• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.31-41
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• 2009

Under the Korea Building Act, anyone planning to build a building or buildings on a site over $200m^2$ must plant plants over a specific area. In large scale development this rule is adhered to well, but such is not the case in small scale development. Therefore, special attention must be given to small scale development. Thus, the purpose of this research is to analyze the current situation and practice of planting at small scale development sites in Seoul, and then suggest policies for improving them. In this study using the data covering Seongbuk-Gu and Gangnam-Gu, which was surveyed in 2002, the current situation and practice of planting at small scale development sites was analyzed. After a questionnaire survey was conducted with government officers and building owners, the same analysis was made. Then the policies for improvement were extracted. The results are as follows: 1. In superordinate planning stage, because the minimum standards are too low, those must be strengthened. Any district plan does not control planting in private building lots. This requests active application of planting in private building lots as a design control measure in district planning. 2. In the building design stage, there are no guidelines. The obligation of building set-back between adjacent buildings by the Korean Building Act produces mass shaded and inferior planting beds. The act also is blocking landscape architects' participation in small scale development. And wall installations deteriorate the streetscape and growth of plants with shading. Therefore guidelines must be made. 3. In each stage of the building permit, the permit for building completion, and maintenance the Korean Building Act is blocking landscape architects' participation in small scale development, so the planting plan is completely handled by nonprofessional persons. Therefore, the act should be amended in order to make way for landscape architects' participation in each stage of the small scale development process.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.227-234
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• 2012

Recently, the population of toxic and/or unusable jellyfish is increasing during summer along the east coast of Korea, causing massive economical and ecological damage to fisheries, nuclear power plant and marine environment. To solve this problem, this study was carried out using jellyfish as a potential soil additive for horticulture. The jellyfish was solidified and homogenized, then mixed with a commercial bed soil. Allium tuberosum ROTH was planted to control bed soil (BS) and jellyfish powder mixed bed soil groups (Mixed bed soil, MBS), and following parameters were measured during five weeks: water content, electrical conductivity and growth of leaves. At the end of the experiment, bacterial community structures of each pot were analyzed by DGGE. The relative water adsorption of jellyfish powder was about 2.5 times greater compared to its dry weight. The water content of MBS group was significantly higher than BS group 6.5 to 14.2%, and the electric conductivity of MBS group was measured around 2.8 dS/m where BS group was resulted average of 1.8 dS/m. However, the leaves of BS group were grown 30% longer compared to MBS group. DGGE analysis of MBS group was shown in high number of phylum Bacteroidetes and increased diversity of Sphingobacteriia compared to BS group. Jellyfish powder as a soil additive surely will be a good candidate as humectant and microbiota stimulator, although there are several obstacles such as high electrical conductivity and residual alum salt which used for solidification of jellyfish.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.30-37
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• 2013

The objective of this research was to understand herbicidal activity of essential oils isolated from leaves of pine (Pinus densiflora), nut pine (Pinus koraiensis), larch (Larix kaempferi) and khingan fir (Abies nephrolepsis) in Korea. In a seed bioassay, essential oils of nut pine, larch and khingan fir inhibited the growth of rapeseed (Brassica napus) seedlings by 50% at 4,766, 1,865, $5,934{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$, respectively, however, that of pine did not show any herbicidal effect. In a green house experiment, fall panicum, Southern crabgrass, sorghum, barnyardgrass, quackgrass, black nightshade, Indian jointvetch, velvet leaf, and Japanese morningglory were controlled in 24 hours by the foliar application of 10% essential oils from pine, nut pine, larch and khingan fir. The treated plant parts showed burndown effect, however, new shoots appeared 3 days after treatment. Results of GC-MS analysis showed that essential oils from pine, nut pine, larch and khingan fir contained 16, 25, 25, and 16 compounds, respectively, with hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, and esters. The major compounds of the essential oils were 3-carene, bornyl acetate, camphene, limonene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene and ${\beta}$-phellandrene.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.195-203
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• 2006

