• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.318-324
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to establish kinematic reference ranges for the femorotibial (FT) joint and the patellofemoral (PF) joint in healthy small-breed dogs by measuring 3D kinematics at the walk. Single-plane fluoroscopy was used to image the stifle joints of five healthy beagle dogs while the dogs were walking. 3D bone models of the femur, patella, and tibia were reconstructed by computed tomography scanning of the beagle dogs' hind limbs. The shape-matching technique was used to measure kinematic data from the fluoroscopic images and the 3D bone models. The cranial translation of the tibia during walking was inversely proportional to the FT joint flexion. There were significant correlations between the patellar motion and the tibial motion. The FT joint flexion had a strong correlation with the patellar proximodistal translation and flexion. Additionally, the tibial mediolateral translation had a strong correlation with the patellar shift and tilt. In this study, normal in vivo 3D FT joint and PF joint kinematics were demonstrated, and the average kinematic parameters were determined in walking beagle dogs.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.12B no.2 s.98
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• pp.157-166
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• 2005

In 3D virtual environment the description of character' s movement that has utilized the conventional key-frame technique is gradually being developed toward the application of motion control method to generate more realistic and natural motion. Even the motion control method, however, has the limitation for expression of character's motion adapted to the ground properties of virtual world. That is, the walking motions of character are not only, for the most part, so uniform simple and repeated often as to feel to be tedious, but also the unnatural motion in which the tips of the toes soak through a plane or float in the air discording with the conditions of terrain lowers the semblance of reality. This paper proposes an adaptive motion control method for human figure locomotion in virtual environments or games, in which the walking motion is dynamiccally adapted to the ground's sliding properties. We compute an optimal parameters for one cycle of walking motion adapted to the ground properties by combining the coefficient of friction and centripetal force, and therefrom we induce a set of nonskid speed corresponding to various sliding properties of the ground.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1092-1101
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• 2003

Most of 3D character animation adjusts the gait of their characters for various terrains, using motion capture data through the motion capture equipments. This motion capture data can be naturally presented as real human motions, which are to be adjusted according to the various types of terrain. In addition, there would be a difficulty applying motion capture data for other characters in which the motion data will be captured again or edited for the existing motion data. Therefore, this paper proposes a method that is to generate walking motion for various terrains, such as flat, inclined plane, stair, and irregular face, and a method that is to calculate the trajectory of the swing leg and pelvis. These methods are able to generate various gaits controlled by the parameters of body height, walking speed, stride, etc. In addition, the positions and angles of joint can be calculated by using inverse kinematics, and the cubic spline will be used to calculate the trajectory of the joint.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.2989-2995
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• 2014

This study was to performed to get the reference data of the kinematic parameters for normal subjects according to the arm movement type. Forty-five normal subjects participated in this study and preformed four sequence according to the arm movement type : normal arm movement, one arm movement, no arm movement, fitness arm movement. The study data was collected from June to August 2010. The kinematic data were measured using Vicon motion system 6MX3 cameras while each subjects walked through a 10m walkway. There were significant differences according arm movement type in the kinematic parameters such as range of motion (ROM) of the right pelvic, hip in sagittal plane, and ROM of the pelvic, hip, lumbar in coronal plane and ROM of the pelvic, thoracic, lumbar in transverse plane. This study can be utilized as the basic reference data in gait analysis for patients with pathologic gaits.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.823-834
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• 2015

This study analysed motion graphic formative image composition of TV LED backdrop to be used as background display for performers such as singers appeared on TV music show. Motion graphic LED images are comprised of various plane figures, and backdrop's design function as background screen has a goal to convey synesthesia and sensibility of visual elements. And this analyse classified sensibility concept about color, motion direction and speed to be elements of transmitting sensibility. As the analyse of graphic form among transmitting sensibility elements, this classified form type into its' applied elements, and studied how these elements' motion pattern and arrangement could be placed and replaced at song's four step composition, intro, verse, bridge, chorus part, and also characterized differences of backdrop design for male and female performers. As a case study, it included terrestial broadcasting TV song ranking shows targeted at teenagers. Because they carried out various motion design utilizations. Finally, this reasoned out mainly designing form type, its' applied elements, motion pattern and its' arrangements type division according to the song developing four steps.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.107-115
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• 2014

The reduced-bit transform based bit-plane matching algorithm (BPM) can obtain the block matching result through its simple calculation and hardware design compared to the conventional block matching algorithms (BMAs), but the block matching accuracy of BPMs is somewhat low. In this paper, reduced-bit transform based sum of the absolute difference (R-SAD) is proposed to improve the block matching accuracy in comparison with the conventional BPMs and it is shown that the matching process can be obtained using the logical operations. Firstly, this method transforms the current and the reference images into their respective 2-bit images and then a truth table is obtained from the relation between input and output 2-bit images. Next, a truth table is simplified by Karnaugh map and the absolute difference is calculated by using simple logical operations. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed R-SAD can obtain higher accuracy in block matching results compared to the conventional BPMs through the PSNR analysis in the motion compensation experiments.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.519-532
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• 2018

