• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제47권10호
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• pp.669-676
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• 2009

Purpose : Anterior region is crucial area for esthetic implant restoration. However, the alveolar process undergoes atrophy after removal of teeth and creates unfavorable situation for implant installation. The knowledge of the thickness of alveolar bone is required to estimate and expect the bone resorption after extraction. The aim of this study is to measure facial, palatal and faciopalatal bone thickness on maxillary anterior teeth. Methods : Facial, palatal, and faciopalatal bone thickness were measured on the computed tomography (CT) images from 57 patients, using an image analyzer program (Ondemand$3D^{(R)}$, Cybermed, Seoul, Korea). Results : The thickness of facial bone in incisors, lateral incisors and canines were less than 1 mm. The thickness of facial bone increased from anterior to posterior region and the thickness of palatal bone increased from posterior to anterior region. Conclusion : The measurement can be used for planning implant surgery before extraction. CT has are clinically useful in the evaluation of thickness of alveolar bone.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.81-91
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• 2020

본 연구 목적은 대학 교양영어 수업에 활용 가능한 소집단 협동학습 수업 프로그램을 적용하여 소집단 협동학습이 영어 독해력과 영어 읽기동기에 미치는 영향과 소집단 협동학습 인식변화를 분석하는데 있다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위해, 충청북도의 4년제 종합대학교의 필수 교양영어 수업에 참여한 신입생 62명을 연구대상으로 2019년 9월 2일에서 12월 13일까지 실험반(34명)은 협동학습을 기반으로 한 맞춤식 소집단 협동학습으로 수업을 진행하고, 통제반(28명)은 전형적인 강의식 수업으로 진행하였다. 학습자들의 영어 능력은 학업 숙달도 영역을 영어 독해력으로, 정의적 영역은 영어 읽기 동기로 나누어 실험하였으며 실험 전 학습자들의 영어 독해력은 국가 수준 교육 성취도 평가문제를 발췌하여 측정하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 소집단 협동학습을 적용한 집단의 영어 독해력 점수와 소집단 협동학습을 적용하지 않은 집단의 영어독해력 점수는 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 있다는 것을 발견하였다. 둘째, 소집단 협동학습을 적용한 집단의 영어 읽기동기 점수와 적용하지 않은 집단의 영어 읽기동기점수는 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 있다는 것을 발견하였다. 셋째, 소집단 협동학습을 적용한 집단의 인식변화가 실험 전과 실험 후에 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 있다는 것을 발견하였다. 본 연구는 대학 교양영어 수업 시 대학생들 간의 협동학습을 통해 영어 독해력, 영어 읽기동기, 협동학습 인식이 상승했으며, 이를 통한 자아정체성, 자신감 등에 긍정적 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.198-211
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• 2014

Objectives: To investigate the use frequency and amount of food sources of sodium and knowledge requirement, and job satisfaction with school food services according to the school types in Busan. Methods: A total of 98 schools were surveyed and knowledge requirement and job satisfaction were assessed using a questionnaire. In addition, the use frequency and amount of food sources of sodium for 10 school days were examined. Results: The response rate of the most difficult area among dietitians' tasks was significantly high in 'nutrition education and counseling' for elementary schools and 'hygiene management' for high schools (p < .05). The response rate of the factors to be considered in meal planning was significantly high in 'energy and nutrients requirement' for elementary schools and 'menu/taste preference of students' for middle and high schools (p < .05). The response rate of whether school food services affect health and eating habits of students or not was significant high in 'very helpful' for elementary schools (p < .001). The average sodium contents in the meals of elementary, middle and high schools was 1981.4 mg/meal/person/day, 1867.3 mg/meal/person/day and 1,329.9 mg/meal/person/day, respectively. For foods in highest sodium, Kimchi, Oribulgogi, and Kare rice were ranked 1st, 2nd and 3rd respectively. The main reason for not providing the fruits was 'price' among all groups. The knowledge requirement such as 'nutrition and menu management', 'nutrition education', and 'nutrition counseling' was significantly higher in elementary school compared with middle and high school (p < .001, p < .01, and p < .01 respectively). The dietitians and nutrition teachers of elementary schools have a higher job satisfaction compared with those of middle schools (p < .01). The job satisfaction was positively correlated with knowledge requirement of dietitians and nutrition teachers of elementary and middle schools. Conclusions: The results suggest that developing dietitians' education program about knowledge requirement contribute to increasing the school food service and job satisfaction in elementary and middle schools.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.723-730
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• 2008

