:00 NM, while NM was higher than BF in the time period of 10:00AM to 21:00PM. The sequence of potato sprout emergence was 15 > 18 > 20 > 22 days of TF+ATF, TF, BF+ATF, and BF, respectively and that of NM was 24 days. Comparing to the NM, potato sprout emergence was observed on the TF+ATF treated plot as early as 9 days. At 10 days before harvest, the significant difference in the tuber dry weight had been observed and the sequence tuber weight was in the order of TF > TF+ATF > BF+ATF > BF > NM. The potato yields of TF, TF+ATF, and BF+ATF were increased of 40.7, 37.3, and 22% as compared to NM ($2,805kg\;10a^{-1}$), but almost same yield in the BF. The differences of tuber dry weight and potato yields was co-related with the temperature rise of soil by the application of mulching materials on soil. Based on these results, application of mulching film had been very effective to increase the tuber size and the yield of potato by the temperature rise during seedling stage of potato. Transparent mulching was better than black mulching especially for the emergence of sprout of potato in relation to minimizing cooling injury.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.605-617
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• 2015

The ultimate goal of this research is to develop a botanical biofiltration system that combines a green interior, biofiltering, and automatic irrigation to purify indoor air pollutants according to indoor space and the size of biofilter. This study was performed to compare the stability of air flow characteristics and removal efficiency (RE) of fine dust within a wall-typed (vertical) botanical biofilter depending on humidifying cycle and to investigate RE of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by the biofilter. The biofilter used in this experiment was designed as an integral form of water metering pump, water tank, blower, humidifier, and multi-level planting space in order to be suitable for indoor space utilization. As a result, relative humidity, air temperature, and soil moisture content (SMC) within the biofilter showed stable values regardless of three different humidifying cycles operated by the metering pump. In particular, SMCs were consistently maintained in the range of 27.1-29.7% during all humidifying cycles; moreover, a humidifying cycle of operating for 15 min and pausing for 45 min showed the best horizontal linear regression (y = 0.0008x + 29.09) on SMC ($29.0{\pm}0.2%$) during 120 hour. REs for number of fine dust (PM10) and ultra-fine dust (PM2.5) particles passed through the biofilter were in the range of 82.7-89.7% and 65.4-73.0%, respectively. RE for weight of PM10 passed through the biofilter was in the range of 58.1-78.9%, depending on humidifying cycle. REs of xylene, ethyl benzene, total VOCs (TVOCs), and toluene passed through the biofilter were in the range of 71.3-75.5%, while REs of benzene and formaldehyde (HCHO) passed through the biofilter were 39.7% and 44.9%, respectively. Hence, it was confirmed that the wall-typed botanical biofilter suitable for indoor plants was very effective for indoor air purification.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.105-112
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• 2009

This study has attempted to facilitate various new technologies related to indoor containers and develop a desirable planting environment after investigating the growth (including root growth) of shade-tolerant landscape plants under slit processing, a natural indoor ventilation system. The following results were found: In terms of the shoot growth of Fatsia japonica in a slit container, no distinctive difference was observed in comparison with the control group. However, growth was good when the container 250mm tall or taller. Therefore, it was verified that optical soil depth is more important than slit processing in shoot growth of Fatsia japonica. In Fatsia japonica root length was observed as follows: Control 2(250mm) > Slit 2(250mm) > Control 1(195mm) > Slit 3(360mm) > Control 3(360mm) > Slit 1(195mm). The largest growth was observed in Control 2(250mm), which had no slit processing. In term of root width, this was lower than the initial value in all groups, which means that the root grew vertically, not horizontally. In terms of plant height of Ophiopogon japonicus, a gradual increase was observed in the control group that had no slit processing. No significant growth was detected in the slit system, however. In terms of shoot number, slit containers were generally higher than the control group. In terms of fresh and dry weights, on the contrary, slit containers were mostly lower than the control group. In Ophiopogon japonicus, root length was observed as follows: Slit 2(250mm) > Slit 1(195mm) > Control 2(250mm) > Control 3(360mm) > Slit 3(360mm) > Control 1(195mm). In Ardisia japonica, slit containers were mostly greater than control group in terms of plant height. The greatest plant height was observed at Slit 2(250mm) instead of Slit 1(195mm) and Slit 3(360mm). Except for plant height and shoot number, however, no significant shoot and root growth was observed. Root length was observed as follows: Slit 2(250mm) > Slit 3(360mm) > Control 3(360mm) > Slit 1(195mm) > Control 2(250mm) > Control 1(195mm). Therefore, root length in slit containers was mostly greater than in the control group. The width of root, however, declined in general.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.87-93
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• 2014