We investigated the effect of galactic plane toward molecular motion and kinematics in the northern filament (NF) of Orion Molecular Clouds Complex (OMC) using $^{12}CO$ (J=1-0) line. Observed data were from three areas including NF1, NF2, and NF3 in far-out order from galactic plane, for a total 270 hours by Seoul National University Radio Astronomy Observatory (SRAO) 6m telescope, with 2arcmin spatial resolution. galactic plane and OMC NF were connected to each other along the magnetic field at a density of 3% for $^{12}CO$ (J=2-1) and 9% for the case of dust. $^{12}CO$ (J=1-0), $^{12}CO$ (J=2-1), and interstellar dusts were distributed uniformly in NF3, but only in certain regions with relatively high density in NF1 and NF2. NF showed a single structure, partial shrinking motion in NF1, and rotational motion at the bottom of NF2, and spiral rotation associated with magnetic field only in NF3. The position-velocity analysis showed that the materials including $^{12}CO$ (J=1-0) could flow toward galactic plane along NF2 and NF3. However, there was no clear cause for the material to flow toward galactic plane in this result. Further detailed observation for rotational motion at the top of NF1 and NF2 might help to confirm it.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 1999

The purpose of this study Is to assess the retained range of motion[RROM] of the foot after arthrodesis of the ankle joint, which might help designing the angle of arthrodesis. We reviewed the results including the RROM in 14 cases of ankle arthrodesis. Underlying causes included trauma group(six posttraumatic arthritis) and disease group(three osteoarthritis, three Charcot joints, one chronic synovitis and one pyogenic arthritis). We measured the RROM on the lateral roentgenograms of the ankle in full dorsiflexion and plantarflexion, The results were assessed by the AOFAS hindfoot scale[score]. The RROM in sagittal plane was $23.4{\pm}5.3$ degrees and the score was 71.5 points on average. The RROM and the score were $26.8^{\circ}{\pm}2.1$, 81.2 points respectively in trauma group and $20.8^{\circ}{\pm}5.6$, 64.3 points in disease group; $26.6^{\circ}{\pm}2.3$, 83.4 points in cases younger than 40 years of age and $21.6^{\circ}{\pm}5.7$, 64.9 points in the older. The mean score was 77.3 points in cases whose RROM were $24^{\circ}$ or more and 61 points in cases of less RROM; 69.6 and 73.4 points in cases with and without adjacent degenerative arthritis respectively. The score was 69.7, 73.3 and 71.5 points in cases whose angle of arthrodesis was in dorsiflexion, neutral, plantarflexion respectively. In conclusion, after ankle arthrodesis RROM of the foot was $23.4^{\circ}$, and the more the RROM, the higher the score. In cases with sufficient amount of RROM, the angle of fusion on sagittal plane might not influence the result significantly.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.433-441
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to understand the injury mechanism and to provide quantitative data to use in prevention or posture correction training by conducting kinematic and kinetic analyses of risk factors of lower extremity joint injury depending on the change of direction at different angles after a landing motion. Method: This study included 11 men in their twenties (age: $24.6{\pm}1.7years$, height: $176.6{\pm}4.4cm$, weight: $71.3{\pm}8.0kg$) who were right-leg dominant. By using seven infrared cameras (Oqus 300, Qualisys, Sweden), one force platform (AMTI, USA), and an accelerometer (Noraxon, USA), single-leg drop landing was performed at a height of 30 cm. The joint range of motion (ROM) of the lower extremity, peak joint moment, peak joint power, peak vertical ground reaction force (GRF), and peak vertical acceleration were measured. For statistical analysis, one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted at a significance level of ${\alpha}$ <.05. Results: Ankle and knee joint ROM in the sagittal plane significantly differed, respectively (F = 3.145, p = .024; F = 14.183, p = .000), depending on the change of direction. However, no significant differences were observed in the ROM of ankle and knee joint in the transverse plane. Significant differences in peak joint moment were also observed but no statistically significant differences were found in negative joint power between the conditions. Peak vertical GRF was high in landing (LAD) and after landing, left $45^{\circ}$ cutting (LLC), with a significant difference (F = 9.363, p = .000). The peak vertical acceleration was relatively high in LAD and LLC compared with other conditions, but the difference was not significant. Conclusion: We conclude that moving in the left direction may expose athletes to greater injury risk in terms of joint kinetics than moving in the right direction. However, further investigation of joint injury mechanisms in sports would be required to confirm these findings.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.230-236
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate the alteration of lumbar spine and trunk postures on different load-carrying types and amounts under static loading. Two load-carrying types(unilateral carrying: UC vs. bilateral carrying: BC) and four different loads(0, 5, 10, and 15 kg) were randomly tested in this study. Carrying a heavy bag would affect human body posture, specifically lumbar spine curvature, which is considered as one of sources of back problems. Previous studies have not paid attention to the approach of the multisegment model of the lumbar spine and trunk. This study separated two compartments of trunk segment(the lumbar and thorax) in the analysis. The multisegment model of the lumbar spine in addition to Helen-Hayes marker set was used. Eight motion analysis cameras and a force plate were utilized. Ten male subjects(mean mass, $70.6{\pm}3.97$ kg; mean height, $178{\pm}4.18$ m) having no musculoskeletal disease participated in this study. We analyzed trunk angles in three anatomical planes and the spinal curvature in sagittal and frontal planes. Increased loading in both UC and BC significantly resulted in increases in trunk forward lean but only UC induced increases in trunk lateral lean. In addition, increased loading in BC produced flatten lumbar curvature in sagittal plane. As far as coupling motion, subjects tended to use axial rotation of the lumbar spine in transverse plane in response to increased UC loading. Finally, it is concluded that the increased static loading in UC rather than in BC tends to causes combined alterations of the spinal postures(sagittal and transverse planes together), which would be vulnerable to improper mechanical stresses on the spine.