철도교량은 무거운 축하중이 작용하여 구조부재의 전체 강도에서 활하중이 차지하는 비율이 높기 때문에 피로에 의한 손상이 클 뿐만 아니라 계속적으로 변화하는 하중환경에 의해 피로손상이 빠르게 진행될 가능성이 있으므로 이에 대한 안전성을 체계적이고 분석적으로 평가할 수 있는 방법이 요구된다. 철도교량에서 구조부재별 피로균열의 생성위치 및 성장속도는 발생응력의 범위와 횟수, 구조시스템의 강성에 관련되어 있다. 구조시스템의 강성은 계획주체, 설계자, 시공자, 유지관리주체 각각의 특성과 불확실성을 포함하고 있으며, 시간의존적 하중과 저항의 특성에 의해서 추계학적으로 변화하게 된다. 그러므로 이러한 하중 및 저항에서의 각각의 불확실성을 정량적이고 객관적으로 표현할 수 있는 신뢰성에 기초한 평가기법을 개발하였다. 철도 및 지하철교량 등의 피로파괴에 대한 확률론적 평가를 위하여 응답면 기법(Response Surface Method, RSM)과 일계이차 모멘트 기법(First Order Second Moment method, FOSM)을 사용하여 피로균열진전과 잔존수명을 평가하였다. 응력변동 범위를 설계변수로 변화시키면서, 중요한 설계입력 변수로 한계상태 방정식을 구성하고 다양한 피로 수명(100년, 75년 등)후의 파괴확률을 예측하여 설계피로수명에 대한 신뢰성 지수계산 및 발생확률을 분석사례로 제시하였다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.129-148
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• 1999

This study was performed to investigate contents of affairs and job satisfaction of sanitary officials at sanitary department and health center. and to assess attitude about transfer of sanitary affairs control to health center and to devise Improving program of sanitary affairs. Four-hundred and fifty-five sanitary officials were sent a postal questionnaire and eighty-four percent completed and returned the questionnaire (382 persons). The major results are as follows: The major sanitary affairs performed by sanitary officials were permission and filing of restaurant business (15.1%), supervision and regulation of that (14.4%). Sanitary officials answered that supervision and regulation of insanitary and/or subquality foods, planning of food sanitary administration, and permission and filing of restaurant business were their important affairs. They replied that the most serious problem of sanitary affairs was 'lack of contribution to the public health' (40.9%), 'putting first in supervision' (26.4%), and 'lack of personnels' ( 19.1 %), and the most important thing to improve sanitary affairs was the substantial inherent affairs. And they indicated that the agency to be desired for sanitary affairs control was the sanitary department (51.6%), the health center (25.4%), For the degree of satisfaction in affairs, 29.1% of sanitary officials felt proud, 59.6% felt overwork, 59.3% hoped transferring to other worksite and the major reason of transferring was lack of promotion opportunity in officials of sanitary department. disciplinary punishment and social corrupt view in officials at health center. The 41.1 % of sanitary officials at sanitary department didn't know that sanitary affairs had been stated as affairs of the health center in Community Health Act. After transferring affairs control to the health center, 14.4% of them felt more proud of affairs but 20.0% less proud. 23.2% more satisfactory but 22.4% more dissatisfactory. and 64.8% answered that sanitary affairs did not change. The results indicate that sanitary affairs should be changed to supervise and control insanitary and/or subquality foods, so that they play an important role at health promotion, and make sanitary officials feel proud at their own work.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.497-504
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• 2008