Multiple cropping system is an important agricultural system in Korea, which is significant to increase forage yield and promote agricultural economic development. This experiment was carried out to develop triple cropping systems (winter cereals crop for forage - silage corn - summer oats) for maximum year-around forage production at paddy field in southern region. We also to select a winter forage crop to determine corn planting time, and to examine the forage productivity and feed value of summer cultivated oat, which was planted after corn cultivation. When winter cereal crops for forages are harvested in accordance with and corn planter, the fresh yield and dry matter yield of rye were 32.0 ton/ha and 5.8 ton/ha, respectively, showing higher yielding compared to other winter crops. Corn silage as summer crop was showed the fresh yield and dry matter yield of 72.1 ton/ha and 20.2 ton/ha, respectively. In the feed value, crude protein and TDN contents were 7.4% and 69.3%, respectively. They was showed higher productivity and feed value. The heading date of High-speed oat was October 10, and its fresh yield and dry matter yield were 37.6 ton/ha and 8.0 ton/ha, respectively. As a feed value, crude protein and TDN content was 11.4% and 59.1%, respectively. Therefore, triple cropping systems for the production of forage all throughout the year are possible with the introduction of summer oats in the southern region, and rye could be the most suitable winter forage crops for triple cropping systems.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.238-243
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate effects of nutrient solution pH control agent and foliar spray of ethephon on the reduction of stem inside-cavity and improvement of flower quality in chrysanthemum 'Baekma'. Changes of pH in nutrient solution as affected by the kind of pH control agent showed more settled pattern in the plot of KOH treatment than in others. Plant growth and development such as cut flower length, leaf numbers, cut flower weight and petal number were the greatest in the plot of KOH. However, the size and area of stem cavity was large in KOH rather than $KHCO_3$. As changes in the absorbing patterns of mineral elements as affected by nutrient solution pH control agent in closed system, contents of total nitrate, phosphorus, potassium and calcium by $KHCO_3$ was absorbed into the plant less than KOH, so that it remained a lot of mineral element residues rather than KOH in closed system. Plant growth as affected by the foliar spray of ethephon showed growth retardation effect in the plot of solution diluted to 1 : 500 and growth promotion effect in the plot of solution diluted to 1 : 1,000 or 1 : 2,000. The number of petals was the best in the plot of foliar spray of ethephon solution diluted to 1 : 1,000 before flowering at 45 days showing 331 petals compared to control showing 302 petals. The size and area of stem cavity as affected the foliar spray of ethephon was smaller 1 mm and 7%, respectively, in the plot of solution diluted to 1 : 2,000 before flowering at 30 days than in control. Therefore, treating pH stabilization using KOH after floral initiation stage with the foliar spray of ethephon solution diluted to 1 : 2,000 before flowering at 30 days would help to reduce stem cavity size and improve flower quality in hydroponically grown chrysanthemum 'Baekma'.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.611-615
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• 2011

'Manjong' is a new japonica rice cultivar developed in 2009 derived from a cross between 'Yeongdeog34' and 'Nampyeongbyeo' at the Department of Functional Crop, NICS, RDA. This cultivar is suitable for the double cropping system after the cash crop cultivation. Heading date of 'Manjong' is later than 'Keumobyeo' under the late transplanting cultivation on July 10. It has high grain fertility under cold conditions and low premature heading. One of the distinguishing characteristics of this variety is its resistance to major diseases like leaf blast and rice stripe virus disease. However, it shows susceptibility to major insect pests and bacterial blight disease. Milled rice kernels are translucent with non-glutinous endosperm and have 7.2% protein and 18.7% amylose contents. Ripening ratio and head rice ratio is very higher than those of 'Keumobyeo'. The palatability of cooked rice is also better than 'Keumobyeo'. The milled rice yield of 'Manjong' in local adaptability tests after harvest of the cash crop is $4.81MT\;ha^{-1}$. This cultivar is suitable for planting in the plain paddy fields of Honam and Yeonnam regions in Korea.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.196-204
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• 2022