An antagonistic strain, Burkholderia MP-1, showed antimicrobial activity against various filamentous plant pathogenic fungi, yeasts and food borne bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative). The nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene (1491 pb) of strain MP-1 exhibited close similarity (99-100%) with other Burkholderia 16S rRNA genes. Isolation of the antibiotic substances from culture broth was fractionated by ethyl acetate (EtOAc) solvent and EtOAc-soluble acidic fraction. The antibiotic substances were purified through a silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, ODS column chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Four active substances were identified as phenylacetic acid, hydrocinnamic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and 4-hydroxyphenylacetate methyl ester by gas chromatographic-mass spectrum analysis. The minimum inhibition of concentration (MIC) of each active compound inhibited the growth of the microorganisms tested at 250 to $2500{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$. The antimicrobial activity of crude acidic fraction at 1 mg of dry weight per 6 mm paper disc was more effective than authentic standard mixture (four active substances were mixed with the same ratio as acidic fraction) over a wide range of bacterial test.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 2012

This experiment was conducted to find out the effects of nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) on the postharvest quality of 'Janghowon hwangdo' peach fruits. Fruits were harvested at commercial maturity for marketing in late September, and treated with 70% $N_2O$ + 20% $O_2$ + 10% air, 80% $N_2O$ + 20% $O_2$, and 90% $N_2O$ + 10% $O_2$ for 48 h, and then stored at $15^{\circ}C$. No significant treatments for soluble sugar and titratable acidity contents were detected. However, good appearance and taste in peach fruit were maintained better in 80% $N_2O$ treatment than in air treatment. The treatment with 90% $N_2O$ had negative effects on weight loss and taste because of rotting by anaerobic fermentation. 80% $N_2O$ treated fruit had significantly higher fungus (Botrytis cinerea) growth inhibition of saprogenic approximately than air treatment until 12 days of storage. The browning and rotting at surface of peach were also retarded when peaches were treated with 80% $N_2O$ before they were artificially wounded. The activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was inhibited about 80% in peach of 80% $N_2O$ treatment compared with in air treatment. The result showed that 80% $N_2O$ treatment was able to extend the shelf life of peach fruits through maintaining taste and inhibition of softening and browning by rotting and wounding during storage.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.67-71
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• 2017

Foulbrood disease is infected by Paenibacillus larvae on larval stage of honeybee, and is lethal disease to result in population death. This disease was manifested in 2008 in Korea, is still suffered by the secondary damages. In this study, we are to examine diagnostic PCR approaches to manage the Foulbrood disease. PCR amplification of 16S rRNA is generally using for microbial infection, but the specificity is little poor for the correct diagnosis. Therefore, we are to identify specific genes expressed in Paenibacillus larvae, and perform PCR analysis. We selected five distinct genes from literature references. Those genes are commonly known as toxic genes for host infection, and include Toxin1, Toxin2A & 2B, SplA, CBP49, and SevA&SevB. PCR amplification for these genes is difficult to detect at the first time. So, we performed the second PCR using the first PCR product as a template. This approach using the nested PCR was very useful for detecting large marker genes. When Paenibacillus larvae was cultured in the medium containing plant extracts, PCR amplification of the identified genes is correlated with the microbial growth inhibition. Therefore, these results suggest that the identified genes might be useful to study diagnostic PCR markers for honeybee Foulbrood disease.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.246-250
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• 2017

Sclerotium rot was observed on mungbean (Phaseolus radiatus L.) plants cultivated in the exhibition field of Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services in September 2015. The progression of rot was initially observed as water-soaked lesions on several parts of the affected plant. Severely infected plants were blighted and eventually died. White mycelial mats spread over the lesions and numerous sclerotia formed on stems near the soil line. The sclerotia were globoid in shape, 1~3 mm in size, and white to brown in color. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth and sclerotia formation on potato dextrose agar (PDA) was $30^{\circ}C$ and the hyphal width was $4{\sim}8{\mu}m$. Typical clamp connections were observed on the hyphae of fungus grown on PDA. For molecular identification, the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of the causal fungus was sequenced and analyzed. Based on the mycological characteristics, ITS rDNA sequence analysis, and pathogenicity to host plants, the fungus was identified as Sclerotium rolfsii. This is the first report of Sclerotium rot on mungbean caused by S. rolfsii in Korea.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1319-1328
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• 2011