A cross-sectional study was undertaken to report prevalence and to identify risk factors of subclinical mastitis of dairy cattle in Sylhet district of Bangladesh. Among 325 dairy farms of the district 12 farms(3.7%) were selected conveniently for this study. All the dairy cows of the 12 farms were selected for sample collection. Fresh milk samples from each of the selected dairy cows were collected aseptically in separate sterilized test tube as RF, RH, LF and LH quarter of the udder. Rapid modified White Side Test(WST) was used to detect subclinical mastitis(SCM). Results of WST and data derived from filled in questionnaire were entered in Microsoft Excel 2003 and transferred to $STATA^{(R)}$, version 8.0/Intercooled(Stata Corporation, Texas, USA, 2003). The overall prevalence of SCM and its distribution in different categories of variables in cow and their exact binomial 95% confidence intervals were calculated in $STATA^{(R)}$. Simple bivariable associations among independent variables were investigated by $x^2$ test in $STATA^{(R)}$. Multiple logistic regression analysis with backward elimination method was used to identify risk factors of SCM. To identify significant variation in quarter SCM, linear regression analysis was performed after arcsine transformation of the data. The overall prevalence of SCM found in this study is 54%. Dairy cows with teat lesions had significantly increased SCM(OR=12342, P value=0.000, 95% CI=762, 199798) than others without teat lesions. The Holstein Friesian X Jersey X Sahiwal breed has significantly decreased(OR=0.18, p=0.03, 95% CI 0.04, 0.85) SCM than other breeds. The prevalence of SCM found in this study is in agreement with others. The injury in the teat increases the probability of getting infected with microbes and thereby mastitis. If the prevalence of teat lesion can be decreased the probability of subclinical mastitis will also be decreased. The negatively associated Holstein Friesian X Jersey X Sahiwall breed may help in planning mastitis control program if this finding can be validated by a more powerful case-control or cohort study design.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.1134-1146
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between Juvenile alcohol use and their criminal patterns. The data were collected through questionnaire surveys. Subjects serving for this study were 971 delinquent adolescents in Korea, sampled from 6 juvenile corrective institutions and 2 classification judging institutions, using a census method. Their age range was between 12 and 21. Data were analysed by IBM PC using SAS program. Statistical methods employed were Chi-square and frequency analysis. 1. Of 877 respondents, the number of adolescents committed criminal behaviors while the intoxicated were 230(26.2%), and 647(73.8%) were in a non-intoxicated state. 2. Adolescent under intoxication showed a higher rate of aggressive crimes and assault crimes, whereas adolescents under the non-influence of liquor tended to commit property climes and violations of criminal special law Drunken state adolescents during committing criminal behaviors used knifes, stones or fist-kicking as criminal tools, whereas drug use or without weapons in non drunken state. Most crimes have happened without any tools in both group. 3. In comparison of the alcohol user and the non-user, most alcohol-related crimes among adolescents were committed at AM 0:00 to AM 4:00 during the weekend in the dark, cloudy, and stormy-rainy day, while non-alcohol related crimes were at afternoon of weekday in the clear day. The places that the criminal activities occurred were streets, amusement places such as disco-theque, fields and their own house among alcohol users, whereas victim's house, another person's house and restaurant were chosen among non-alcohol users. 4. The victims assaulted by Juvenile offenders in both drunken and non-drunken state were mostly passer-by(65.4%), followed by their friends(25.1%). And the conditions of victims showed a significant differences between the drunken adolescents and the non-drunken adolescents. The victim's conditions assaulted by intoxicated delinquent adolescents were in quarreling or drunken state, whereas non-alcohol related crimes were directed against victims in a sleeping or irresistible state. 5. Almost over the half of delinquent adolescents perceived their delinquency as wrong behaviors. and alcohol non-user tended to more significantly perceive their criminal acts as wrong conducts. About the half of respondents answered that they committed their criminal acts in spite of having a very good Judgement while doing crimes, the author did not found a significant difference between the two groups. The reasons given for crimes were manifested as follows: it can be seen that ‘to get money for amusements’(30.4 % of all motives) were most common, followed by ‘to commit accidentally the offences’(23.8%), ‘curiosity or heroism’(18.9%). alcohol related crimes tended to be accidental and impulsively without any clear planning, while non-alcohol related crimes tended to be purposeful, directed to make money motivated by curiosity or a desire to live heroically. In Conclusions. the correlation between alcohol use and Juvenile criminal behaviors has been examined in this study. Generally, alcohol use had been found to be highly correlated with aggressive assault crimes including robbery, burglary and rape etc.