This study observed changes in survival, growth performance and water quality for 90 days to confirm the possibility of Leiocassis ussuriensis farming using Biofloc technology (BFT) using Bacillus subtilis. Feed and molasses were added to the experimental tank to produce BFT water before planting the experiment, and B. subtilis was inoculated to stabilize the water quality for 40 days. The survival rate of the experimental fish was 92.7±3.2% in the control group and 95.8±3.3% in the BFT group. The Weight gain (WG) was 118.1±9.0% of the control and 197.7±15.6% of the BFT, and the Specific growth rate (SGR) was 0.87±0.5% of the control and 1.21±0.06% of the BFT. As for the feed efficiency, the control was 43.7±2.6% and the BFT was measured at 70.1±4.1%, indicating that the feed efficiency of the BFT was higher. As a result of measuring the water quality change during the experimental period, pH was reduced in both the control and the BFT, and Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS) did not show any change in the control, but the BFT showed a significant increase at 90 days. NH₄⁺-N and NO₂^--N showed a significant increase from the 30 days of the experiment in the control, but showed no change in the BFT. In conclusion, as a result of applying the BFT system using B. subtilis to the process of cultivating Leiocassis ussuriensis, the water quality tended to stabilize, and the growth rate and feed efficiency were found to be higher than those of the control, confirmiWng that it had a positive effect.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.201-207
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• 2007

To reduce both the floatation of the seedling of rice and the failure in standing in the paddy field when the barley straw was applied to paddy field before planting the rice, we tested the effect of rice rooting with plowing methods and irrigation rates for 2 years from 2003 to 2004. This study was carried out in paddy field with Fluvio-Marine deposit in Jeonbug series and the operating accuracy and the change of soil physico-chemical properties depending on plowing methods and irrigation rates following the barley straw applying were examined. There was a less floatation of barley straw in the dry-rotaryI+water-rotaryI(DRI+WRI) plot than in the plowing+water-rotary(PL+WRI) plot. The ratio of miss-planted and floating seedling also decreased by 1.7%, 2.6% in the DRI+WRIplot compared with PL+WRI plot. The soil physical property was improved with the decreasing soil hardness, bulk density and increasing soil porosity after the application of barley straw, especially enhanced greatly in the increase of porosity, gaseous phase and with the decrease of soil hardness, bulk density of subsurface soil in DRI+WRI plot. And the change of soil chemical property were increased the content of total carbon$^{\circ}{\S}$nitrogen$^{\circ}{\S}$organic matter and available phosphate while decreased the content of exchangeable cations and available silicate after the application of barley straw. Also the content of organic matter, available phosphate and cation exchangeable capacity were increased, whereas caron/nitrogen ratio was decreased in DRI+WRI plot compared with PL+WRI plot. The number of panicles, spikelets per square meter were increased and 1,000 grains weight of hulled rice was gained more in DRI+WRI plot at irrigation rate of $500ton\;ha^{-1}$, in DRI+WRII plot at irrigation rate of $700ton\;ha^{-1}$. So the rice yields were increased by 7%, in DRI+WRI and 5% in DRI+WRII plot, respectively compared with PL+WRI plot. The result of this study indicated that the most appropriate plowing method with barley straw application on rice cultivation at double cropping in normal paddy field plain land was DRI+WRI.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.351-362
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• 2010

This study was supposed to offer vegetation plans for functional improvement of the recreational forest by researching Mt. Chukryong which is located at Oebang-li Sudong-Myon Namyangju Kyong-gi Province in Korea. In this study, artificial vegetation and natural vegetation near trails in recreational forest were researched through biodiversity analysis. From this analysis process, a typical management improvement of the biodiversity functions were examined by reviewing functions biotope condition, vegetation structure and wild bird community condition. Typical vegetation system was divided into four detail parts: Managed artificial Pinus koraiensis forest, Not managed artificial Pinus koraiensis forest, Natural deciduous forest and Not managed deciduous forest. As a result of the vegetation structure, the numerical value of the deciduous forest species diversity was higher than that of artificial Pinus koraiensis, and the numerical value of the managed condition was higher than that of not managed condition. As a result of a habitat structure analysis of the wild bird community, managed Pinus koraiensis forests were inadequate structure for wild birds to habit in there because the forests had weak structure layers, but unmanaged deciduous forest and unmanaged Pinus koraiensis that had diverse layers was proper places for birds to in habit. Thus, based on the functional analysis of biodiversity, management patterns of the target area were concluded in two manners: conserving management and restoring management. Deciduous forest protection target areas included natural deciduous forest area and managed deciduous forest area, ecological restoration target area included unmanaged artificial Pinus koraiensis area and restoring management target area includes managed artificial Pinus koraiensis.