Rhododendron brachycarpum is a evergreen broad-leaved shrub and belongs to the Ericaceae family and the Rhododendron genus. It is well known for its beautiful leaves and flowers. There are 11 species of the Rhododendron genus in Korea. It includes 3 species - Rhododendron brachycarpum, Rhododendron aureum Georgi and Rhododendron brachycarpum var. roseum Koidz. They grow naturally over 1,000 meters above sea level of the Baekdu Mountain Range in Korea. These habitats, according to investigations of 9 Rhododendron brachycarpum natural habitats, are mostly located on the slope of mountains facing north at an altitude of 1,200 m to 1,526 m above sea level with angle of inclination from 30 degrees to 45 degrees. Based on the result of vegetation analysis of dominance species in the quadrates, there are Quercus aliena, Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb, Abies holophylla in species of upper trees, and so on. Dominant species of woody plants in tree layer are Quercus aliena, Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb, Abies holophylla, Betula platyphylla and Veeatrum patulum Loes. fil, Erythronium japonicum, Dryopteris crassirhizoma, Paeonia japonica var. glabra Makino are founded in herbaceous plants. And we can see another result of the investigation that the flowering rates of the plants with the buds are highly ranked mountains such as Mt. Hambaek 68%, Mt. Gyebang 40%, Mt. Yagksu 9%, Mt. Gaein 7% and Mt. Seolag 0%. The results show that there are 24 over 15-year-old Rhododendron brachycarpums in Mt. Odae and are 56 under 15-year-old trees in Mt. Hambaek and are no trees in Mt. Gyebang and are 9 over 30-year-dead trees only in Mt. Taebaeg. Out of found trees, the highest tree is 7 m in height and 0.6 m in diameter. Also this result shows what are the vulnerability factors of the natural habitats. They are as follows: indiscriminate trails in mountains, damages by mountain climbers, uncareful plant collecting, the fierce competitions with other plants such as Acer pseudosieboldianum var. ishidoyanum Uyeki, Quercus aliena, Celastrus orbiculatus and damages by disease and insect, unusual temperature in natural habitats, etc. Rhododendron brachycarpums have high ornamental value and excellent pharmaceutical effect. But the areas of its habitats decrease dramatically. So we need measures to protect and their natural habitats. It is necessary that we conductfurther investigations to designate conservation area for Rhododendron brachycarpums.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.2
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• pp.189-195
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• 2014

Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) protein is a regulatory transcription factor that plays crucial roles in growth, development and stress response of plant. In this study, we isolated a PagbZIP1 gene that belonged to Group SE3 of bZIP from Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa, and investigated its expressional characteristics. The PagbZIP1 is 844 base pairs long and encodes a putative 144-amino-acid protein with an expected molecular mass of 16.6 kDa. The PagbZIP1 has two conserved domains including the basic and leucine zipper portions. Southern blot analysis revealed that two copies of the gene are presented in the poplar genome. PagbZIP1 was specifically expressed in the root and suspension cells. Moreover, the expression of PagbZIP1 was induced by drought, salt, cold and ABA. Therefore, our results indicated that PagbZIP1 might be expressed in response to abiotic stress through the ABA-mediated signaling pathway in poplar.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1100-1107
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• 2012

Bacterial endophytes may be important factors in plant growth and ecologically relevant functions in rice. Using pyrosequencing technology, we analyzed the composition of endophytic bacterial communities that colonized the roots of rice cultivated in long-term fertilized (APK) and non-fertilized (NF) paddy soils. A total of 1,900 reads were obtained from 2 samples. All sequences were classified into 177 OTUs (APK sample) or 72 OTUs (NF sample) at a 97% similarity cut-off. Twenty-two OTUs were shared between the 2 samples, and these were also the most dominant OTUs in both samples. Proteobacteria was the most dominant phylum with 90.2%, followed by Actinobacteria (7.1%) and Bacteroidetes (1.1%). Furthermore, Pseudomonas was the most abundant genus in both samples. We observed clear differences in the structure of the endophytic bacterial community structure between the 2 samples. Notably, the distributions of Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were markedly different. The diversity index of the APK sample was higher than that of the NF sample. These findings showed that the endophytic bacterial community of rice roots was affected by the presence of fertilizers in the rice field soil.