• 기술혁신연구
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.229-253
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• 2012

우리나라 전체 기업수의 99% 이상을 차지하는 중소기업의 연구개발을 지원하기 위하여 최근 10년간 연평균 15.8%에 달하는 예산증액과 다양한 정부의 기술개발 프로그램 지원이 있어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 중소기업의 연구개발을 지원하기 위한 우리나라 중소기업청의 대표적인 연구개발프로그램인 중소기업기술혁신개발사업을 대상으로 프로젝트로 인한 ROI에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대해 토빗 회귀분석과 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였고 특히 개발 기술에 대한 인증과 특허가 프로젝트의 경제적 성과에 기여하는 영향을 산업별 차이점을 중심으로 분석하였다. 실증분석 결과 프로젝트의 수행 중 인증의 신청 취득과 특허의 출원 등록은 프로젝트의 경제적 성과를 높이는데 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 각 기술 분야별로 인증과 특허가 프로젝트의 경제적 성과에 기여하는 정도에 현저한 차이가 있음을 발견할 수 있었다. 이러한 연구결과는 정부 중소기업 기술개발 프로젝트의 경제적 성과 제고를 위해서는 각 기술 분야별로 인증과 특허의 영향을 고려하여 프로젝트를 기획, 평가, 관리할 필요가 있음을 시사한다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.121-132
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• 2017

Purpose - There are many variables related to consumer-brand relationship such as brand attitude, attachment, commitment and brand loyalty and we should manage these all variables successfully to achieve a strong brand loyalty. The objective of this research is to investigate the path from brand attitude and brand attachment to brand commitment and brand loyalty. Specially, this article focuses on the moderating effects of brand type and consumer innovativeness in the causal relationships between variables. Research design, data, and methodology - The seven hypotheses were proposed and tested empirically in this research. Three of seven hypotheses were the effects of brand attitude and brand attachment on the brand commitment and brand loyalty. Another two hypotheses presented the moderating effect of brand type and other two hypotheses expressed the moderating effect of consumer innovativeness in the causal relationships between variables. Research data were collected from the surveying of university students and the 282 samples were used to test the proposed hypotheses empirically. We utilized SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 20.0 for statistical analyses such as reliability test, validity test and path analysis. Results - The results show that brand attitude influences the brand loyalty and brand attachment influences the brand commitment positively. The brand attachment also influences the brand commitment positively. We found that there is a moderating effect of brand type in the causal relationship between brand attitude and loyalty though there is no significant moderating effect in the causality between brand attachment and commitment. We also fount that there is no significant moderating effect of consumer innovativeness in the causal relationships among brand attitude, brand attachment, brand commitment and brand loyalty. In Summary, 5 of 7 hypotheses in this study were supported and 2 hypotheses were not supported. Conclusions - There is a path model of consumer-brand relationship from brand attitude and brand attachment to brand commitment and brand loyalty. Companies should provide their consumers with effective marketing program in every phase of consumer-brand relationship to build brand loyalty. In addition, there are possibilities that the relationships among brand attitude, brand attachment, brand commitment and brand loyalty are moderated by brand type and consumer innovativeness. Companies should consider perceived brand type and innovativenss of their consumers in planning and executing their various marketing programs for their brand management.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.150-157
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• 2022

Purpose: Elekta synergy^® was commissioned in the Seoul National University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital. Recently, Chung-Ang University Gwang Myeong Hospital commissioned Elekta Versa HD^TM. The beam characteristics of both machines are similar because of the same Agility^TM MLC Model. We compared measured beam data calculated using the Elekta treatment planning system, Monaco^®, for each institute. Methods: Beam of the commissioning Elekta linear accelerator were measured in two independent institutes. After installing the beam model based on the measured beam data into the Monaco^®, Monte Carlo (MC) simulation data were generated, mimicking the beam data in a virtual water phantom. Measured beam data were compared with the calculated data, and their similarity was quantitatively evaluated by the gamma analysis. Results: We compared the percent depth dose (PDD) and off-axis profiles of 6 MV photon and 6 MeV electron beams with MC calculation. With a 3%/3 mm gamma criterion, the photon PDD and profiles showed 100% gamma passing rates except for one inplane profile at 10 cm depth from VMTH. Gamma analysis of the measured photon beam off-axis profiles between the two institutes showed 100% agreement. The electron beams also indicated 100% agreement in PDD distributions. However, the gamma passing rates of the off-axis profiles were 91%-100% with a 3%/3 mm gamma criterion. Conclusions: The beam and their comparison with MC calculation for each institute showed good performance. Although the measuring tools were orthogonal, no significant difference was found.